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‘THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,
CEYLON AND BURMA.
PuBLisHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
State ror Inpra rn Covwncit.
EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD.
BUTTERFLIES —Vol. 1
TBE
Lrevt.-CoLone ct BINGHAM.
LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS
, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET
CALCUTTA anp SIMLA:
7
~ - . BOMBAY:
THACKER, SPINK, & CO.
_ THACKER & ©O., LIMITED.
BURMA:
BERLIN :
MYLES STANDISH & CO, R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN
RANGOON. 11 CARLSTRASSE.
1905.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
In the present volume Col. Bingham has commenced the
descriptions of the Indian Butterflies. It was at first hoped
that two volumes would complete the series, but three will
certainly be necessary if all the forms are dealt with. The
next volume will, it 1s expected, contain, amongst others, the
Papilionide and the Pieride.
For many years, in consequence of the iate Mr. de Nicéville
having undertaken to describe the Indian Butterflies, it was
not thought desirable that the subject should be included
in the present series. Unfortunately Mr. de Nicéville died
in 1901, without having completed his work, and as he had
urged, in a letter to the present editor, that Col. Bingham
should, in case of his failure, supply his place, it has now
devolved on the latter to complete the series. Since the
first appearance of Marshall and de Nicéville’s work on
Indian Butterflies in 1882, so many additions have been
made, and so many new forms have been described, that the
species inhabiting the Indian Empire are far more generally
known. To these Moore’s great work, the ‘ Lepidoptera
Indica,’ has added several novelties.
The question of illustrating the present work has presented
some difficulty. To figure animals so brilliantly variegated
as Butterflies by black and white alone would have given a
a2
lv PREFACE.
very poor idea of their colour, whilst at the same time the
expense of procuring coloured representations of their forms
would have greatly exceeded the price of the volume. It
has consequently been arranged to represent some of the
more important kinds by the three-coloured process, and
it is hoped that entomologists in India will be satisfied
with the work done by Mr. Knight, who has drawn the
coloured figures, and Messrs. Hentschel Ltd., who have
photographed them.
W. T. BLANFORD.
January 1905.
INTRODUCTION,
LEPIDOPTERA PAPILIONINA.
THE Lepidoptera or scaled-wing insects comprise the Butterflies
and Moths of popular Entomology. These, under the respective
names of Rhopalocera and Heterocera, in allusion to the difference
in the form of the antennz, were regarded as suborders. Of late
years, however, it has been recognized that not only are the
distinctions between the divisions, as above indicated, not sharply
defined, but that differences exist among the groups of the
Heterocera quite as, if not more, important than between the two
Suborders. In consequence, various revisions of the Order have
been proposed.
Comstock (‘Manual for the Study of Insects’) divides the
Lepidoptera into two Suborders :-—
A. The Jugate Lepidoptera.— Moths in which the two wings
of each side are united by a jugum” *.
B. The Frenate Lepidoptera.—‘ Moths, Skippers, Butterflies,
in which the two wings on each side are united by a frenulum 7,
or by its substitute a large humeral angle to the hind wing.”
In the lesser divisions of the Frenates, the Skippers and the
Butterflies form two groups, Hesperwina aud Papilionina.
Much can be said for the separation of the Skippers from the
rest of the Butterflies, and there is no doubt that in the existing
fauna the former stand as an isolated group, in some respects
very different from the true Butterflies.
Meyrick (‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera’) divides the
Order into nine main groups, of which the Paprmmionina
(= Papilionimna + Hespervina of Comstock) forms one. Accepting
this arrangement, the forms in the group of the PAPILIONINA
can be distinguished from the rest of the Lepidoptera, (1) by the
* Jugum—a yoke—a projection or lobe at the base of the dorsal margin of
the fore wing.
+ Frenulum—a little bridle—a spine or a bunch of bristles at the humeral
angle of the hind wing.
Both the above serve to link fore and hind wings together during flight.
ial INTRODUCTION.
entire absence of ajugum or frenulum *, though their substitute,
the enlarged humeral angle to the hind wing, is always present ;
(2) by the knobbed, or dilated, or hooked antenne. In certain
families of the other main groups of the Lepidoptera, the jugum
and frenulum are also absent; but then the antenne are not
knobbed, while in the families in which the antenne are gradually
thickened into a club, or are hooked like the antennz of the
Skippers, a frenulum is always present.
This work is primarily intended for collectors, and as an aid to
the identification of Indian butterflies ; no account, therefore, of
the internal anatomy of the insects, in any stage, seems necessary,
for little or no use has been made of internal differences for
purposes of classification.
All Lepidopterous insects undergo a great and, to all appearance,
an abrupt metamorphosis. In their life-cycle there are four
stages :—
(i) The egg, which is round or oval, sometimes elongate, often
flattened, and very frequently beautifully sculptured on the
outside.
(2) The larva or caterpillar (fig. 1, I.), generally cylindrical,
with or without a clothing of hair, often provided with protective
tubercles, spines, or special fleshy filamentous processes. It is
composed of a head and thirteen segments. Of the latter the
first three are thoracic and bear pairs of jointed legs, the suc-
ceeding one or two simple without appendages, and one or more
of the rest have fleshy feet or “ prolegs” in pairs; the posterior
pair, slightly different from the rest, are called claspers.
Fig. 1.—Larva (Vanessa). 1, head ; 2-4, thoracic segments ;
5-14, abdominal segments ; a, true leg; 0, proleg.
(3) The pupa or chrysalis (fig. 1, II.), more or less fusiform in
shape, appendages cemented to the body by a corneous outer
covering, often studded with tubercles or spines, or with strangely-
formed, sometimes wing-like projections.
(4) The imago or perfect insect. Among the Papilionina, four
* Present, so far as known, in a single aberrant form, Huschemon rafitesie
from Australia, belonging to the Hesperiide.
INTRODUCTION. Vil
wings and six legs attached to the thorax are always present.
Figs. 2-11 represent the chief external parts of the imago.
These are shown more or less in outline, and full details with
explanation are given under the figures.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.—I. Head (Argynnis). a, proboscis; 0, 6, labial palpi; c, clypeus;
d,d, compound eyes; é, é,antennz.—II. Single antenna. a, shaft; 6, club.
—III. Side view of head, thorax, and abdomen, without the wings
(Charaxes). a, proboscis; 6, labial palpi (the maxillary palpi, much
aborted and rudimentary, are not shown); c, compound eye ; d, antenna;
é, pronotum ; f, patella; g, mesonotum; #, episternum; 2, 7, i, coxe ;
k,k, k, femora; J, 0, /, tibiee; m, m, m, tarsi; ”, scutellum of mesothorax ;
0, post-scutellum ; p, metathorax ; 1-9, segments of the abdomen.
Fig. 3.—Labial palpi (much enlarged). a. Hestia; 6. Orsotriena; c. Hypo-
limnas; d. Pareba; e. Libythea; f. Abisara; g. Papilio; h. Lampides;
j. Colias; k. Tagiades.
Vill INTRODUCTION.
=
\
\
CD ee Cee. ae g A
Fig. 4.—Antennez (apical portionssmuch enlarged), a. Danais; 6. Orso-
triena; c. Hypolimnas; d. Pareba; e.° Libythea; f. Abisara ; g. Papilio ;
h. Pieris; 7. Lampides; k. Tagiades.
For classificatory purposes the most important parts are :—°
Head (Fig. 2, I. & I1.).—The labial palpi, 6, 6. These, in all
butterflies, are three-jointed and variable in shape and in the
clothing of scales or hair, but constant in each genus. They are
independently moveable, but their function, if they have any, is
unknown. The antenna (¢, ¢ & II., also fig. 4) are evidently organs
of perception. ‘They are composed of an indefinite number of
joints, and vary greatiy in length and thickness, in the shape of
the club, in the amount of scaling, and in the arrangement of the
sensory hairs and pits. In very many forms they are grooved on
the underside *.
Thorax.—The appendages, the wings (figs. 5-10) and the legs
(fig. 11), are of the utmost importance in classification.
Wings. These are membranous, traversed from the base out-
wards by nervures (“tubular structures which serve at once as
extensions of the tracheal system and to form a stiff framework
for the support of the wing”). In the vast majority of the
butterflies they are covered on both upper and under sides with
flat scales arranged in rows, and often brightly coloured. The
usual number of nervures in the wings of butterflies are: fore
wing 12; bind wing 9, beside the subcostal, median, and disco-
cellular veins ; but one or more of these may be absent, or there
may be one or two extra veins or portions of veins developed.
Special note should be taken of fig. 5, as the details given
explain the terminology used in the descriptions of the forms
throughout this work. This terminology is different from that
used in Moore’s and de Nicéville’s works. The following few
additional terms will also be met with:—Anterior or upper and
».
* A most important paper on the antennz of butterflies has been published
by Dr. Karl Jordan in ‘ Novitates Zoologice,’ v, 1898, p. 374.
INTRODUCTION. 1x
Fig. 5.—Wing of Danais (Nymphalide). 1. Fore wing: d, discoidal cell ;
C, costa or costal margin; ap., apex; T, termen or terminal margin ;
Tor., tornus; D, dorsum or dorsal margin ; s.¢.v., subcostal vein, extending
from base of wing to upper apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending
from base of wing to lower apex of cell; u.d., m.d., /.d., wpper, middle,
and lower discocellular nervules or discocellulars; v'—v'?, veins; 2'4-2!*,
interspaces. II. Hind wing: d, discoidal cell; C, costa or costal margin ;
ap., apex; T', termen or terminal margin; Zor., tornus; D, dorsum or
dorsal margin ; s¢.v., subcostal vein, extending from base of wing to upper
apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending from base of wing to lower apex
of cell; u.d., m.d., l.d., upper, middle, and lower discocellular nervules or
discocellulars ; 71¢-v°, veins; pe.c., precostal vein; 24, 214-23, interspaces.
Fig. 6.—Wings of Abisara (Nemeobide). Veins numbered similarly.
Fig. 7.—Wings of Papilio (Papilionide), Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore
wing: Extra veins present: 1 @ and a cross vein between median vein and
vein 1. II. Hind wing: vein la absent; a cross vein present between
vein 8 and precostal vein,
x INTRODUCTION.
IT.
Fig. 8.—Wings of Jxias (Pieride). Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing:
vein 9 absent. II. Hind wing: veins 1 a-8 present.
Fig. 9, A & B.—Wings (Lycenide). AI. Fore wing: veins 7 and 10 absent.
BI. Vein 7 absent. A & B II. Hind wings: precostal veins absent.
Fig. 10.—Wings of Zagiades (Hesperiide). 1. Fore wing: all veins present
and, except 1 and 12, originating from cell. II. Hind wing: vein 5
absent.
posterior or lower, refer to the costal and dorsal portions of the
wings respectively. Markings are said to be basal when occurring
between base of wing and up to an imaginary line crossing
middle of cell ; subbasal from that to a similar line crossing just
within the apex of cell; discal or medial when they occupy the
medial third of the wing; and postdiscal, subterminal, and
terminal in succession after that.
Legs. These organs, though variable on the whole, are, so far
as the perfection or imperfection of the front pair of legs is con-
cerned, constant in the larger divisions of the Papzlionina—the
families and subfamilies. In the more specialized forms, the
fore legs are more or less, sometimes very considerably, reduced
in size. In many genera of the Nymphalide the fore legs are
kept close-pressed to the body, and often appear like mere brushes
or tufts of hair; while in nearly all the genera of that family
they are useless for walking in both sexes.
INTRODUCTION. x1
Fig. 11.
ny
OL
ae e
ak g
as
ht EN re
i Wy i .
{ we
TOES
Fig. 11.—Fore legs, a ¢, 6 Q, of I, Hestia (Danaine) ; II, Mycalesis (Saty-
rine); I11, Cynthia (Nymphaline) ; IV, Pareba (Acreine); V, Libythea ;
VI, Abisara (Nemeobide); VII, Papilio (Papilionide), claws simple
(3 tibie with pad on inner side); VIII, Pieris (Pieride), claws bifid ;
IX. Lampides (Lycenide), S tarsus imperfect with only one claw;
X, Tagiades (Hesperiide), tibiz with a medial as well as an apical pair of
spurs.
The six families under which the Indian butterflies can be
arranged may be briefly tabulated as follows :—
Key to the Families of Butterfires.
A. Antenne approximate at base; hind tibize
with only a terminal pair of spurs; one or
more of the veins in the fore wing forked
or coincident beyond the cell.
a. Precostal nervure in hind wing present.
w. Front pair of legs imperfect in one or
both sexes.
w’. Front pair of legs imperfect in both
SOMES Peewee aera eres tackle Led. s Nymphalide.
6°. Front pair of legs imperfect in J,
PerlectrinyS wuapeee ei Abe sercas y biod Nemeobidz.
* Except in the genera Psewdergolis, Libythea and Calinaga. In these
imperfect only in the ¢. Other characters, however, strongly Nymphaline.
Xil INTRODUCTION.
6’. Front pair of legs perfect in both sexes.
a’. Vein lain hind wing wanting; claws
SUMINTO LO i wetee she. te ual ye eet Oe oat NST AN le Papilionide.
6°. Vein la in hind wing present; claws
JOE Re eee crs RU OS 8 GONE .O Pieridz.
6. Precostal nervure in hind wing absent .... Lycenide.
B. Antenne wide apart at base; hind tibiz
generally with a medial as well as a
terminal pair of spurs; all the veins in the
fore wing from base or from cell, none
forked or coincident beyond .............. Hesperiide.
Opinions vary as to the probable line of descent of the butter-
flies. Packard considers that the moths of the family Castniide
are their predecessors; Meyrick traces their descent from the
Thyridide group Pyralidina of the Frenate, Hampson from the
Zygende.
However this may be, a provisional genetic tree for the
butterflies can be constructed as below.
Nymphalhde. Nemeobide.
Papilionde.,| Pieride.
|
| Lycende.
ee
\ a
Hesperuide.
4
oe
ae
Hypothetical Moth Ancestor.
The evidence of one family group of the butterflies being
derived from another is entirely inconclusive. Specialization of
forms has followed often parallel lines in all the families, but
similar specialization, when it occurs in different groups, is no
proof of genetic descent, but of independent development along
similar lines.
The tendency in modern Systematic Natural History is to
INTRODUCTION. xi
greater subdivision and the multiplication of genera. No cri-
ferion exists as to what are generic characters, and as there does
not seem to me that any greater convenience is gained by this
minute subdivision, I have preferred to arrange the forms under
large and comprehensive genera.
With regard to species, it may perhaps be noticed that through-
out this work I have avoided using that term. My reason for
this is that, although the word “ species,” as now generally under-
stood, is not likely to be entirely misinterpreted, the evil
connotations of pre-Darwinian times still cling to it, and to many,
perhaps unconsciously, convey the idea of fixity. The term
“form,” on the other hand, though not entirely satisfactory,
at any rate implies the possibility of change. That forms are
constantly but slowly changing is a fact that is emphasized by
every increase to our knowledge of living things. It is strikingly
apparent in the Lepidoptera, of which Dr. D. Sharp says: “‘ A great
deal of evidence, both direct and indirect, has accumulated
showing that the organization of many Lepidoptera is excessively
sensitive, so that slight changes of condition produce remarkable
results.” The system of regarding local representatives of typical
forms as of equal rank to them seems to me unsatisfactory, as
all connection between the two forms is ignored. It is true
that in the present state of our knowledge it is often a matter of
conjecture as to which is the typical form and which the race, but
in my opinion it is of great importance to draw attention to the
extremely close relationship existing between many forms, so as
to facilitate the tracing-out of the connection between them. In
this work, purely as a matter of convenience, the form first
described is made the type, its geographically limited repre-
sentative—differing perhaps very slightly, but constantly—the
race; but it must be clearly understood that in many cases the
reverse 1s quite as likely to be the truth.
In conclusion, my best thanks are due to the many who have
aided me by the gift or loan of specimens. From Sikhim my
friend Mr. Fritz Moller has sent me large collections in the most
perfect condition. Many of the forms in these were procured at
high altitudes, and are most interesting and rare. To Col. E. R.
Johnson, late of the Indian Medical Service, I owe the gift of a
small but very valuable collection from Simla and from Shillong in
Assam. To Col. Swinhoe I am indebted, not only for the gift of
many specimens, but for the privilege of examining at leisure the
fine series of Indo-Malayan forms contained in his collection.
Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Imperial Forest Service of India, in
the most lavish way, employed native collectors in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, and has generously placed the material
XIV INTRODUCTION, -
collected_at my disposal. Messrs. Allan and Craddock, of the
Burma Forest Department, have sent me small but very useful
collections from Pegu and the Southern Shan States; and to
Mr. E. E. Green and to the Hon. F. Mackwood I owe many
specimens from Ceylon. Major E. Stokes-Roberts, R.E., sent me
several collections made in the Anaimalai and Nilgiri Hills in
Southern India. These were particularly valuable to me for
comparison with the northern Indian forms.
I have to thank the Authorities of the British Museum for the
privilege of access to the magnificent series of Indian butterflies
contained in the National Collection, and I am specially grateful
to Sir G. Hampson and Mr. F. Heron for the facilities afforded me
for their examination. Mr. Heron has aided me in every possible
way, and his intimate knowledge of many groups of butterflies has
been most kindly and unreservedly placed at my service.
The National Collection has of late years been greatly increased
and enriched by the donations of the Godman, Leech, Crowley, and
Elwes collections; and it is fortunate that so well-known an
authority on Lepidoptera as Mr. Elwes should have undertaken
the re-arrangement of the vast material thus brought together.
For me it was specially fortunate that previous to commencing
the writing of this volume the arrangement of several of the
sroups of the Nymphalide should have been completed. I had
thus the advantage of Mr. Elwes’ large experience to guide me.
Turning to books, my obligations to the two previous works on
Indian Butterflies have to be acknowledged. Iam greatly indebted
to the information contained in Mr. Moore’s great work, the
‘Lepidoptera Indica,’ as will be seen from the frequent quota-
tions from and references to the volumes so far completed. Of
the three volumes issued of the ‘ Butterflies of India,’* the
first two are completely out of date and, I believe, out of print.
Col. Marshall and Mr. de Nicéville were pioneers in the
systematic investigation of the Indian Lepidopterous Fauna;
and the impulse given to the study of Indian butterflies by the
publication, by the two authors conjointly, of the first volume of
the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burma and Ceylon, and, by the late
Mr. de Nicéville alone, of volumes IJ. and III. cannot be rated too
highly. De Nicéville’s enthusiasm communicated itself to others,
and his ever ready and generous help encouraged many who, like
myself, feel that his early death has been almost an irreparable
loss to Indian Entomology. Had my late friend lived, the com-
pilation of the present work would never have been attempted by
me; it would have been in his far abler hands. As it is, it will
be good news to many that the Trustees of the Indian Museum
* Vol. I. by Col. G. F. L. Marshail and L. de Nicéville; vols. If and III. by |
L. de Nicéville.
INTRODUCTION. XV
acquired the MSS. of the volumes on the Papilionide, Pieride
and Hesperiide left partially incompleted at Mr. de Nicéville’s
death. These MSS. have been generously placed at my disposal
for use in the compilation of the future volumes of this work.
In connection with this, I ought to add that the unique
collection of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera brought together by the
late Mr. de Nicéville was acquired some little time before his
death by the Indian Museum, and that through the kindness of
Major Alcock, I.M.S., C.LE., F.R.S., Superintendent Indian
Museum, I have had the privilege of examining many of the
types.
fed few words with regard to the illustrations. This is the first
volume of the Fauna series which has had any large number of
coloured plates. The ten in this volume have been well executed
by Mr. Horace Knight, and reproduced by the modern process of
colour-printing which is getting rapidly perfected.
: ly
Order FE PIDOPTERA ....;
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
Suborder Papilionina......
Fam. 1. NyMPHALIDA......
Subfam. 1. Danaine
de
Hestia, Hubner
1. malabarica, Moore
2. linteata, Butler
3. Jasonia, Westw. ....»..
4. agamarschana, Felder .
5. hadeni, W. LO de za
. Danais, iii ee.
1. plexippus, Lenn. :
2. hegesippus, Cramer ..
3. chrysippus, Linn. ....
ALAS IEE C 2277) (a Re
5. melanea, Cramer
6. vulgaris, Butler......
7. limniace, Cramer ....
8. septentrionis, Butler. .
9. gautama, Moore
.aglea, Cramer
11. melanoleuca, Moore ..
12. aspasia, Fadr.
15. agleoides, Felder
. nilgiriensis, Moore....
15. furnata, Butler
{uploea, Fabs.
1. modesta, Butler......
eo ee eo oe
eeoeve
. camaralzaman, Butler.
. simulatrix, W.-M. §
CINE misc's povcgeee ee
. corus, Fabr.
. pheebus, Butler
. ledereri, Felder
. coreta, Godart
2
3
4
5. bremeri, Felder
6
if
8
9
%)
Bie}
i)
a
OE BR to bo
. harrisi, Felder
11. core, Cramer
. esperi, Felder
13. godarti, Lucas
. layardi, Druce
. alcathoe, Godart
. diocletiana, Fabr.
21. kollari, Felder
22. crassa, Butler
23. splendens, Butler ....
. margarita, Butler ..
1. Mycalesis, Hiibner
. charaka, Moore
. perseus, abr.
. mineus, Zann.
. subdita, Moore
mH OOCON SG Ore 09 bo eH
4
iw)
.rama, Moore
13. adolphei, Guérin ....
14. oculus, Marshall ....
15. mnasicles, Hewztson ..
16. mestra, Hewitson ....
17. malsarida, Butler .....
18. malsara, Moore ......
19. nicotia, Hewittson ....
20, misenus, de Nicéville . .
b
. camorta, Moore......
16, andamanensis, A thinson
17. dione, Westwood ....
plete, Moone ta «oxo ote
roepstorfi, Moore ...
3. mulciber, Cramer....
Subfam. 2. Satyrine........
. anaxias, Hewitson ....
.adamsoni, Watson ....
. anaxioides Marshall. .
. sanatana, Moore......
. orseis, Hewirtson......
. perseoides, Moore....
i Wisalais Moore yang of
XVill
21. heri, Moore
22. patnia, Moore
23. Junonia, Butler ......
24. mystes, de Nicéville ..
25. surkha, Marshall ....
. Orsotricena, Wallengren...
median labs. ee cun abe.
. Ceelites, Bovsduval ...
LMObMIS ears iN carrer.
2.adamsoni, Moore ....
5. binghami, Moore ....
. Lethe, Hiihner
CULO Pa, aU eioe 2
. tamuna, de Nicéville ..
drypetis, Hewitson ..
TOMA MAO ay eaves
daretis, Hewitson ....
sinsanea. MOUan oe
. confusa, Awrivillius ..
.margarite, Hlwes ....
. naga, Doherty
. verma, Kollar
MASON, Za Wes te he
. sidonis, Hewitson ....
. vaivarta, Doherty ....
. nicetella, de Nicéville. .
. siderea, Marshall ....
. nicetas, Hewitson ....
. maitrya, de Nicéville..
. visrava, Moore
. scanda, Moore
. bhairava, Moore......
. gulnihal, de Nicéville .
22. latiaris, Hewitson ....
23. minerva, Fabr. ......
. dynsate, Hewrtson ....
J kansa, uWicore. 3.2.2. <
/vindhya, Melder......
. satyavati, de Nicéville .
28. serbonis, Hewztson....
29. sinorix, Hewitson ....
30. chandica, Moore
mdiistans, sense fon sacle
oo. mekara, JMGOTe. 0.
. tristigmata, Llwes....
34. lyncus, de Nicéville
5. atkinsonia, Hewitson. .
. jalaurida, de Nicéville .
. meelleri, Elwes
38. baladeva, Moore
. ramadeva, de Nicémille .
. andersoni, Atkinson ..
. goalpara, Moore
. sura, Doubleday
. dura, Marshall
. bhadra, Moore
S10
—)
SODNIAMR WH
(4
4
DDO HHH HH
HOOo OND OP Wb
SD bo bt) b to
CO NI O> Ou
(Ju) ise) (oo)
© ise) —
eo G9
“NI Od
eeeee o
me H CO
r= & cO
eee eee
aS
is)
doa b.
me OO
eee eee
10.
is
18
14.
16.
. LZipetis, Hewitson
. Orinoma, Gray
. Rhaphicera, Butler
. Agapetes, Billberg
. Satyrus, Latr
. Maniola, Schrank
. CEneis, Hribner
re et
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
45. pulaha, Moore ......
46. muirheadi, Felder ....
A7. yama, Moore *.....¥.
1. saitis, Hewitson......
2. scylax, Hewitson ....
J. damaris, Gray. Jaye.
eee © @ ®
1. satricus, Doubleday ..
2. moorei, Butler
1. halimede, Ménétries ..
1. schakra, Kollar
2. meerula, Felder
3. menava, Moore
Pararge, Hiibner........
1. cashmirensis, Moore ..
Nytha, Billberg: ya eee
1. thelephassa, Hiibner . .
2. baldiva, Moore
3. Gittusa, Buticn, oe ae
4. persephone, FHiibner ..
5. Shandura, Marshall ..
6. parisatis, Kollar
CHC Pi OO
zee ee &
1. davendra, Moore ....
2-narica, Hubner «22. on
3. Cheena, Moore 2. ..5%
4. interposita, Evschoff ..
5. pulchella, Felder
6. cenonympha, Felder.
Karanasa, Moore........
1. huebneri, Felder
2. pimMipla, elder ware
3. digna, Marshall......
Aulocera, Butler. sean
1. brahniinus. Blanchard.
2 swale Kollar... sae
Sh ORICA TGA Mk
4. saraswati, Kollar ....
"© © © 6 ©
1. pumilus, Felder
Ypthima, “Hiibner =e
. philomela, Johannsen .
_ baldus, 2G0)) ee
. sobrina, Liwes & Edw..
. similis, Liwes & Edw. .
. affectata, Elwes § Edw.
. methora, Hewitson
. doherty, “Woores sae
. savara, Grose-Smith ..
: salcraeipane ani
. iarba, de Nicéville ....
.nareda, Kollar
Fe NEE ie es pee
eee eee
126
Re
18
19.
DOP Melanitis; Pabr. oo... 2. 157
1. ismene, Cramer ...... 158 |
ZapelanMoore Vines . 3 159
SPALLEMUUS.ELeTOStisn 4... VIL
4, bethami, de Nicéville.. 162
21. Cyllogenes, Butler ...... 162
lo suradeya, Moore .... 163
2. janetze, de Nicéville .. 163
22. Parantirrheea, Wood-
SU SO 1 BAe ene ae 164 |
1. marshalli, Wood-Mason 165
Woe Amadebis-wbutler. 2.4 5 165
1. himachala, Moore .... 166
2. diademoides, Moore .. 166
24, Neorina, Westw. .i....< 167
1. westwoodi, Moore.... 168
DE anlda, Westy aaa ae 168
25, Elymnias, Hiibner ...... 169
1, undularis, Drurvyos.cs 11
2. cottonis, Hewitson.... 178
3. caudata, Butler ...... 178
4, singhala, Moore...... L74 |
5. peali, Wood-Mason .. 175 |
6, malelas, Hewitson.... 175 |
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
; Page
12. newara, Moore :...... 139
13. watsoni, Moore ...... 139
14. lycus, de Nicéille.... 140
os aivanta, Alooren 2.2... 140
16. chenui, Guérin - Méne-
DU LLC nie eK CSE 6 14]
17. ypthimoides, Moore .. 142
18. huebneri, Karby ...... 142
19. bolanica, Marshali.... 144
PUMA ICIULSOM s ..8 5. 145
MIP asher omen uge ites ck 145
22. megalia, de Ne-éville.. 146
Ere hia eG s,s ical ls 0: 146
1. narasingha, Moore.... 148
2. mani, de Nicéville .... 148
3. kalinda, Moore ...... 149
4.shallada, Lang ...... 149
5. hyagriva, Moore .... 150
Gx ninmalawloore. i... 150
7. annaaa, Moore ...... 150
Sy scamde,, Molar, 224) .°, DEAL
9. daksha, Moore 2.3... 152
mRinites. 6 Westie. osieict kk 152
iarcentina, Butler» ...0< 153
2. angularis, Moore .... 154
3. rotundata. de Nicéville 154
4, falcipennis, W-M. &
CCN RA, te ORC, 2 155
Ragadia, Westw......... 155
1. crisilda, Hewitson.... 16
2. crito, de Nicéville .... 156
3. critolaus, de Nicéville . 157 |
7. timandra, Wallace....
8. patna, Westwood .... 177
9. daray Distant> 3% 82. 178
10. mimus, Wood-Mason . 178
11. vasudeva, Moore 178
12. esaca, Westwood 179
13. penanga, Westwood .. 180
Subfam. 3. Morphine ...... 181
1. Clerome, Westwood 182
1. arcesilaus, Fabr. 183
2. eumeus, Drury ...... 183
3. assama, Westwood.... 184
2. Melanocyma, Westwood.. 184
1. faunuloides, de Nicé-
CLO 5 eRe NE 184
3. Xanthotenia, Westwood . 185
I busiris.Westines a... 185
A. Zeuxidia, Hiibner ...... 186
Ve mason, (Moore. .5 4.26 185
5, Amathiisias Fabri eos. . 187
1. phidippus, Johanssen.. 187
2. amythaon, Doubleday . 183
6. Thaumantis, Miibner .... 189
Is dtoressnWrestis) 108e ss. 190
2. lucipor, Westwood.... 190
7. Stichophthalma, Felder... 191
1. camadeva, Westwood.. 192
2. nourmahal, Westwood. 192
3. howqua. Westwood.... 198
4, louisa, Wood-Mason .. 194
Sh Dhauria, Woo) seer 195
1. pseudaliris, Butler.... 195
9. AAmona, Hewzitson ...... 196
1. amathusia, Hewitson.. 196
2. lena, Atkinson ...... 197
| 10. Enispe, Doubleday ...... 197
1. euthymius, Doubleday . 198
2. cyenus, Westwood .... 199
11. Discophora, Borsduval .. 199
Ie cellimele UStoie. wu, 200
2 lepida, Moore”. san. 201
on tullina.' Cramer irate 202
Subfam. 4. Nymphaline .... 20:
1. Charaxes, Ochsenheimer .. 208
1. durnfordi, Distant.... 210
2. distanti, Honrath .... 210
8. marmax, Westwood .. 211
4, kahruba, Moore...... 212
5. aristogiton, Felder.... 213
6. psaphon, Westwood .. 214
7. polyxena, Cramer .... 215
8: falomisse abr ele sy soe 217
2: Hulepis; Moore, iene. . 219
Lf athamiaswOriup cca a2 220
xX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
2, aria Older. ben a. 222
3. schreiberi, Godart.... 222
4, jalysus, Felder ...... 223
©. moori, Distant ...... 224
6. delphis, Doubleday .. 224
7. dolon, Westwood .... 226
8. nepenthes, Grose-Smith 226
9. eudamippus, Doubleday 227
a. Weleyia, Helder 22... 228
1, hemina, Hewitson .... 228
A. Apatira, eh abr, ieee. 229
li ambica, Wollan. 2.0... 230
2 heresHelden.” canes oss 231
3. sordida, Moore ...... 282
4. chevana, Moore...... 232
5. parisatis, Westwood .. 233
6: ulupi, Doherty. 2.032. 234
7. parvata, Moore “...... 234
8. osteria, Westwood .... 235
6; Dilipa, Moonee ee 235
1. morgiana, Westwood... 236
Herona, Doubleday...... 237
1. marathus, Doubleday... 237
7. Hestina, Westwood...... 239
1. naina, Doubleday .... 239
8. Parhestina, Moore ...... 240
1. persimilis, Westwood. . 240
2. nicevillei, Moore . 241
9. Euripus, Westwood...... 242
1. halitherses, Doubleday . 242
2. consimilis, Westwood. . 244
OP Seéphisa, Mocre \.a.0.42. 244
1. dichroa, Kollar ...... 245
2. chandra, Moore...... 246
11. Neurosigma, Butler . 247
1. doubledayi, Westwood . 247
2. tratemea, Moore . 2... 248
12. Dichorragia, Butler . 248
1. nesimachus, Boisduval. 248
13 Stibochiana, Butler...... 249
lhe micea, (Gaara sss 250
145 Nbrota; Moores. eA. 250
I. ganpa, Moore . 2.8 251
2. jumna, Moores. ...,... 252
15. Sympheedra, Hiibner .... 252
Le disteaee Hore ee 255
He. Dophla; Moore ee aeee 255
1. teuta, Doubleday .... 257
2. goodrichi, Distant .... 258
3. durea, Moonemeeees - 260
4, duda, Staudinger .... 260
5, mara, Moore ace... 261
6. sahadeva, Moore 262
Pe Aes SVLOOTE) ee ee 268
8. patala, Kollar ...... 264
2, evelitia, Stoll 7 .iSe 265
18.
19.
20.
10, derma; Kollar e227
11. dunya, Doubleday ....
. Kuthalia, Hithners. omen
cocytus; abr. ao! an
. lepidea, Butler ......
. cibaritis, Hewitson....
. appiades, Ménétriés ..
jahnuyloone See
. kesava, Moore ......
. lubentina, Cramer....
wfranéize, Grayen eee
. phemius, Doubleday ..
. telchinia, Ménétriés ..
I. zichri, (butlersee-peee
12. binghami, de Nicéville .
13. garuda, Moore ......
14. jama, Felder ........
15. apicalis, Vollenhoven. .
16. kanda, Moore........
17. anosia, Moore........
18. nais, orster, Wane
Parthenos, Hiibner......
1. gambrisins, Fabr. ....
2..virens, Moore Aspen
Moduza, Moore - eeu
i. procris, ‘Cramer sae
Laminitis, abr. eee
1. zayla, Doubleday ....
pi
DOMID OUP WH
2. daraxa, Doubleday.... 295
3. dudu, Westwood...... 296
4. zulema, Doubleday.... 297
5, trivena, Moore ...... 297
6. ligyes, Hewitson...... 298
Qi.’ Lebadea,, Felder see 298
lL. martha, Fabra eee 299
22. Auzakia, Moores meaner 300
l1. danara, Moore ...... 300
2. austenia, Moore...... 301
23. Pantoporia, Hrbner 302
1. sulpitia, Cramer 303
2. nefte, Cramer........ 304
3. rufula, de Nicéville 307
4, kanwa, Moore........ 307
5. kresna, Moore J...2 ee 308
6. cama, Moore. eee 309
7. selenophora, Kollar .. 310
8. zeroca, Moore. eee 311
9. opalina, Kollar ...... 312
10, ranwa, Moore: cr ranere 312
ll. abiasa, Moorer sae 314
24, Athyma, Westwood 314
L. perius; lite are nines ate 315
2. larymna, Doubleday .. 316
5. asurd, MOOre teat ak 317
4. pravara, Moore ...... 318
5, june, (Moores 3)... ee oe 319
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
ZO INEPUIS EOL Sis balk a 319
l. eurynome, Westwood . 323
2. columella, Cramer.... 326
3. jumbah, Moore ...... 327
4, magadha, Felder BBS)
5. nata, Moore eaters ve 329
6. mahendra, Moore .... 329
(Ver OW, DULlen «2... 330
S.somlay Moore 550.3... 330
9. sankara, Kollar ...... 332
NONeartiea, Moore 5. .: 1. 333
11. narayana, Moore 334
12. manasa, Moore ...... 306
13, zaida, Doubleday 336
14, harita, Moore ...... 307
15. vikasi, Horsfield 338
16. fuliginosa, Moore .... 838
17. anjana, Moore... ..... B30
iStiadha, Moore ........ 309
19. ananta, Moore ...... 340
Ziman Moore... ..... 541
Ziewiraja, Moore. ....... 342
22. heliodore, Fabr....... 342
26. Rahinda, Mowe 08. 343
He hordonia, ISYAOUL (pecs ken 344
2. cnacalis, 7Tewitson.... 846
a. paraka; Butler ...'. .. 346
4, aurelia, Staudinger 347
5. assamica, Moore...... 347
27. Oyrestis, Boisduval ...... 348
1. tabula, de Nicéville 349
2. thyodamas, Boisduval . 349
3. nivea, Zinken-Sommer. 351
Areocles Fh abK be sis. 352
Oe pemander, Maur... 2... 353
28. Chersonesia, Distant .... 353
l. risa, Doubleday ...... 3o4
Zaperalca, Westant oa... 305
29, Junonia, Miibner ...... 300
Liphita, Cramer .....:. 306
2. lemonias, Linn. ...... 857
OMOUUBINVA, L074) 1 na ao: 358
4. atlites, Juhanssen .... 359
5. hierta, Fabricius 360
6G. almana, Zann. ...... 361
oO. Vanessa, Mabie 9... .0 363
DRecanchunn ale: oie aco 365
2 SIMdCa, CRUSE ue a 366
3. cashmirensis, Kollar .. 367
Ab arizana,, Voce n eae - 368
5. ladakensis, Moore .... 368
6. vau-album, Denis &
Schieffermiiller . 363
7. Xanthomeleena, Denis
& Schieffermuiiller 369
SuamMnio pd, Laie sve 370
XXi
Page
9. canace, Johanssen .... 37 l
10. c-album, Zinn. ...... 372
esewea Cramer. ici 374
3l. Araschnia, Miibner...... 374
1. prorsoides, Blanchard . 375
32. Symbrenthia, Hiibner .. 376
iiuemay Cramerenns. >: 376
Qe My pSelisnGoaayt wan. 378
3. brabira, Moore ...... 378
4, niphanda, Moore . 319
ao. Prothoeé, Hubner ...... 380
eimanclaeGod art nies. 381
Je resalis, Butler “ost... 382
3. calydonia, Hewirtson .. 382
04, Rhinopalpa, Felder...... 383
]. polynice, Cramer .... 384
35. Yoma, Doherty ......0% 385
De vasukay Doherty... 385
36. Hypolimnas, Hubner .... 386
dei OLE Een es aisle ere 386
2. misippus, Lenz....... 388
37. Penthema, Doubleday.... 390
1. lisarda, Doubleday .... 390
2Mdar lisa /Mooremanen yt 391
3. binghami, Wood-Mason 392
38. Doleschallia, Felder . 392
1. bisaltide, Cramer .... 398
59. Kallima, Doubleday . O94
1. inachus, Boisduval.... 395
2, horsfieldi, Kollar .... 397
3. knyvetti, de Nicéville.. 398
A. albofasciata, Moore .. 399
40 Cethosia, Habr. 2. Snce. 399
lcyane, Oren ie cele ae 400
2. nicobarica, Felder .... 401
3. hypsina, Felder ...... 402
APA OG, JOT) we ong leo 402
5. mahratta, Moore 403
6. nietneri, Felder ...... A404
Aly Cynthia Habre). yoke. 405
[eerotas, 2 obiary ccaene 2 406
Deaselas MOore ae sae ke 409
43. Terinos, Boisduval...... 411
1. clarissa, Boisduval.... 411
43. Atella, Doubleday ...... 412
1. phalantha, Drury .... 412
2. aleippe, CUamen Was 413
AA score: Sabie wae so A415
Iesamiian ACOuG nie cen ca. 415
45. Cupha, Billberg ........ 416
1. erymanthis, Drury 417
22 PlacidayWoone 2.2... 418
46. Cirrochroa, Doubleday .. 419
]. fasciata, Felder ...... 420
2. flavo-brunnea, Grose-
SHUG Mant ee doie cess 421
XX11
3
+
Dd
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
» BHAISHRE abs ee
- mithila,wWoore 22.6
. surya, Moore
eo ec es eo oo
6. bajadeta, Moore......
7. nicobarica, W.-M.&deN.
Page
42]
423
424
424
425
8. aoris, Doubleday . 427
47. Argynnis, Fabr. 0... .. 429
IG Redan JC Om ons nee 431
2. jainadeva, Moore .... 433
3. kamala, Moore ...... 433
4 mala, Cramer... .24.. 434
o. children, Gray ..:... 435
Gunudia, Moone sane... 437
7. hyperbius, Johanssen.. 438
8. lathonia, Zann. ...... 441
9. gemmata, Butler .... 442
10, clara, Blanchard .... 443
11. altissima, Hiwes...... 445
2 jendont,elangeeniees a 446
13. pales, Denis & Schieff. . 447
14. hegemone, Staudinger . 449
48, Meliteoa, abr. acs aiese 450
1. sindura, Moore ...... 451
EOL Waaitey, JOVI Sls Aho 453
49) Byblia, Alubner 3... | 455
i valliit layer e107 heta-cet 455
D0; yWarmnoa Mager etme. 457
1. castelnaui, Felder .... 458
2. horsfieldi, Borsduval .. 458
dl. Ergolis, Bowsduval ...... 460
1. ariadne, Johanssen .... 461
2. merione, Cramer 462
52. Pseudergolis, Felder ..., 463
I. wedahi, iollar a... 5. 464
53. Calinaga, Moore........ A4G5
ie buddhiaMoone ech 466
2. sudassana, Melvill .... 467
Sublam:D. Alevwne ws...) +. 468
1. Pareba, Doubleday ...... 468
TP VESER ECO na calcrataen as 469
|
i
Page
2. Telchinia, Hiibner ...... 470
L. svaolee, abr: ee A471
| Subfam. 6. Libythene...... A72
Leni y thea, aor aan eee 472
1. celtis, Puessly........ 473
2. myrrha, Godart ...... A75
3. rohini, Marshall ee
A, geoffroyi, Godart ea
5. hauxwelli, Moore .... 478
Fam. 2. NEMEOBIDZ ...... 478
1. Dodona, Hewitson ...... A479
Ldunga, Kollan reese 481
2. dipea, Hewitson .. 482
3. dracon, de Nicéville .. 483
4. eugenes, Bates ...... 484.
5. egeon, Doubleday .... 484 —
6. ouida, Moores. ae 485
7. adonira, Hewitson .... 486
8. deodata, Hewitson.... 487
9. longicaudata, de Ni:é-
DULG soicues cial see 488
10. binghami, Moore .. 488
11. angela, Grose-Smith .. 489
Do NoiSamay, elder) enema 489
1. fylla, Doubleday ..... 490
2. neophron, Hewitson .. 491
3. chela, de Nicéville .... 492
4. echerius, Sioll ..... 492
3. Taxila, Doubleday ..... 495
1. burnii, de Nicéville .. 495
2. thuisto, Hewitson .... 497
Bis MRKORONUTTI) JAKMAR, oo 3 « 497
4. Zemeros, Boisduval..... 498
1. flegyas, Cramer..... 499
D. otiboges, Butler... ia. 500
1. nymphidia, Butler .. 501
DISCOPHORA. 201
3. Upperside purplish brown, the basal four-fifths of both
fore and hind wing suffused with dark indigo-blue. Fore wing
with two obliquely-placed preapical pale ochraceous-white spots,
and a series of four or five subterminal similar spots. Hind wing
uniform except for the dark secondary sex-mark on the disc.
Underside ochraceous shaded with brown, darkest on the outer
half of the hind wing; a broad dark brown discal band across
both wings from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing; beyond
this a lighter ochraceous band, followed on the hind wing by
obscure ocelli in interspaces 2 and 6, and a purplish-white diffuse
mark at the tornus.— 2. Upperside paler purplish brown, the
terminal margins of the wings narrowly and evenly yellow; a
broad yellow oblique preapical bar on the fore wing, curving down-
wards and ending in two or three triangular detached spots, two
‘discal spots below middle of bar and an outer series of three sub-
terminal large lunular spots. Hind wing on its anterior half
outwardly with some diffuse yellow obscure spots. Underside
similar to that of the ¢, but much lighter and brighter ochra-
ceous, the brown shading forms obscure transverse bands, of
which the discal, broad postdiscal and subterminal crossing both
fore and hind wing are the most prominent ; an additional ocellus
in interspace 3. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdo-
men above brown, beneath more or less ochraceous.
Exp. $ 2 95-99 mm. (3°75-3°9"),
Hab. Sikhun, the lower and Hastern provinces of Bengal; Assam;
Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Larva (adult). Anal segment with two slender processes; each
segment with dorsal and lateral tubercies studded with tufts of
hair; head black ; body brown with paler longitudinal dorsal and
lateral bands, a short black line on each side of the dorsal line
anteriorly on each segment; legs with a spot of dark red on each.
Pupa. “ Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece
prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpu-
rescent-brown.” (Moore.)
235. Discophora lepida, Moore (Enispe), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 213 9 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 36, pl. 18, tigs. 1, 1a,
16,82; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 297; Moore, Lep.
Ind, i, \893-96, p, 190) pl. 151, figs, 1, la 16, le 62;
Davidson, Bell § Aitken, Jou. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 245.
5 Q. Resembles D. celinde, but in the ¢ the ground-colour on
the upperside is dark velvety brown without any blue reflections ;
the fore wing is crossed preapically by three obliquely-placed,
comparatively large, pale-blue spots with an ill-defined series
of three or four much smaller subterminal spots; in the 9
the markings, though similar to those in the 2 of célinde, are on
the upperside of the fore wing all pale blue, not yellow, and more
numerous, larger, and better defined on the upperside of the hind
wing. Underside. S: similar to that in ¢ of D. celinde, but a
202 NYMPHALIDA.
more or less prominent diffuse subterminal band irrorated with
lilae scales crosses both fore and hind wing.— ? similar to the 9?
of D. celinde, but much paler.
Exp. 3 2 80-104 mm. (3°15-4:09").
Hab. 8. India, Ceylon.
Larva. “ Cylindrical or slightly fusiform; head large; anal
segment furnished with two stout conical processes widely sepa-
rated, but scarcely divergent ; colour of head greenish yellow;
eyes black; body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band
flanked with conspicuous black marks, and a yellow lateral mark
on segments 6 to 11; head and body clothed with long reddish
or brown hair.” (Davidson, Bell § Attken.)
Pupa...** head-case produced into two long conical adjoined
processes, the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the
wing-cases evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ;
surface finely rugose; colour semi-transparent yellowish, like a
clean white bone, with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings”
marked in faint flesh-colour, loosely attached by the tail.” (JZ6id.)
236. Discophora tullia (Pl. IV, fig. 30), Cramer (Papilio), Pap.
Frot. i, 1775, pl. 81, figs. A, B; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888,
p. 298, fig. dQ.
Discophora zal, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
ii, 1851, p. 3381, footnote ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 191, pl. 152, figs. 1,la—-le, § Q.
Discophora tullia, var. indica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i, 1887,
sO ORIOe
Derophons spiloptera, de N. § Moller, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
3
p. 331. i
Discophora indica et spiloptera, Moore, Lep. Ind. i1, 1893-96,
pp. 192 & 195, pl. 158, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 2, larva & pupa, and
pl. 154, figs. 1, la, go Q.
g. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with transverse discal,
postdiseal and subterminal series of bluish spots, the latter two
series closely approximate. Hind wing uniform except for the
prominence of the discal secondary sex-mark, and faint indications
of a subterminal series of pale spots. Underside dull ochraceous
brown, the basal half of the wing darker, defined outwardly by a
still darker but obscure transverse band ending ina lilacine diffuse
small patch at the tornus of the hind wing; both fore and hind
wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with short transverse brown
strie and obscurely tinted with lilac; two ill-defined ocelli on the
hind wing as in D. célinde. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax
and abdomen brown, paler beneath.— 9. Upperside purplish
brown. Fore wing with three transverse series of white spots,
the inner or discal series continued to the costa by two large
elongate obliquely-placed white spots. Hind wing also with
three transverse rows of somewhat obscure spots, but ochraceous
in colour. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but paler.
Exp. & Q 90-102 mm. (3:55-4:05").
Hab. Bengal; Sikhim; Bhutan; through Assam, Burma and
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Suborder PAPILIONINA.
Family NYMPHALIDZ.
Imago. Fore wing: submedian, or vein 1, simple, in one sub-
family forked near base ; median vein with three branches, veins
2,3 and 4; veins 5 and 6 arising from the points of junction of
the discocellulars ; subcostal vein and its continuation beyond
apex of cell, vein 7, with never more than four branches, veins
8-11; 8 and 9 always arising from vein 7, 10 and also 11 some-
times from vein 7 but more often free, 2. ¢. given off by the sub-
costal vein before apex of cell. Hind wing: internal (1a) and
precostal veins present. Cell in both wings closed or open, often
closed in the fore, open in the hind wing. Dorsal margin of hind
wing channelled to receive the abdomen in many of the forms.
Antenne always with two grooves on the underside ; club variable
in shape. Throughout the family the front pair of legs in the 6,
and with three exceptions * in the @ also, is reduced in size and
functionally impotent; in some the atrophy of the fore legs is
considerable, e.g. Danaine and Satyrine. In many of the forms
of these subfamilies the fore legs are kept pressed against the
underside of the thorax, and are in the male often very incon-
spicuous.
The Indian forms belonging to the Nymphalide can conveniently
be arranged under six subfamilies, a key to which is given below.
Key to the Indian Subfamiles of the Nymphalide.
A. Discoidal cell in both fore and hind wing
closed.
a. Vein 1 in fore wing forked at base ...... Danaine.
* Libythea, Pseudergolis, and Calinaga,
VOL. I. 5
2, NYMPHALIDA.
b. Vein 1 in fore wing not forked at base.
a’, Palpi more or less erect, or only obliquely
subporrect, not remarkably long, not
forming a beak.
a”. Palpi strongly compressed ; eyes often
hairy, one or more veins in fore wing
generally swollen at base; wings as
a rule short and broad, hind wing
often dentate or caudate .........: Satyrine.
6°. Palpi net compressed, short, cylindrical,
slightly clavate; eyes never hairy ;
veins never swollen at base; wings
always long; hind wing never dentate
OY calidate .545 4 Aaa: eee Acreeine.
b'. Palpi porrect, projecting, remarkably long,
nearly as long as the thorax, pressed
close together forming a beak ........ Libytheine.
B. Discoidal cell open, or if closed, lower disco-
cellular very slender, inconspicuous *.
a. Palpi small, narrow, sharp in front ...... Morphine.
6. Palpi large, broad, rounded in front ...... Nymphatine.
Subfamily DANAIN®.
Egg. “ Much higher than wide, leathery, radiate, with numerous
broad flattened ribs and distinct cross-lines reticulate over a small
area at the apex ” (Doherty).
Larva. Smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, with from two to
four pairs of fleshy tentacula. Colours conspicuous, generally
black, yellow and red.
Imago. Wings ample, terminal margins never dentate or
caudate; cell of both fore and hind wings closed; vein 1 in fore
wing forked close to base, none of the veins basally swollen; no
prediscoidal cell in hind wing; antenne slender, filiform or
oradually clavate, bare, without scales ; eyes naked, never hairy ;
palpi slightly compressed, somewhat short and erect; body
slender.
The forms in this subfamily are highly specialized, for in
addition to the reduction in the number of legs used in walking
common to all the members of the family Nymphalide, the
Danaine have without exception developed what to our senses, at
any rate, is an acrid disagreeable odour and taste accompanied
with a tough leathery consistency of body that to a certain extent
evidently protects them from insectivorous enemies. In the
ereat majority of the forms also, secondary sexual characters in
the shape of specialized scales, tufts of hair, brushes, or fans
having peculiar odours are prominent.
* Except the forms belonging to the genera Pseudergolis and Calinaga,
which have the cell of the hind wing tubularly closed.
HESTIA. 3
Key to the Genera of the Danaine.
a. Claws furnished with paronychia and pulvilli.
a’. Antenne filiform. Colour in both sexes con-
Spicuously black andiwhite sec oh 2 oe HESTIA, p. 3.
6’. Antenne distinctly clavate. Colour in both
sexes dark, some shade of brown often glossed
with iidescent lie sijej catia). ahora bi alleta KuPLaea, p. 22.
6. Claws without paronychia or pulvilli .......... DANAIS, p. 7.
Genus HESTIA.
Hestia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 15.
Nectaria, pt., Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 2.
Type, H. lyncea, Drury, from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
- Wings comparatively of large expanse, body long and slender.
Fore wing elongate and narrow or comparatively short and broad ;
dorsum slightly sinuous ; termen oblique, slightly concave below
the rounded apex; costa widely arched; cell more than half
length of wing; upper discocellular short, middle inwardly
oblique, deeply concave, lower outwardly convex; vein 11 anas-
tomosed with vein 12. Hind wing elongate, obovate, or ovate ;
termen more or less strongly arched ; cell more than half length
of wing; discocellulars obtusely angulate one with the other.
Antenne long, filiform, scarcely clavate towards apex ; palpi erect,
flattened outwardly, clothed with appressed scales, third joint
short, pointed, slightly porrect; claws of intermediate and pos-
terior legs curved, furnished with paronychia and pulvilli.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, naked, banded with several transversely
alternating conspicuous colours ; furnished with four pairs of long
-filamentous processes or tentacula ” (Moore).
The forms of Hestia are very closely allied, but are divisible
into two groups :—
The lyncea group, to which all but one of the Indian races
belong, characterized by an elongate narrow wing and large black
markings on the white ground-colour ; and the Javan belia group,
with wings broader in comparison with their length and small
black markings. The sole Indian representative of the latter
group is H. linteata, Butler, extending from the Malay Peninsula
into the extreme south of Tenasserim.
Key to the forms of Hestia.
A. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing
not extending beyond subcostal vein.
aunts mark Oval (AA sem esau yc scr HH, malabarvea, p. 4.
b. This mark zigzag, formed of two spots. H. linteata, p. 4.
B. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing
extending beyond subcostal vein.
a. Hind wing long and narrow; termen
compressed anteriorly, straight between
VELMSNOL AACE. 7) Gan aero POU dR ies 5c 5 Hi, jasonia, p. 5.
1s
4 NYMPHALIDA,
b. Hind wing comparatively short and
broad; termen not compressed ante-
viorly, arched between veins 6 and 7.
a. Terminal third of fore wing with more
or less of white in interspaces 5, 6
and 8.
a'. Terminal margin of hind wing
white, with elongate black spots
in the interspaces.............. HT, agamarschana, p. 5.
b'. Terminal margin of hind wing all
black. ccacks nip cdlveceeiene easeee Race cadelli, p. 6.
6. Terminal third of fore wing all black,
no white in interspaces 5,6 and 8.. H. hadeni, p. 6.
1. Hestia malabarica, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 46; M.&
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 26, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890- 92,
p- 18, pl. 1, figs. 1, la, larva & pupa, 16, Wer Gage
Hestia lynceus, pt., M. § de N. (nec Drury) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 2
Hestia kanarensis, "Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 9, ie
de.
3 2. Upperside semitransparent white, sometimes slightly
infuscate with a powdering of black scales. Fore wing with the
following black marks :—narrow margins on both sides of the veins,
a dusky streak along dorsum, large subbasal spots in interspaces 1
and 2 (produced inwardly in former), a large oval spot crossing
three streaks in discoidal cell, a spot above it in interspace 11, a
broad margin to the discocellulars and three rows of spots on
outer half of wing, the discal series outwardly conical and curved
sharply inwards opposite apex, the subterminal series in pairs
coalescent on the veins, the terminal series elongate on veins and
in interspaces ; costa with a black streak at base, beyond black and
white alternately. Hind wing with similar markings; cell with
two streaks, the upper forked towards apex; costa white, two
spots not touching the vein below in interspace 8 ; paired spots on
veins 5,6 and 7 not coalescent but one behind the other, black.
Underside similar. Antenne black; head and thorax streaked
and spotted with black; abdomen white, with broad dusky black
streak above.
Exp. 3 9 120-154 mm. (4°7-6°1”).
Hab. Western Ghats, Travancore.
Var. H. kanarensis, Moore, i is identical in markings but alwine
smaller. It is recorded from the Konkan and North Kanara.
2. Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879,
p. 536, pl. 69, fig. 6
3 9. Resembles H. malabarica, Moore. Differs as follows :—
Wings comparatively broader, apex more rounded, termen of
hind wing from apex to vein 5 arched, not straight. Ground-
colour a purer white, black markings very much smaller. ore wing
with an additional spot in interspace 1 a and on veins 2, 3 and 4,
HESTIA. 5
coalescing with spots of discal series in interspaces 2 and 3; two
coalescent spots in discoidal cell forming an irregular zigzag mark ;
costal margin white, with no black streak at base and the black
markings much narrower. Hind wing with markings similar to
but much smaller than in hind wing of H. malabarica.
Exp. 170-176 mm. (6°6-6°9").
Hab. Extreme south of Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan
Subregion. Procured at Malewoon by the late Mr. W. Davison.
3. Hestia jasonia, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 87, pl. 42, fig. 1 3;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 1, lag, 169.
Nectaria jasonia, Moore, Lep. ‘Ceyl. 1, 1880, p: o, pl. Lote, I.
_ 6 Q. Wings proportionately longer and narrower than in
H. malabarica, margin of hind wing from apex to just above
vein 5 almost straight ; ground-colour greyish white, varying to
fuliginous brown, semitransparent in the lighter varieties. Form
and character of the markings as in H. malabarica. Differs as
follows :—Fore wing: the subbasal black spot in interspace 1
elongate, outwardly emarginate; subbasal spot in interspace 2
large, touching above and below the median and vein 2; an
oblique broad bar in discoidal cell extending to the costa and
uniting with the broad black streak along basal portion of
same; discocellulars broadly margined with black, emitting a
short streak outwards in interspace 4; discal, subterminal, and
terminal series of spots as in H. malabarica, but the discal spots
quadrate, not outwardly conical; the black markings along the
costa of greater extent than the white. Hind wing with markings
similar to those in H. malabarica. Antenne black; head and
thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen dusky black above,
white beneath.
Exp. 3 2 150 mm. (5:9").
Hab. Ceylon.
4, Hestia agamarschana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. i, 1867, p. 351,
pl. 43, fig. 7 6 ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 23, pl. 4, fig. 1 ¢.
Hestia jasonia, Westw. var. a; Kirby y, Syn. Cat. D. Lep. 1871, p. 2.
Race cadelli.
ee cadelli, W.-M. § de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 225, pl. 13, fig. 1 3;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882 pps cy pl: 4, fig. 2 33 Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 24, pl. 4, fic. Ds Ehe
3 @. Like H. jasonia, Westw., but smaller. Fore wing
broader proportionately, apex and tornus more rounded ; basal
black streak in interspace 1, lengthened and attenuate inwardly,
not emarginate outwardly; transverse black spot in cell very
broad, coalescing with basal streak above on costa ; discal spots in
6 NYMPHALIDA,
interspaces 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 much longer and coalescent. Hind-
wing costa arched ; termen anteriorly not straight as in H. jasonia,
but arched, wing altogether proportionately broader and shorter,
with the black markings also broader. In most specimens the
basal double spot on the black streak in interspace 1 absent.
Exp. 3 2 124-130 mm. (4:9-5:3").
Hab. The Andamans; Arrakan; Tenasserim.
Race cadelli, W.-M. & de N.—Typically differs from H. aga-
marschana in the greater extent of the black markings. Fore
wing: basal mark in interspace 1 and the whole basal portion of
cell black coalescent, separated merely by a narrow dusky-white
streak on each side of the median vein ; discal spots in interspaces
3 and 4 and subterminal and terminal series of spots coalescent,
the latter two uniting to form a more or less continuous black
terminal border to the wing, but not nearly so broad or so com-
plete as in H. hadent. Hind wing as in H. agamarschana, but the
subterminal and terminal markings more or less coalescent.
Eup. $ 2 126-132 mm. (5-5:2").
Hab. Typical forms from the Andamans. Intermediate forms
recorded from Arrakan.
Oo. Hestia hadeni, W.-M. §de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. ii, p. 242, pl. 13,
fic. 29; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1882, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 3 9; Moore,
Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 3 9.
3 2. Resembles H. agamarschana, Felder, but the terminal
markings on both fore and hind wing have entirely coalesced and
form a broad black border covering towards the apex in the fore
wing more than one-third of the length of the wing and narrowing
towards the tornus; the basal and discal spots in interspaces 1
and 2 are free, and the black in the discoidal cell is more restricted
than in H. cadelli. In the hind wing the broad black border is of
a tolerably even width throughout, with its interior margin irregu-
larly indented or crenulate ; the discal spots, the basal spot in
interspace 2 and the spot near apex of the discoidal cell are com-
paratively small. Upper and under sides similar. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen black; the head and thorax spotted with
white ; beneath, the body is white spotted with black.
Hep. & 2 180-136 mm. (5:1-5°35").
Hab. Recorded within our limits only from the district of
Bassein in the south-west corner of Lower Burma. A specimen
labelled Siam is in the collection of the British Museum.
I am not quite certain whether this form should not also be
ranked as a race or subspecies of H. agamarschana, but in all the
specimens I have seen the conspicuous broad black border to the
wings, entirely unspotted and never varying in width, 1s a constant
feature.
DANAIS. 7
Genus DANAIS.
Danais, Latr. Ilig. Mag. vi (1807), p. 291.
Danaus, Latr. Gen. Crust. & Ins. iv, 1809, p. 201.
Limnas, Hiibner, Tentamen, i, 1806 (no desc.).
Radena, Tirumala, Salatura, Parantica, & Chittira, Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1880, pp. 3, 4, 5, 7, & 8.,
Caduga & Bahora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 235 & 245,
Badacara, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 63.
Type, D. plexippus, Linn., from India.
Range. Both hemispheres.
3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, apex broadly
rounded ; termen below apex straight or slightly concave; dorsum
straight; discoidal cell long, well over half length of wing; upper
discocellular short, inclined obliquely inwards, middle curved
inwards, lower curved outwards: rest of venation variable, veins
10 and 11 free, or 11 anastomosed with 12, or 10 out of 9 (as in
type of genus). Hind wing generally pear-shaped ; discoidal cell
more than half length of wing; venation variable ; discocellulars
more or less in a line inclined obliquely outwards, or middle bent
in two at a right angle, or upper and middle in a line, lower bent
SSS,
Fig. 1.—Sex-mark form 1 on hind Fig. 2.—Sex-mark form 2 on hind
wing, and neuration: Danais wing, and neuration : Danais
chrysippus. melanea.
at an angle downwards; vein 3 always from before apex of cell.
Antenne less than half length of fore wing; club very gradual ;
palpi erect, short, barely reaching top of head, third joint short ;
eyes naked ; legs moderately long, scaled ; claws of intermediate
and posterior tarsi long, without paronychia or pulvilli. ¢:
secondary sex-marks present or absent; when present taking two
forms, consisting of (1) a small fold near base of vein 2 on hind
wing ; or (2) patches of peculiar scent-producing scales near apices
of veins 1 a, 1, and 2 on kind wing, with a thickening of veins 1a
and 1 where they pass through the patch.
8 NYMPHALIDA,
Larva. So far as known subcylindrical, with two or three pairs
of non-retractile tentacula.
Pupa. Comparatively broad, ovate, contracted medially, green,
waxy white, or yellow, spotted and banded with black, golden
yellow and silver ; sometimes entirely of a shining golden yellow.
Key to the forms of Danais.
A. Fore wing tawny, with black margins and
white spots; larva with three pairs of
fleshy tentacula.
a. Middle discocellular in hind wing slightly
curved inwards; veins in both wings
conspicuously bordered with black.
a’, Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing
entirely tawny.
a’. Hind wing with a row of white spots
on black terminal margin........
6°. Hind wing without any white spots
on black terminal margin........
b'. Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing
more or less streaked with white
b. Middle discocellular in hind wing bent
inwards at almost a right angle in
the middle; veins in wings not con-
spicuously bordered with black.
a’. Apical third of fore wing black above,
with a preapical obliquely-placed row
of elongate white spots.
a’, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing
entirely LAW DY: asia: ela llenic ate eo
6?, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing
more or less marked with white . .
b’. Apex of fore wing with narrow even
margin only, of black spotted with
white ; preapical row of white spots
Guiterobsolete. Ue wee er eerie ces
B. Fore wing fuliginous black, with subhyaline
streaks and spots of bluish white ; larva,
so far as known, with two pairs of fleshy
tentacula.
a. Ground-colour of hind wing bright
chestnut-red above and below........
b. Ground-colour of hind wing purplish
black above, beneath more or less
chestnut... acca nek ohn oe eee
c. Ground-colour of hind wing fuliginous
black above and below.
a’. Lower discocellular of hind wing not
bent inwards at an angle with middle
discocellular.
a, Vein 11 in fore wine anastomosed
with vein12. ¢ without sex-marks
on wings.
D. plexippus, p. 10.
Var. nipalensis, p. 11.
D.hegestppus, p. 11, with
var. nesippus, p. 11.
D. chrysippus, p. 11.
Var. alcippus, p. 12, and
var. alcippordes, p. 12.
Dimorphie form
dorippus, p. 12.
D. tytia, p. 13.
D. melanea, p. 14.
DANAIS,. 9
a’, Subhyaline streaks on both wings
comparatively narrow ; two
streaks in discoidal cell of hind
wing with an obliquely placed
short slender streak between
HEMT A PLCS). 5 kui: bait sre! cent oars D, vulgaris, p. 14.
6°. Subhyaline streaks on both wings
broader ; two streaks in discoidal
cell of hind wing, the lower
streak with a hook or spur at
ONG nts aah s savers, Susts eueeene tor Race exprompta, p. 16.
c*, Subhyaline streaks on both wings
very broad, discoidal cell of hind
wing entirely bluish white .... Race nzcobarica, p. 15.
6°, Vein 11 in fore wing uot anas-
tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with sex-
marks on hind wings.
a®. Streak in discoidal cell of fore
wing short, single, somewhat
clavate.
a‘. Subhyaline streaks on wings
very broad, only faintly bluish ;
basal streaks in interspace 1
in fore wing, one above the
other, often coalescing ...... D. limniace, p. 16.
b*. Subhyaline streaks on wings
narrow, conspicuously tinted
blue; basal streaks in inter-
space 1 in fore wing never
coalescing, upper streak placed
beyond lower streak ........ D. septentrionis, p. 17.
6°. Streak in discoidal cell of fore
wing double, lower branch
clavate.
a‘, Upper branch of streak in
discoidal cell of fore wing
long, generally produced to
spot im apex of cell .:...... D. gautama, p. 17.
64. Upper branch of streak in
discoidal cel! of fore wing
short, barely indicated, not
produced to spot in apex of
Gallas eh tote, Pein. At caatiel aot egcte Race gautamordes, p. 18.
b'. Lower discocellular of hind wing bent
inwards at an angle with middle dis-
cocellular.
a’. Vein 11 in fore wing anastomosed
with vein 12. do with sex-marks
on hind wing.
a*, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore
wing more or less quadrate,
about half the size of basal spot
in interspace 2.
a‘. Discoidal cell of hind wing
generally with 2 streaks, some-
times all but coalescent .... D. aglea, p. 18.
10 NYMPHALIDA.,
6*. Discoidal cell of hind wing
entirely bluish white, enclos-
ing a longitudinal bifid black
line. 4a eee crn ea Race melanoides, p. 19.
6°, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore
wing small, triangular, not one-
quarter the size of basal spot in
INGEN PACE eee a ear D. melanoleuca, p. 19.
6°. Vein 11 in fore wing not anas-
tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with
sex-marks on hind wing.
a, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal
cell and in interspaces la, 1 6
und 1 of hind wing suffused with
bright canary-yellow.......... D. aspasia, p. 20
b°, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal
cell and in interspaces la, 16
and 1 of hind wing absent, or
when present white or bluish
white.
a‘, Two streaks from base in dis-
coidal cell of hind wing ...... D. agleoides, p. 20.
b'. A single streak from base in |
_igonidal cell of hind wing.
*, Subhyaline streaks in inter-
spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind
wing present Sah eee eae D. nilgiriensis, p. 21.
6°. Subhyaline streaks in inter-
spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind
WIM OSeMb san. see eke D, fumata, p. 21.
6. Danais plexippus, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p. 471;
Kirby, Syn. Cat. D, Lep. 1871, p. 5.
Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Evot. 11, 1779, p. 23, pl. a8 , figs. C,D;
Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 6, pl. 4, tigs. 2 Qa; M. §
de N.(Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882 2, p- 52; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 45, pl. 10, figs. 1, La larva, 1 8, Ie, oy Qs
Danais nipalensis, Moore, A. MN. H. (4) xx, ie 7, p. 43; zd. (Sala-
tura) Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 48, pl. 10, figs. 2 ie: 3.
3 2. Upperside: fore wing—costal and dorsal margins and
apieal half of wing black, the greater porticn of interspaces 1 and
2, a spot at base ot interspace 3 and cell tawny; veins with
broad black margins; three white postdiscal spots followed by
an oblique preapical white bar crossed by the veins; an irregular
subterminal and terminal series ot white spots. Hind wing
tawny, the veins broadly bordered with black; terminal margin
black, bearing two more or less complete rows of white spots.
Underside similar ; apex of fore wing dusky brown; ground-colour
of hind wing paler than on the upperside, the white spots on both
fore and hind wing distinct. Antenne black; head and thorax
black spotted with white; abdomen dusky tawny, with white
markings beneath. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Kup. & 2 72-100 mm. (2°82-2:92"),
Hab. Spread generally throughout our limits, extending to Siam,
China, and the Malay Peninsula.
DANAIS. 11
Larva. Described by Moore as black with a lateral yellow stripe,
two yellow dorsal patches, with three white spots in front, and
two maculated white lines behind them on each segment, also a
pair of dusky black fleshy tentacula on the 2nd, 10th and 12th
segments.
Raphis pulchellum, Raphis lemma, Passularca, and Ceropegra
intermedia are mentioned as food-plants.
Pupa: green variegated with spots and lines of black, silvery
white and golden yellow.
Var. nipalensis, Moore, described from a single specimen from
Nepal, is probably oniy an aberration. From the typical form it
differs in being slightly larger, the preapical bar on the fore wing
is macular, and the subterminal and terminal series of spots
are nearly obsolete on the fore and completely obsolete on the
hind wing.
7. Danais hegesippus (PI. I, fig. 1), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii,
1779, pl. 180, fig, A; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1. 1882, p. 55; Moore
(Salatura), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 49, pl. 11, figs. 1, la,1b, dQ.
Danais nesippus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wren, xii, 1862, p. 486;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 55; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 50, pl. 11, figs. 2, 24,26, SQ.
3 Q. This form closely resembles D. pleaippus, from which it
differs in colour as follows :—Upperside of fore wing: the black
on the margins and on the apical haif of the wing of greater
extent, the preapical white bar divided into well-separated
elongate spots. Hind wing black, the cell and the interspaces
beyond it from la to 5 with narrow white streaks. Underside
similar to the upperside, apex of fore wing dusky black; white -
streaks in the interspaces on the hind wing broader and washed
with ochraceous at their apices; also additional white streaks in
interspaces 6 and 7.
Exp. 3 2 70-78 mm. (2°75-3°05").
Hab. Recorded from Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, and the
Nicobars. Extends to Malacca and Sumatra.
Within our limits D. plexippus and D. hegesippus seem to be
distinct and constant; but from the Malayan Subregion inter-
mediate forms, such as D. suwmatrana, Moore, and D. intermedia,
Moore, have been recorded.
Var. nesippus, Felder, is found in the Nicobars. From typical
hegesippus it differs in being smaller and darker, the tawny red on
the fore and the white on the hind wing being more restricted.
8. Danais chrysippus (PI. I, fig. 2), Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x,
1758, p.471; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 1;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 10, § 2 ; Moore
(Limnas apud Miibner), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 386, pl. 8, figs. 1,
larva, la-le, 3 @.
Papilio alcippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 127, figs. E, F;
M.& de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 51.
Limnas alcippoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 238, pl. 31, fig. 1 3 ed.
Lep. Ind, 1, 1890-92, p. 41, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, § .
2 NYMPHALID A.
Dimorph dorippus.
Kuplea dorippus, Klug, Symb. Phys., Ins. v, 1845, pl. 48, figs. 1-5;
M. & de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 52.
Limnas klugii, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 758; Moore, Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a, 5 9.
3 Q. Termen of fore wing more concave near the middle than
in D. pleaippus. Upperside: fore wing tawny darkening towards
the costal margin; costa narrowly and the apical third of the
wing black ; one or two white spots beyond and above apex of cell
followed by a preapical, white, oblique bar, with one inner and
two subterminal white spots below its lower end; lastly, a more
or less complete series of terminal white spots and dots of varying
size. Hind wing: ground-colour paler ; termen somewhat narrowly
black, with an incomplete series of white spots ; three black marks
on the discocellulars. Underside similar, paler ; ground-colour of
the hind wing and a triangular area at apex of fore wing ochra-
ceous ; white markings and spots more distinct. Antenne black ;
head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen ochraceous
above, whitish below. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1.
Kap. 3 2 70-84 mm. (2°75-3'3").
Hab. A widespread species throughout our limits, and found in
Southern Europe, Syria, over a great part of the Ethiopian Region,
through Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan. Eastwards it extends
to China and through the Malayan Subregion to Sulu and the
Celebes. .
Larva. Bluish grey, the sides yellow, each segment with five
transverse black lines and two yellow patches, the head with a
yellow patch anteriorly and three black lines, the 3rd, 6th and
12th segments each with a pair of fleshy black filaments, crimson
at the base. Feeds on Calotropis gigantea (Madar, Hind.) and
various Asclepiads.
Pupa: dichroic, some green, others pale pink or wax-white,
beautifully marked with golden spots and a black gold-bordered
line near the tail.
Var. alcippus, Cramer, and var. alcippoides, Moore, only differ
from the typical form in having the hind wing suffused more or
less with white. In the long series of these two forms in the
British Museum collection a regular gradation can be traced from
specimens having just a touch of white on the disc of the hind
wing to specimens which have part of the cell and seven-eighths
of the disc beyond white.
Dimorph dorippus | D. dorippus, Klug (D. klugu, Butler)]| has
been found, by Col. Yerbury and other observers, im cop. with
typical chrysippus. The points of difference between it and
chrysippus are as follow:—No black apex nor oblique white bar
on fore wing; the latter, however, sometimes indicated ; sub-
terminal and terminal series of white spots on both fore and hind
wing fewer in number, occasionally absent altogether. As in the
typical form, a variety of D. dorippus is found with the hind wing
DANAIS. 13
more or less suffused with white*. D. dorippus occurs only
sporadically within our limits. It has been taken at Campbellpur
in the Punjab (Yerbury), at Karachi (Swinhoe), near Poona
(Aitken), in the neighbourhood of Trincomalee, Ceylon (Yerbury),
and recorded from the southern and eastern coasts of the same
island (Manders).
9. Danais tytia, Gray (Euploa), Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1833-46, p. 2, pl. 9,
fie.2 6; M.& de N. Butt. Ind, 1, 1882, p. 42; Moore (Caduga),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 61, pl. 15, figs. 1, 1 a-le, 3 Q.
Danais sita, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 424, pl. 6 ¢;
Mackinn. & de N., Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 213, pl. U,
figs. la & 1d, larva & pupa.
3 2. Wings elongate, almost as in Hestra. Upperside of fore
wing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish-white
-subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1 6, very
broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and
the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two
long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub-
terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size
anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, aud an incomplete
subterminal series of smaller spots. Hind wing chestnut-red,
with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base,
not reaching the termen in interspaces la and 16, two broad
streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling
the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed
elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal
series of spots. Underside similar, the markings clearer and more
complete. Antenne black; head and thorax black, spotted with
white ; abdomen from brown to bright ochraceous, beneath whitish.
Male secondary sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 Q 96-114 mm. (3°8-5°5").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; Burma
and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Larva. “On emergence a dirty white colour with transverse
lines on each segment .. . . two somewhat long and thin tentacles
or processes on the third, and two shorter ones on the twelfth
segment..... When full-fed the larva is about an inch and a
half long, the ground-colour is of a pale yellowish green, with two
rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots, the
head is black with grey spots on the face, the legs black.
‘“‘ Pupa pale emerald-green with golden-yellow spots. From
eggs laid in September the imago issued in the following April.
ee Food-plant, Marsdenia royle, Wright. Natural order
Asclepiadex.” (Mackinnon.)
* In the text of the ‘Symbolzx Physice,’ Klug described the tawny form of
this insect under the name “ Dorippus,” adding “‘variat uterque sexus alis
posticis medio albis.” On the plate, probably by an error, the dark-winged
form is labelled ‘“‘ Euplea dorippus, mas. var.”
14 NYMPHALID&.
10. Danais melanea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 30,
fie. D; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 43, pl. 5, fig. 5 go Q;
Moore (Caduga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 60, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a,
28, 39.
69. Upperside: fore wing black, hind wing very dark
purplish brown, with faintly bluish-white subhyaline markings.
Underside: fore wing black,
the apex broadly suffused with
bright chestnut-brown; hind
wing bright chestnut-brown,
with a patch on the costa and
a portion of the disc and
termen very much darker in
most specimens. For the
rest exactly resembles D. tytia
in form and disposition of the
subhyaline markings, but these
are more clearly defined and
proportionately smaller, the
subterminal and _ terminal
spots on the hind wing
: generally very distinct. An-
Te a Dee erie ee tenn black; head and thorax
oe an is 7 1 plack, spotted with white;
abdomen bright ochraceous.
Exp. & Q 94-100 mm. (3°7-3:95").
Hab. The Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim,
extending to the Malayan subregion.
ad
11. Danais vulgaris, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 32, fig. ¢; Moore (Radena), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 1, la, dQ.
Race exprompta.
Danais exprompta, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; Moore
(Radena), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1; M.§ de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1882, p. 33 ; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 28,
pl. 5, figs. 8, 3a, dP
Race nicobarica.
Danais similis, Linn., var. nicobarica, W.-M. § de N., J. A.S. DB.
1881, pt. ii, p. 225, fig.
Danais nicobarica, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 34, fig. 9 ;
Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 2,
7s Oh (ho SE &
Upperside black, the dorsal margin of hind wing broadly
cinereous ; both wings with the following subhyaline bluish-white
streaks and spots :—fore wing : ashort streak along dorsal margin,
two broad streaks united at base in interspace 1, the upper one
curved, a broad streak in cell with an outwardly indented detached
DANAIS. 15
spot beyond it in apex, a slender costal streak, two large discal
spots inwardly pointed, outwardly truncate, three elongate spots
beyond apex of cell and four or five elongate preapical spots
beyond them, finally a subterminal
and a terminal series of spots
decreasing in size towards apex
of wing. Hind wing: elongate
streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 6,
two in interspace 1, two in cell
with a short slender streak
obliquely between their apices,
shorter streaks radiating out-
wards in interspaces 2-6, a sub-
terminal series of small spots and
a terminal row of dots beyond.
Underside similar, the markings
better defined. Antenne black,
palpi black above, bluish white
Fig, 4.—Venation of wings. below; head and thorax black,
Danais vulgaris. spotted with bluish white; ab-
domen brown above, sullied white
below. Male without any special sex-marks on the wings.
Exp. & Q 84-87 mm. (3:3-3°45"),
Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending to Malacca, Borneo,
Sumatra, and Java. The type in the collection of the British
Museum is labelled Nepal, but the locality is almost certainly
wrong.
Race exprompta, Butler— g 2. Closely resembles D. vulgaris,
Butler, but has all the markings much broader, the apical spot in
cell of fore wing outwardly less emarginate; on the hind wing
interspaces 1 a and 10 are entirely filled with the white streak,
while the short slender streak lying between the apices of the
streaks in the cell coalesces with the lower one.
Exp. 3 2 76-84 mm. (3-3'8”"),
Hab. Ceylon. One specimen in the collection of the British
Museum is labelled Padang, Sumatra.
Race nicobarica, W.-M. & de N.—<¢ @. Like the preceding
race, but the subhyaline markings still broader and somewhat
blurred. Upperside :—fore wing: the whole basal two-thirds of
interspace 1 bluish white, enclosing a fine longitudinal black line ;
streak in discoidal cell very broad, occasionally produced to the
apical spot in the cell. Hind wing: the black in interspace 1
reduced to a mere streak; cell entirely bluish white, traversed
longitudinally by a faint black forked line. In the solitary
specimen of the ¢ in the collection of the British Museum this
line is entirely absent.
Exp. 6 2 80-84 mm. (3:12-3°3").
Hab. Apparently confined to the Nicobars.
16 NYMPHALID &.
Wood-Mason in his original description of the form speaks
of a “little specialized sexual mark or gland” on the hind wing.
There is no trace of this in the ¢ specimen I have examined.
12, Danais limniace, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, figs. D,
E, 9; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880. p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 47; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 30, pl. 6, figs. 1, larva & pupa, la, 16, dQ.
3 2. Upperside black, with bluish-white semihyaline spots and
streaks. Fore wing: interspace 1 two streaks, sometimes coales-
cent, with a spot beyond; cell: a streak from base and an
outwardly indented spot at its
apex; a large oval spot at base
of interspace 2, another at base
of interspace 3, with a smaller
spot beyond it towards termen ;
five obliquely placed preapical
subterminal and terminal series
of spots, the latter the smaller.
Hind wing: interspaces 10, 1a,
and 1 with streaks from base,
double in the latter two, cell with
a forked broad streak, the lower
branch with a hook, or spur-like
short projection ; beyond the cell
at base of interspaces 2 and 3a
slender loop, at base of 4 and 5 a broad elongate streak, and at
base of 6 a quadrate spot ; beyond these again a number of scat-
tered unequal subterminal and terminal spots. Underside: basal
two-thirds of fore wing dusky black, the apex and hind wing
olive-brown, the spots and streaks much as on the upperside.
Antenne, head and thorax black, the latter two spotted and
streaked with white; abdomen dusky above, ochraceous spotted
with white beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 Q 98-106 mm. (3:8-4:2”).
Hab. Throughout our limits and extending into Siam and
China.
Larva. Yellowish white; 3rd and 12th segments, each with a
pair of fleshy filaments, black and greenish white; each of the
segments with four transverse black bars, the second bar on all
broader than the others, bifurcated laterally, a yellow longitudinal
line on each side; head, feet and claspers spotted with black.
Pupa. “ Green with golden scattered spots and beaded dorsal
crescent” (Moore).
Food-plants : Asclepiads and Calotropis. Ifound the caterpillars
feeding on the thick fleshy leaves of a Hoya at Bassein in Burma.
Fig. 5.—Danais limniace, 9.
fat
°
streaks, and somewhat irregular
DANAIS. 7
13. Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 163 ;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 8 ¢ 2; Moore
(Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2; zd. (Tirumala),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 34, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q; Davidson,
Bell, § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240.
3 2. Closely resembles D. limniace, Cramer, but is always sufii-
ciently distinct to be easily recognized, even on the wing. From
D. limniace it differs on the upperside in the ground-colour being
darker and the semihyaline markings narrower, more distinct,
and of a bluer tint. In the fore wing, in interspace 1 the two
streaks are narrower, never coalescent, the upper one forming an
oval detached spot; the short
streaks above vein 5 are out-
wardly never truncate, always
acute. In the hind wing the
two streaks in the discoidal cell
united at base are wide apart
at their apices, the lower one
never formed into a hook. On
the underside D. septentrionis is
generally darker, the apex of the
fore wing and the whole of the
eround-colour of the hind wine
not being of the conspicuous
golden brown that they are in
D. limniace.
Exp. & 2 80-115 mm. (3°15-
Fig. 6. 4:55"),
Danais septentrionis, 3. jt. Hab. The Himalayas from Simla
to Sikhim; Orissa; Southern
India, Canara, Malabar, and the Nilgiris; Ceylon; Assam;
throughout Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan
Subregion.
I have been unable to find any description of the larva, but
presume it is similar to that of D. limniace (see Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240). It is said by Mackinnon and de
Nicéville to feed on Vallaris dichotoma (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xi, 1897, p. 212).
14. Danais gautama, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 45; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. 1890-
92, p. 33, pl. 7, figs. 1, la, d &
Race gautamoides.
Danais gautamoides, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p. 257; Moore
(Tirumala), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, $2.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with semi-hyaline bluish-
white streaks and spots. Fore wing: a long narrow streak
generally extended to spot beyond and a short curved broader
upper streak in interspace 1; cell with two narrow streaks joined
VOL. I. C
18 NYMPHALIDA.
at base, and an irregular spot sometimes divided into three at
apex, the upper of the two basal streaks generally extended to
the apical spot ; a curved discal series of streaks, broad and
elongate in interspace 2, short, almost rectangular, in interspace 3,
narrow and elongate in the interspaces to the costa; finally,
an irregular, somewhat crooked subterminal row of spots and a
terminal more regular series of dots. Hind wing: two streaks,
joined at base in cell, with short, slender, detached streak between
their apices ; interspace 16 white; la, 1, 2 and 3 with two
streaks, joined at base in each; 4 to 8 with single broad short
streaks; beyond these, subterminal and terminal rows of spots.
Underside similar, hyaline markings clearer. Antenne black ;
head and thorax black, spotted and streaked with bluish white ;
abdomen fuscous, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark
in form 1.
Exp. & 2 98-100 mm. (3°88-3:95").
Hab. Chittagong ; Arrakan ; Burma, and Tenasserim.
Not nearly so common as D. lamnaace.
Race gautamoides.— ¢ 9. Smaller than D. gautama, Moore,
with comparatively narrower wings. Fore wing: upper streak in
cell very short and ill-defined. Hind wing: streaks in cell much
broader, the lower one with a projection in form of a hook or spur.
Exp. & 2 76-80 mm. (38-3°5").
Hab. Recorded from the Nicobars.
15. Danais aglea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. iv, 1781, p. 377
fig. E, d; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38, pl. 6, fig. 7 *
Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 55, pl. 18, figs. 1
la, larva & pupa, 1 6-1d, 3 Q.
Danais grammica, Borsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép.i, 1836, pl. 11, fig. 10g;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40.
Danais ceylanica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862,
p- 479; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 2,
2a, Q & larva; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40.
Race melanoides.
Parantica melanoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 247; td. Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 54, pl. 12, figs. 3,3.a, 5 Q.
y)
“
7
3 2. Southern race (typical aglea).—Ground-colour fuliginous
black with subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. - Fore
wing: vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12. Upperside: fore
wing—interspace 1 with two comparatively long, broad streaks
united at base, truncate exteriorly ; cell with a very broad, some-
what clavate streak traversed by two fine black lines ; basal spots
in interspaces 2 and 3; an irregular discal series of three spots
and two elongate streaks and a subterminal series of spots, the
two series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the latter
* Both the description and the plate are of the northern race D. melanoides,
Moore,
DANAIS. 19
continued along the apical half of the costa; finally a terminal
row in pairs in the interspaces, of much smaller spots. Hind
wing: interspaces la, 16 with broad long streaks from base ;
interspace 1 and cell with two streaks united at base in each, the
pair in the cell with a short streak obliquely between their apices,
an outwardly radiating series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed
spots in interspaces 2-8, followed by somewhat irregular rows of
subterminal and terminal spots. Underside similar, the markings
and spots sometimes a little ill-defined and blurred. Antenne
black ; head and thorax black spotted with white ; abdomen blackish
brown, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. & 2 70-100 mm. (2°75-3'95").
Hab. Ceylon, the Anaimalai hills, Mysore and the Deccan up
to Poona.
Race melanoides.—Northern and Eastern form. Differs as
follows :—Wings on the whole longer and narrower; hyaline
markings, especially in interspace 1 of fore wing and in cells of
both fore and hind wing, very much broader. In many specimens
the black ground-colour in these spaces is reduced to a mere
slender black line enclosed in the subhyaline marking. On the
underside the streaks are often much blurred and diffuse.
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal; Sylhet; Assam ;
Cachar; Chittagong; Arrakan; Burma and Tenasserim.
Neither form is constant either in markings or in habitat.
In the British Museum collection there are specimens of true
aglea from Burma, and others, inseparable from typical melanoides,
from Mysore.
Larva. Dark claret-brown, two round chrome-yellow spots on
each segment, with scattered smaller bluish-white spots between,
clustering into and forming a conspicuous line along the sides ;
legs and ventral surface purplish black, the tentacula, placed as
usual on the 3rd and 12th segments, claret-brown. Food-plant,
Tylophora carnosa.
Pupa. Green, spotted with blue and gold; much constricted
behind the thorax.
16. Danais melanoleuca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 581, pl. 58, fig. 3 3;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38; Moore (Parantica), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 2, 2a, dQ.
3 2. Very closely resembles D. aglea, Cramer; but the ground-
colour of both fore and hind wings on the upperside is much
darker, almost black, not fuliginous; the subhyaline streaks and
spots, especially on the hind wing, are of greater extent and appear
more transparent and white. A constant point of difference is the
contrast in size of the basal and discal spots in interspaces 2 and 3
of the fore wing in D. melanoleuca, as compared with the pro-
portion those spots bear in either the northern or southern
race of D. aglea. Male sex-mark as in D. aglea.
Exp. 3 2 68-82 mm. (2°7-3'5").
C2
20 NYMPHALIDA.
Hab. Confined apparently to the Andamans and Nicobars. A
very distinctly marked insular form allied to aglea. I have seen
no varieties intermediate between the two.
17. Danais aspasia (Pl. I, fig. 3), Fubr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787,
p. 15.
Danais crocea, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 5; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 37, pl. 5, fig. 6; Moore (Bahora), Lep. Ind.
i, 1690=92, p02, pe il2 mes iia. 2.
3 Q. Closely resembles both D. melanolewca, Moore, and
D. melanoides, Moore. In size and in shape of wings it is like the
former, but vein 11 in fore wing is never anastomosed with vein 12 ;
in the shape and position of the hyaline bluish-white markings
it is ike the latter. It differs from both as follows :—fore wing :
hyaline marks in interspace 1; hind wing: interspaces 1 a, 1 6, 1,
the discoidal cell, and the markings at the bases of interspaces
2-7 suffused more or less deeply with bright chrome-yellow.
The outer border beyond the basal markings in the interspaces of
the hind wing broader than in either D. melanoleuca or D. melanoides,
showing more of the black ground-colour.
Eup. & 2 62-84 mm. (2°44-3°3").
Hab. Nepal? Assam? (Brit. Mus. Coll.) ; Arrakan, South Tenas-
serim, extending to Malacca, Nias Island, and Sumatra.
I have compared the type of D. crocea, Butler, with the types
of Papilio aspasia, Fabr., in the Banksian collection in the British
Museum. They do not seem to me separable even as varieties.
D. philomela, Zinken-Sommer, from Java, differs in the greater
extent of the yellow in the fore wing.
18. Danais agleoides, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398 ;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 41; Moore (Parantica), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 14, figs. 1,1 a, 18,3 9.
3 @. Like D. aglea, but differs structurally in vein 11 of fore
wing not being anastomosed with 12; the semihyaline streaks and
spots on both fore and hind wing are shorter and narrower,
especially on the latter, where a larger area of black margin beyond
the streaks is shown than in D. aglea; the short slender streak
between the apices of the two cellular streaks on the hind wing is
longer and always free, never joined on either to the upper or
to the lower streak. On the underside the ground-colour is of a
browner tint than in D.aglea. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 2 76-80 mm. (2°95-3'1").
Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending through the Malayan Sub-
region to Java.
19. Danais nilgiriensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 44; MW. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 9 g ; Moore (Badacara),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 65, pl. 16, figs. 1, 1a, 16,5 Q.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with bluish-white markings
DANAIS. 21
and spots. Fore wing: two streaks in interspace 1, coalescent
at base and generally at their
apices, a narrow streak, with two
faintly indicated streaks above it,
in cell; five discal spots and above
them a long streak in interspace 5 ;
a shorter one in 6; some costal
spots and subterminal and terminal
series of spots, the former series
curved inwards opposite apex of
wing, the four lower spots con-
spicuously larger than the others ;
the latter series incomplete, the
spots small. Hind wing: inter-
spaces 1a, 16, and 1 with narrow
streaks, double in the last ; the cell
Fig. 7.—Danais nilgiviensis, $. +. with a much broader, outwardly
bluntly pointed streak, and beyond
this in the interspaces a radiating series of elongate spots
with a subterminal series of smaller spots and a terminal very
incomplete series of dots. Underside similar, ground-colour
browner, the spots more clearly defined. Antenne black; head
and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen brownish above,
dusky white below.
Exp. 3 Q 82-84 mm. (3°:2-3'33").
Hab. Southern India; the Nilgiris ; Malabar, and Travancore
hills.
20. Danais fumata, Butler, P. ZS. 1866, p. 53; Moore (Chittira),
Lep. Ceyl.i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 4,
figs. 1, la, 3 9; zd. (Chittira),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 67,
pl. 16, figs. 2,24,26,5 9.
Danais taprobana, Felder, Novara
Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 349,
pl. 42, fio. 4; WZ. § de N. Butt.
Ind. 1, 1882, p. 44.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous
black with sullied white mark-
ings and spots as follows—fore
wing: an elongate, broad, in-
wardly attenuate, outwardly
truncate stripe in interspace 1 ;
a narrow stripe with indica-
tions of two other stripes above
it in discoidal cell; an oblique
Fig. 8.—Danais fumata, S. }. preapical series of three large
rectangular spots and two
short streaks and a subterminal series of seven or eight small
spots. Hind wing: a streak from base almost filling the discoidal
OE ae NYMPHALIDA,
cell, a much shorter, narrower streak at base of interspace 59,
three or four subterminal spots and a series of minute obscure
terminal dots. Underside browner, the white markings and spots
more distinct, but shaded more or less with fuliginous brown,
the dise beyond cell very dark brown ; termen subapically with a
powdering of white scales. Antenne, head and thorax black,
the latter two spotted with white beneath ; abdomen dark brown
above, whitish below.
Exp. & 2 90-100 mm. (3°54-3°94").
Hab. Ceylon.
Genus EUPLG@A.
Eupleea, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 280.
Crastia, Trepsichrois & Salpinx, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816,
pp. 16 & 17. 7
Callipleea, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 1.
Stictoploea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, p. 301.
Isamia, Narmada, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 10 & 13.
Menama, Tronga, Penoa, Mahintha, Karadira, Danisepa & Pademma,
Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 264, 266, 274, 280, 281, 296 & 305.
Type, #. corus, from Ceylon. :
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions. Found also in
Mauritius and the Seychelles.
3 @. Fore wing variable in shape, more or less triangular,
comparatively broad and short, or elongate and narrow, or, in the
3 of typical Huplea, and in some others, owing to the great
convexity of the dorsum, almost subquadrate. Costa widely
arched ; termen oblique, sometimes slightly convex or concave ;
dorsum in ¢ always convex, in 2 straight or sinuous. Hind wing
ovate, broad, sometimes subtriangular. Discoidal cell of both
- fore and hind wing broad and long, over half length of wing ; in
the hind wing sometimes over two-thirds the length of wing;
discocellulars of fore wing sharply angulated and with a spur
inwards, or slightly concave; rest of the neuration not variable ;
veins 11 and 12 of fore wing never anastomosed; dorsum of fore
wing on the underside, and costa of hind wing on the upperside,
nacreous. Antenne over half length of fore wing; club very
eradual; palpi short, somewhat thick, third joint conical; fore
legs : tibie and femora subequal ; tarsi much shorter in dg, cylin-
drical, biarticulate and tapering; in 2 clavate, quadriarticulate ;
intermediate and posterior legs normal, their claws with paro-
nychia and pulvilli. Secondary sex-marks in the d present or
absent; when present consisting of peculiarly modified scales
which take the appearance of a brand when on the fore wing, and
of a patch different in colour from the surrounding scales on the
hind wing.
Taking the secondary sex-marks in the males as a guide,
Fabricius’s original genus Huploea has been split up into a very
EUPL@A.
large number of genera. It seems to me, however, more con-
venient and more in accord with the very close relationship
existing among the forms, to regard these secondary sexual
characters in the males as of subgeneric value only, as was done
Ce
ae,
Fig. 9.—Shape of wings in Huplea.
A. Subquadrate, 3.
B. Subtriangular, ¢. fon wing.
C. Triangular, 9
D. Hind wing.
by Marshall and de Nicéville in vol. i. of the ‘ Butterflies of India,
Burma, and Ceylon.’ The arrangement given below, however,
differs slightly from that adopted in the work just quoted.
Key to the Subgenera.
3G.
A. Without secondary sex-marks (Menama
amdalorg a. NOOLE)) 25. os = or kane) «
B. With secondary sex-marks.
a. On fore wing only *.
a’, One brand on fore wing (Crastia,
Hiibner, Mahintha, Karadira, Penoa,
MOOR ties as surges Sarthe Sh x
b’. Two brands on fore wing (Stzctoplea,
Butler, and Narmada, Moore) ....
6. On both fore and hind wing. A brand
on fore wing, a patch on hind wing
on or above subcostal vein (Salpinx,
Hiibner, and Pademma, Isamia, Tiruna,
Moore)
eo ee ees se we zee eo FF eee ee ee © wo ow
MENAMA, p, 24.
CRASTIA, p. dl.
STICTOPLEA, p. 28,
SALPINX, p. 37.
* With the exception of EH. alcathoe, the § of which has on the upperside’ of
the hind wing, anteriorly, from base to near termen, a large area covered with
specialized scales unlike anything in any other form.
24 NYMPHALIDA,
e. On hind wing only.
a'. A patch on hind wing on or above
subcostal vein (Huplea, Fabr., and
Calliplea, Butler) ........ aaa ate Evpraa (typical), p. 27.
6’. A patch on hind wing within cell
below subcostal vein (Trepsichrois,
IEEUDIVEN) Ge esc fe a ay ne ea aes TREPSICHROIS, p. 45.
Key to the forms of Menama.
A. Fore wing more or less glossed with blue.
a. Hind wing not or only very slightly
glossed with blue. Expanse 88-94mm. £. modesta, p. 24.
6. Hind wing: basal two-thirds glossed
with blue. Expanse 118-120 mm... £. camaralzaman, p. 25.
B. Fore wing not glossed with blue.
a. Upperside dark purplish brown, terminal
margins broadly paler, unspotted, or
with only two or three white spots.. £. semulatrix, p. 25.
b. Upperside dark brownish black with
numerous white spots.
a’. Spots in subterminal series on hind
wing much larger than spots in ter-
MmuInaliseries ite athe ee ed E. nicevilli, p. 26.
6'. Spots in subterminal and terminal
series on hind wing subequal in
size.
a. Fore wing: apical spots of sub-
terminal series large, elongate,
divided only by the veins ...... E,, bremert, p. 26.
b°. Fore wing: apical spots of sub-
terminal series small, oval, some-
what widely separate .......... Race biservata, p. 26.
21. Euplea modesta, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 273 6; M. §& de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 73, pl. 17, figs. 2,2 a, 26,5 @.
Crastia cupreipennis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 823 5; M. & de N.
(Euplea) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77.
Menama tavoyana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 265, pl. 30, fig. 6 g.
$. Fore wing much as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex more pro-
duced, termen more oblique. 9. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C. Hind
wing in both sexes as in fig. 9 D, but termen straighter and more
widely arched. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; fore wing:
basal two-thirds glossed with blue, disc with a few white spots
and occasionally a subterminal row of white specks. Hind wing
uniform, rarely with a suffusion of blue at base; subterminal and
terminal series of white spots generally not extending beyond
interspace 5, subterminal spots oval, larger than the terminal, the
latter sometimes absent. Underside silky brown; fore wing: a
spot in apex of cell, a more or less complete series of discal spots
and spots in interspaces 8 and 9 white. Hind wing: a spot in
apex of cell, a series of five or six small spots beyond, subter-
minal and terminal series of spots more complete than on the
EUPL@A. 95
upperside, white, the subterminal spots elongate. Antenne, head, °
thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, except the antenne,
speckled with white.
Exp. 3 Q 88-94 mm. (3°48-3°7").
Hab. Upper Burma, Pyinmana; Lower Burma; Tenasserim,
extending to Siam.
22. Euplea camaralzaman, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 271, pl. 29,
fic. 1 $; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 72, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, d.
Isamia carpenteri, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 181, pl. 50, figs. 1,
a2.
3. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but dorsum much more
convex. 9. Fore wingasin L. modesta. Hind wing in both sexes
ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; basal two-thirds
of both fore and hind wing glossed with blue, more restricted
in the 9 than in the ¢. Fore wing in ¢ witha few terminal
white dots near tornus; in 9, with a spot in apex of cell, two
or three discal, a costal spot and an incomplete subterminal and
terminal series of spots, white. Hind wing: ¢,an incomplete sub-
terminal and terminal series of white subquadrate spots; 9 similar,
with in addition a white spot in apex of cell and six or seven white
discal spots; the spots in the subterminal and terminal series
larger. Underside similar, but the spots and markings more
distinct, with one or two additional spots. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown; beneath, antenne excepted, spotted and
marked with white.
Exp. & 2 118-120 mm. (4°55-4°75"),
Hab. South Tenasserim. Male originally described from Siam.
I think there is little doubt that, as suggested by Herr Friih-
stoffer, LE. camaralzaman and Isamia carpentert are the g and 2 of
the same insect.
23. Euplea simulatrix, W.-M. & de N., J. A. S. B. 1881, pt.2, p. 229, 3;
M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 76; Moore (Menama), Lep.
Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 74, pl. 18, figs. 1, la-le,g Q.
6 2. Shape of wings more or less as in #. modesta, dorsum
straighter near tornus in ¢. Upperside dark brown, the margins
broadly paler; 9 altogether paler than the ¢; fore and hind wing
in ¢ uniform unspotted, in Q with a small pinkish-white costal
spot. Underside: ground-colour similar ; fore wing: a spot at apex
of discoidal cell, a small costal spot, and three discal spots bluish
white. Hind wing: a bluish-white spot at apex of discoidal cell
with five or six discal spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen very dark brown, almost black; head, thorax and
abdomen spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 96-100 mm. (3°8-4”).
Hab. The Nicobars.
26 , NYMPHALIDA.
24, Euplea nicevilli, Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 77,
pl. 20, figs. 1, la-le,d Q.
S 2. This form very closely resembles H. core, Cramer, var.
vermiculata, Butler (p. 32), but the ¢ lacks the secondary sex-mark
on the fore wing; the white spots on the wings in both sexes,
especially the subterminal series, are extraordinarily large; the
spots opposite the apex on the fore wing are elongated inwardly.
Ground-colour of both wings darker than in &. core.
Exp. & 2 80 mm. (3°15").
Hab. Recorded so far only from the Sundarbans below Cal-
cutta.
The types ¢ and 9°, the only specimens I know of, are in the
British Museum. They were presented by Col. Swinhoe.
25. EKuplea bremeri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398, 35.
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 78; Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 76, pl. 19, figs. 1, la-ld,g @.
Tronga olivacea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 267, 9.
Race biseriata.
Tronga biseriata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 266, 3; zd. Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 78, pl. 21, figs. 1, l a-ld, 5 @.
3. Fore wing somewhat as in fig. 9 A (p. 23), but less decidedly
subquadrate. 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C, but apex more rounded,
less produced. Hind wing in both sexes broadly ovate. Upper-
side: from light somewhat yellowish brown to dark brownish black,
costa of hind wing broadly paler. Fore wing: a spot in apex of
cell, sometimes absent in the 3, a curved discal series of seven
spots present only in the 9, in the ¢ reduced to a spot in inter-
space 3 and a minute costal dot, a subterminal series of large
oval spots, curving inwards opposite apex of wing—the spot in
interspace 6 the largest—and a terminal series of much smaller
spots, white. Hind wing with more or less incomplete subterminal
and terminal rows of white spots. Underside similar, paler, with
in the fore wing of ¢ an additional white spot at the apex of the
cell and at bases of interspaces 3 and 4; in the hind wing of
both sexes a spot at apex of cell and a discal series of five or
six spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown; the head and thorax beneath, and the abdomen at the sides,
marked and spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 84-100 mm. (3°3-3'95").
Hab. Recorded so far only from Tenasserim, extending to the
Malay Peninsula.
Race biseriata, Moore, seems confined to the Nicobars, and —
differs from . bremeri in the white spots on the wings being much
smaller and more restricted.
EUPLO@A. 27
Key to the forms of Euplea (typical).
a. Of large size. Expanse 114-124 mm. Wings
not glossed with blue.
a’, Subterminal and terminal series of white spots
on fore wing very incomplete, more or less
OWSGlESCeMin Mey Merlin, Gaus Ds ee ALAA E. corus, p. 27.
6’. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots
on fore wing complete, blurred, not well-
defined, but never obsolescent ............ E. pivcebus, p. 27.
6. Smaller. Expanse under 84 mm. Fore wings
partially glossed with blue ...............- E. ledereri, p. 28.
26. Euplea corus, Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 41, 2;
Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 107, pl. 37, figs. 1, larva & pupa,
Na, 655 2).
EKupleea elisa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p.270; Moore, (Macroplea) Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 2,2a,¢ 2; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind.
i, 1882, p. 72, pl. 8, fig. 14.
$. Fore wing as in fig. 9 A(p. 23). 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C.
Hind wing in both sexes ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside golden olive-
brown, lower portion of both wings shaded with fuscescent purple.
Fore wing: a spot at apex of cell, two discal and a more or less
incomplete subterminal and terminal series of white spots. Hind
wing: a faintly marked spot in apex of cell and avery incomplete
subterminal and terminal series of white spots, varying from two
or three in the subterminal and none in the terminal to six or
seven in each series. 92 with some faintly defined discal spots
also. Underside similar, the spots better defined. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen glossed with blue
above ; the palpi, thorax beneath and legs spotted with white.
Exp. & 2 114-120 mm. (4:1-4°75").
Hab. Ceylon. Confined apparently to the littoral tracts.
Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, purple-brown, with a pair of black-tipt
fleshy filaments on the 3rd, 4th, and 12th segments, each of the
segments with transverse dark brown streaks ; lateral line paler ;
head and legs dark purple-brown.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “ Broad, thorax above oblique, uneven; abdominal seg-
ment dorsally convex, purplish silvery grey, fasciated with goiden
brown ; abdominal segments brown-spotted.” (MJoore.)
Food-plant unknown.
27. Euplea phebus, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 270; Moore, Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 109, pl. 88, fies. 1,1a,g 9.
Euploea castelnaui, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 315;
M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 72.
&6 @. 1 am in doubt whether this is not merely a race of
EL. corus, Fabr., and not a distinct form. It certainly is very
closely allied to the Ceylon form, from which it differs chiefly in
the spots on both wings being larger, more blurred and dusky
white, the centres of these often purer white; the discal and
terminal series of spots on the fore wing are more complete,
28 NYMPHALIDA,
the former bent sharply inwards opposite the apex. Hind wing:
lower portion below cell dark, unspotted. Underside: the white
spots larger, better defined, the discal and terminal series on the
hind wing complete.
Exp. 3 9 120-124 mm. (4°75-4:9").
Hab, Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion.
28. Euplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 397 ;
M.& de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 73; Moore (Calliploea), Lep.
Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 105, pl. 36, figs. 1, la-le,d @.
$. Fore wing as in fig.9 A (p. 23). 92. Fore wing as in fig. 9C.
Hind wing in both sexes: costa strongly, termen and dorsum
widely arched. Upperside: fore wing silky brown, in ¢ glossed
with blue, in 9 with purplish on the anterior half; in both sexes
it bears the following bluish-white spots—one in lower apex of
cell, one in each of the interspaces 4, 6 and 10, and a subterminal
series of six or seven, the upper two generally large, coalescent
and blurred. Hind wing olivascent brown, darker in the middle
in the ¢. Underside silky brown, the spots as on the upperside
but white, and in the ¢ the subterminal series on fore wing in-
complete, with two or three terminal dots beyond. In the 2 both
series complete. Hind wing: the subterminal and terminal series
of spots generally nearly complete. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown; head and thorax beneath and abdomen on
underside barred with white.
Exp. & 2 70-84 mm. (2°7-3°2"),
Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui and southwards, extending to the
Malay Peninsula.
Key to the forms of Stictopleea.
A. Fore wing not glossed with blue on upper-
side.
a. Subterminal and terminal series of white
spots om fore wing distinct =...........- E. coreta, p. 29.
6. Subterminal and terminal series of white
spots on fore wing more or less obsolescent. Race montana, p. 29.
B. Fore wing glossed with blue on upperside.
a. No discal spots on fore wing.
a’. A complete series of subterminal white
Spots Oushimd witty Pee oe ocr een ae E. harvist, p. 30.
b'. Subterminal series of white spots on hind
wing broken, very incomplete ........ Var. crowleyt, p. 30.
b. Diseal spots on fore wing present.
a’. A complete series of subterminal white
Spots<on hind! wing: Hee ante. oo sl, Race hope, p. 30.
', Subterminal series of white spots on hind
wing broken, incomplete, reduced to two
or three spots below apex or entirely
absent.
2 ° | Var. benotata, p. 30.
a’. Mxpanse 100-105 mune... a. Oe. ) Var. regina, p. 30.
Os -emepanse SO, aim, . "eye tleve s oyect lanes ens Var. pygmea, p. 31.
EUPLO@A. 29
29. Euplea coreta, Godart (Danais), Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819,
Polisi 6 B. ee
Euploea coreoides, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 44; ad.
(Narmada) Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 13; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i,
1882, p. 90; Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 134,
pl ol, ties. 1, ha, ‘dS:
Race montana.
Euploea montana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 330:
Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 1 go; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 91; Moore (Narmada), Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 135, pl. 51, figs. 2, 2a, d Q.
¢ 2. In shape, colour, and markings, very closely resembles
E. core (p. 32). Males, however, can be distinguished at once by
the presence of two brands in-
stead of a single one on the fore
wing. Of the females de Nicé-
ville says, females of ZH. coreta
can be separated from the females
of E. core by the following points:
“ First by the outline of the
fore wing being more entire ; in
core it is slightly but perceptibly
scalloped. Second, by the under-
side of the fore wing having a
complete series of six spots, one
between each pair of nervules
outside the cell; in core two of
E these spots, those above the
= discoidal nervules (veins 5 and 6),
Fig. 10.—Huplea coreta, S. 1. are always wanting. Third, the
two brands on the interno-median
area (interspace 1) of the fore wing in the male are faintly but
quite perceptibly to be traced in the female in the same position.”
Hep. & 2 92-96 mm. (3°65-3°8"). ,
Hab. Southern India, Canara, Mysore, Wynaad, the Nilgiris,
Travancore.
Race montana, Felder.—As typical EL. coretu closely resembles
typical H. core, so montana, the Ceylon race of coreta, resembles
asela, the Ceylon race of #. core. Recognizable points of difference
between asela and montana are in both sexes the same as between
core and coreta. |
Exp. & 2 90-94 mm. (3°55-3°7").
Hab. Confined to Ceylon.
An occasional specimen of LH. coreta approximates towards
montana by the partial obsolescence of the terminal series of
spots.
30 NYMPHALIDA.
30. Euplea harrisi (Pl. I, fig. 4), Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
1867, p. 328; Moore (Stictoploea), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 136,
pl. 52, figs. 1, la, g 2
Euploea grotei, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 339, pl. 41,
fig.7 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 91.
Stictoploea crowleyi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 188, pl. 52,
fig. 2, 3d.
i Race hopei.
Euploea hopei, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. p. 328, 6; M..§
Moore
Pp
1
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 92, pl. 9, fig. 18, 6 2;
Cra Cee
. 302,03;
(Stictoploea), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 138, pl. 53, figs. 1,
Stictoploea microsticta, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878,
M. & de N. (Eupleea) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 94.
Stictopleea binotata, Butler, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, p.302 ; M. §
de N. (Euploa) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 93; Moore, Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 138, pl. 53, fig. 2 ¢.
Stictoploea regina et pygmea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 319, 320; id.
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 139, 140, pl. 53, fig. 3 g, & pl. 52,
figs. 3,3a, dQ.
g. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but dorsum more convex,
apex more rounded. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C, but apex
slightly more rounded. ¢ Q. Hind wing ovate. Upperside dark
velvety brown, fore wing glossed with blue from base to termen,
a subterminal series of bright blue spots and an incomplete terminal
series, commencing at the tornus, of small dots. Hind wing blue-
glossed only in the middle; subterminal and terminal series of very
white spots, the spots in the latter smaller and the series generally
incomplete. Underside dark umber-brown, fore wing slightly blue-
glossed in middle; markings as on the upperside, but with the
following additional spots on both fore and hind wing :—a spot at
apex of cells, and five to seven discal spots beyond bluish white ;
one or more of these spots minute, often absent. Antenne black ;
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the head and thorax slightly
and minutely spotted with white.
Exp. 3 2 90-112 mm. (3°55-4").
Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula; Khasi
Hills, Assam (de Nicéville).
Euplea grote’, Felder, seems to be a variety of Z. harrisi.
Euplea (Stictopleea) crowley’, Moore, of which the type is now
in the Collection of the British Museum, is an undoubted variety
of E. harrisi. It has the hind wing more or less immaculate on
the upperside, the subterminal series of spots reduced to three
just below the apex in the type, and the terminal series of spots
wanting.
Race hopei, Felder, differs from typical harrist in having on the
fore wing, in addition to the subterminal and incomplete terminal
series of spots, a spot in apex of cell and a row of discal spots
varying from two in var. regina, Moore, to six or seven in micro-
sticta and binotata, Butler. On the hind wing the subterminal and
terminal series of spots are very incomplete, reduced to two or three
below the apex. Underside similar to the underside in £. harrisi,
EUPLE@A. 31
but the subterminal and terminal series reduced to mere dots, the
former commencing below the apex and not reaching the tornus,
the latter commencing at the tornus and not reaching the apex.
Exp. 5 Q 100-105 mm. (3'95—-4:15").
Hab. This, the northern form of £. harrisi, is found in Sikhim,
Bhutan, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan and in many parts of Upper and
Lower Burma to Northern Tenasserim. The farthest point to the
south from which I have seen a specimen is Beeling.
Euplea (Stictoplea) pygmea, Moore, is clearly only a stunted
variety of L. hopei.
Key to the forms of Crastia.
A. Fore wing not glossed with blue.
a. Upperside: fore and hind wings dark brown,
with numerous white spots.
a. Hind wing: subterminal series of spots
prolonged into white streaks; ¢ with a
large area anteriorly covered with spe-
Cialized: scales 6.4. tal. Mes ge Pao he E. aleathoe, p. 36.
6’. Hind wing: subterminal series not pro-
longed into streaks; G without any
specialized scales on hind wing.
a’, Hind wing: spots in subterminal series
considerably larger than spots in ter-
minal series.
a’, Fore wing without a violaceous-white
apical patch.
a*, Fore wing with subterminal series
of spots complete.
a’. Fore wing: upper or preapical
spots of subterminal series
rounded, not elongate ........ LE. core, p. 32.
6°. Fore wing: upper or preapical
spots of subterminal series _ [p. 32.
CHONG ALO, Ahn Ct diy o.0 oreo" Tuatha Var. vermiculata,
6*. Fore wing with subterminal series
of spots incomplete, obsolescent .. Race asela, p. 32.
6%. Fore wing with a violaceous-white
CHONG SOBRE NM Siesaceaa ee Oe iee EE, godarti, p. 33.
6°. Hind wing: spots in subterminal series
not larger than spots in terminal series. L. esper?, p. 30.
b. Upperside: fore and hind wings purplish
brown, terminal margins broadly paler,
unspotted or with only one or two white
STOOLS), SUEANE ad ee acre cs Cot CUererrn MBean LE. camorta, p. 34.
c. Upperside: fore and hind wing pale vandyke- [p. 35.
brown, with numerous white spots ...... Ei. andamanensis,
B. Fore wing: basal half very obscurely glossed
- with blue, seen only in certain lights........ E. layardi, p. 34.
C. Fore wing glossed with blue from base to
termen.
a. Gloss on fore wing glistening cobalt-blue,
conspicuous.
a’ Hind wing with subterminal and terminal
spots more or less faint on upperside.... £. dione, p. 35.
OZ NYMPHALID&.
b'. Hind wing with subterminal and terminal
spots always present, though series often
HN COMMPLELE Ae tens en eh cis vale elo sure te Race Limborgt, p. 36.
b. Gloss on fore wing deep Prussian-blue, difficult . [p. 36.
to see except in certain lights ............ Race menetries?,
31. Euplea core, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iti, 1780, pl. 266,
figs. E, F, ¢; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 80, pl. 9, fig. 16;
3 2; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 81, pl. 28, figs. 1,
1a, larva & pupa, 16-1d, $ 2; Dav. § <Airtk. Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 266.
Euploea vermiculata, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p.276; M. & de N. Butt. -
Ind. i, 1882, p. 81; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 80,
pl. 22, figs. 1, La-le ¢ o-
Race asela.
Eupleea asela, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45 ; td. Lep. Ceyl. 1,
1880, p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 2 2, 2a, larva & pupa; M. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1882, p. 81; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 84,
pl. 24, figs. 1, 1a, larva & pupa, 1 b-ld, 5 Q.
3 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B and C respectively (p. 23);
hind wing as in fig. 9 D, but termen more evenly arched. Upper-
side dark brown, broadly paler
along terminal margins ; fore
and hind wing with subterminal
and terminal series of white
spots; on fore wing the former
more or less oval, curved inwards
opposite apex, the latter series
often incomplete, not reaching
apex, the spots smaller; often
there is a small costal spot, and
very rarely a spot in apex of
cell and one or more discal spots ;
on the hind wing the inner series
of spots are elongate, the outer
conical. Underside similar, but
ground-colour more uniform; cell,
costal and discal spots on both
Fig. 11.—-Euploa core, 3. fore and hind wing nearly always
present.
Exp. 3 Q 78-98 mm. (3-3°9"),
Hab. Throughout Continental India, and recorded from the
Andamans.
Var. vermiculata, Butler, the common form in the foot-hilis and
lower ranges of the Himalayas, differs in the spots of the sub-
terminal series on the fore wing being conspicuously larger and
either quadrate or cordate. Numerous intermediate forms
between it and typical Z. core are recorded.
Race asela, Moore, seems more or less confined to Ceylon,
though incidentally recorded from Western India. It differs
EUPL@A. 30
from typical Z. core in having the white spots in the subterminal
and terminal series on the fore wing smaller and more or less
-obsolescent.
Exp. 3 2 78-100 mm. (3-4).
Larva of typical EL. core.—Above bluish lilac, with a brownish-
yellow lateral stripe, and each segment with three brownish trans-
verse lines, four pairs of purplish tentacula, and the spiracles
margined with brownish; beneath dark brown. Recorded food-
plants : the common oleander, Cryptolepis pauciflora, Ficus indica,
and Ficus glomerata.
Pupa. ‘Smooth, rounded, and fulvous, beautifully marked with
silvery or golden spots and streaks ” (de Nicéville).
Larva of the race asela, as figured and described by Moore, differs
in being of a pale colour and in wanting the brownish-yellow lateral
‘stripes. Food-plant, the oleander.
32. Euploea esperi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862, p. 482,
©; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 83 ; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 88, pl. 27, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, dQ.
3 2. Shape of the wings as in #. godarti, Lucas. Upperside
very dark brown, almost black, scarcely at all paler towards the
terminal margins; fore and hind wings with subterminal and
terminal series of white spots; on the fore wing the spots in the
subterminal series much larger than the spots in the terminal
series and bent inwards opposite apex, a spot in the apex of the
cell often obsolescent and a discal series of four or five spots, of
which one or two may be very small or obsolescent; on the hind
wing the spots in the subterminal and terminal series subequal.
Underside chocolate-brown, the white spots as on the upperside
but more distinct, and in the hind wing with the addition of
a spot in the apex of the cell and five or six discal small spots
beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown,
and, the antenne excepted, spotted with white beneath.
Exp. 3 Q 88-94 mm. (3°45-3°7").
Hab. The Nicobars.
33. Euplea godarti, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 319, 9; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 84; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. 1,
1890-92, p. 85, pl. 26, figs. lad, 3 9.
Kuploea siamensis, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 341, pl. 41,
fig ONG) -
3. Fore wing subtriangular, tornus more rounded than in
EK. core. @. Fore wing as in fig.9 C (p. 23).— ¢ 9. Hind wing
broadly ovate. Upperside dark brown, broadly paler along the
terminal margins, especially on the fore wing. Fore wing with
more or less incomplete and obsolescent series of subterminal and
terminal small white spots, and a powdering of violaceous-white
scales at apex, varying very considerably in extent from a mere
trace of violaceous between the veins to a large and very con-
VOL. I. D
34 NYMPHALID &.
with a subterminal series of oval
or inwardly conical and terminal
series of more rounded white spots.
Underside paler brown, the white
spots larger, more clearly defined.
Fore wing not violaceous at apex, a
spot (sometimes absent) in apex of
cell, and two or three discal spots.
Hind wing: a spot in apex of cell,
also sometimes absent, and a discal
series of five small spots beyond.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdo-
men very dark brown, and, the an-
tenne excepted, sparsely spotted
with white.
Fig. 12.—Euplea godarti, g. 1. Exp. & 2 82-108 mm. (3°25-
4:25"),
Hab. Throughout Burma and atoms extending to Siam.
spicuous patch occupying the whole of the apex. Hind wing
34, Euplea layardi, Druce, P. ZS. 1874, p. 103, pl. 16, fig. 1 ¢ ;
Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 87, pl. 26, figs. 1, 1 a-1 ec,
dQ.
Kupleea subdita, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 823; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind.
1, 1882, p. 82 ; Moore (Mahintha), Zep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 91, pl. 29,
fis. 1, La-le, 6 QO.
Crastia binghami, Moore, P. Z.S, 1883, p. 278, ¢ Q.
3 9. This form was originally described from Siam. It closely
resembles L. godarti, Lucas, but the base of the fore wing is faintly
suffused with blue, there is no violaceous-white patch at apex, and
the spots are more obsolescent than in typical £. godart:. Super-
ficially it also resembles H. core race asela, Moore, from Ceyion, but
in the $ the brand on the fore wing is broader and the dorsal
margin of that wing distinctly more convex.
Exp. 3 2 88-100 mm. (3°5-3°95").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim ; Siam.
The types of Moore’s Mahintha subdita are in the British
Museum, and after careful comparison I am unable to find any
valid distinction between them and the types (also in the British
Museum) of £. layardi. Dr. Friihstoffer has, I believe, suggested
that Mahintha subdita, Moore, is a dimorph of £. godarti. Cer-
tainty on this point can only be obtained by experiments in
breeding the insects.
30. Euplea camorta, Moore, P. Z, 8. 1877, p. 582, ¢ ; M.§ de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 86; Moore (Crastia), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92,
p. 90, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2a—2e, dO.
3 2. Shape of wings much as in &. godarti, Lucas, but tornus
of fore wing still more rounded. Upperside: wings at base warm
EUPL@A. Bm)
dark sepia-brown, fading to bright burnt-umber-brown on the
terminal third; uniform, entirely without spots or rarely with one
or two small discal and a costal spot on the fore wing. Underside
similar, somewhat paler. Fore wing: a spot in apex of cell,
a large and a small discal and an outwardly conical costal spot
white. Hind wing: a white spot in apex of cell and a discal
series of five or six small spots beyond. These spots often tinged
with blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, and,
the antenne excepted, sparsely spotted with minute violaceous-
white dots.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3:55-3:95"),
Hab. The Nicobars.
36. Euplea andamanensis, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 736, pl. 63;
fie. 2 3; UM. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, "1882, ?. seat Moore (Karadira),
Ton Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 93, pl. 30, figs. 1) lia- le, 6
$. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but the termen slightly
concave in the middle. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C._— ¢ 9. Hind
wing broadly ovate. Upperside very pale vandyke-brown, dark-
ening outwardly. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and
terminal series of white spots. In the fore wing, in addition,
a spot in apex of cell and two discal spots; in the subterminal
series the lower three spots diamond-shaped, very much larger than
the upper spots, which latter are curved inwards opposite apex of
wing. On the hind wing the spots in both series are elongate, the
spots in the subterminal longer than the spots in the terminal
series. Underside very similar, the white spots larger, the discal
series on the fore wing often complete. On the hind wing some
additional spots near base, a spot at apex of cell and a discal series
of five or six small spots. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax
and abdomen pale silky brown, spotted, chiefly beneath, with
white.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3°5-3°95"),.
Hab. The Andamans.
A variety, larger, darker, and with proportionately narrower
wings, but with the character of the markings identical, was sent
to me by Mr. G. Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests, from
the Little Andamans.
37. Euplea dione, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 76, pl. 37, fig. 3
3; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 88; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind.
i, 1882, p. 98, pl. 34, figs. iL la- -Te, or
Euploa poeyi, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 340, 2.
EKuploea magnifica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 428, @.
Race limborgi.
Kupleea limborgi, Moore, P. Z. 8.1878, p. 823, pl. 51, fig 2 6; M.S
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 89; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 97, pl. 33, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
D2
36 NYMPHALID&.
Race menetriesi.
Kuploea menetriesi, Lelder, Wren. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398 ;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 87 ; Moore (Penoa), Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 95, pl. 32, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
3 Q. Wings as in #. godarti but more elongate, and the tornus
of ore wing in the ¢ more rounded; hind wing somewhat pear-
shaped in both sexes. Upperside very dark brown. Fore wing,
except a narrow apical margin, entirely suffused with a brilliant
iridescent blue ; a spot at apex of cell, a discal and a costal spot
white. These spots rarely absent. Hind wing uniform brown,
without or with only a faint blue iridescence in the middle, and
subobsolete, somewhat incomplete subterminal and terminal series
of dusky white spots. Underside chocolate-brown, the spots as on
the upperside, but more distinct ; in the fore wing an additional
comparatively large spot in interspace 2; in the hind wing a small
white spot in apex of cell and five or six discal spots beyond ; the
subterminal series of spots sometimes wanting.
Exp. 3 2 94-110 mm. (3°7-4'35").
Hab. Northern India ; Sikhim ; Sylhet ; Assam ; Upper Bima:
on Western frontier.
Race limborgi, Moore, differs from typical dione as follows :—
Hind wing somewhat paler, subterminal and terminal series of
spots more complete, pure white not dusky, the former
elongate, the latter more or less truncate exteriorly and rounded
interiorly. Fore wing on the upperside generally but not in-
variably unspotted, on the underside in addition to the cellular,
discal and costal spots there are often a few terminal white dots
at apex and tornus.
Exp. & 2 92-106 mm. (3°6-4:2").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; Siam. In Upper Burma the range
of this race overlaps that of the typical form and in Southern
Tenasserim that of the race menetriest.
Race menetriesi, Felder.—Differs from dione in the ground-
colour of the wings, which are of a dark Prussian-blue only
iridescent in certain lights. As in dione, the subterminal and
terminal series of spots on the upperside ‘of the hind wing are
dusky white and incomplete.
Exp. 3 2 85-90 mm. (3:4-3°6"). .
Hab. The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending far into the
Malayan Subregion.
38. Euplea alcathoe, Godart (Danais), Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819, p.178;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 86, pl. 9, fig. 17, 5 2; Moore
(Penoa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890- -92, p. 94, pl. 3l, ‘figs. i la- -le, d@.
3 9. Shape of wings asin #. dione. . Upperside very dark
velvety brown without any blue gloss. Fore wing unspotted or
with only two or three white dots near the tornus. Hind wing:
a dull opaque fuscous patch from base nearly to termen through
EUPL@A. 37
the cell; a subterminal series of very elongate white spots or
streaks in the interspaces, decreasing in length towards apex, often
in the posterior interspaces produced on to the conspicuous terminal
row of elongate spots. Underside similar, but in both fore and
hind wing an additional white spot in apex of cell and a few discal
spots beyond.—@. Upperside similar to the g, but of a lighter
brown. Fore wing with a cellular, two or three discal, a costal
and subterminal and terminal series of white spots, the former series
often, the latter always incomplete. Hind wing as in the ¢, but
no dark fuscous patch and the subterminal streaks and terminal
spots fuller and broader. Underside similar, the white spots very
large. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen dark velvety
brown, thickly spotted with white beneath.
Exp. 3 & 94-100 mm. (3°5-4").
Hab. Manipur; Assam; Cachar; Arrakan; Burma and Tenas-
serim.
Key to the forms of Salpinx.
A. Brand on fore wing in ¢ short, not longer
than 6 mm.
a. Fore wing entirely suffused with brilliant
iridescent blue.
a’. Three white elongate costal spots above
apex of cell on fore wing.
a’, Hind wing without or with only a
very small spot in interspace 4.... £. dvocletiana, p. 88.
6°, Hind wing with a comparatively large
triangular spot always present in
MIT teNS ACE Ae srl ee rece chs «4 ats, 3) + Race ramsay?, p. 39.
b'. One white costal spot, occasionally ab-
sent, in fore wing.
a*, Wings comparatively elongate. Fore
Wing with one or more discal spots
alyvaVSPNESEMbie.c5 ici. Pe Le cuocld ewe = Ki. klugu, typical, p. 39.
62, Wings generally broader in _pro-
portion to length; discal spots
sometimes present, often absent .. L. klugii, varieties,
b. Fore wing: base only suffused with blue, p. 41.
soinetimes very faint or wanting.
a’, Fore wing: spots in subterminal series
decreasing in size towards apex.
a’, These spots distinct .............. E.. kollarz, p. 41.
6°. These spots more or less obsolescent. Race senhala, p. 42.
b’. Fore wing: spots in subterminal series
increasing in size towards apex.
a’, Fore wing: subterminal series of
white spots complete, distinct, well-
defined.
a®, Subterminal series of white spots
on hind wing complete ........ Ei. crassa, p. 42.
6°. Subterminal series of white spots
on hind wing very incomplete ... Var. macelellandi, p. 43.
6?. Fore wing: subterminal series of
white spots very incomplete, often
blurred, very large near apex .... Other varieties, p. 43
33- NYMPHALID#.
B. Brand on fore wing in 3 long and narrow,
over 9 mm. in length.
a, Fore wing suffused with brilliant iridescent
blue from base to termen ............ EE. splendens, p. 45.
6. Fore wing suffused with blue only on
[Nelsell MON, poe op odaasacsuongen ods EE. margarita, p. 44.
c. Fore wing bronze-brown without any blue
£50 CO)SIST a) RI eA a A OU E. roepstorfi, p. 44.
39. Eupleea diocletiana (PI. I, fig. 5), Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii,
1793, p. 40; M. § de N. Bult. Tad. i, 1882, p. 71.
Papilio rhadamanthus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 111, 1793, p. 42; WM. § de N.
pt. (Huploea), Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 69; Moore (Danisepa), Lep. Ind.
i 1eSIOSS IL, jo, IEA coll, 39, figs. 2,2 2a, 2 "2b, OQ
face ramsayl.
EKuploea rhadamanthus, pt., M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 69,
ply, ne ls 2.
Danisepa t ramsayi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-91, p. 111, pl. 39, figs. 1
hay & 2c
3. Fore wing: dorsum and termen very convex; costa arched.
@. Fore wing: differs only in being narrower and the dorsum
sinuous. Hind wing in both sexes: costa and termen strongly
curved, forming together half of an ellipse of which the straight
dorsal margin is the chord.—g. Upperside black, the fore wing
with a brilliant blue gloss throughout, the base brown; hind
wing : the upper portion silky hair-brown, the disc and terminal
margin shot with blue. Fore wing: a very large, irregular, white
spot filling the apex of the discoidal cell, three elongate spots
divided by the nervures above and one or two small white spots
below, the whole forming an irregular oblique bar; a large sub-
terminal blue spot in interspace 2 and smaller similar spots in
interspaces 4—7; finally a line of 3 or 4 small terminal blue spots
near the tornus: all these blue spots occasionally white-centred.
Hind wing: broad white streaks in interspaces la, 16, 1 and 2,
a spot (sometimes absent) at base of interspace 3, another (but
rarely) at base of interspace 4, one or two discal blue spots and
very incomplete subterminal and terminal series of similar spots.
Underside hair-brown, the markings as above but more complete
and larger; on the hind wing there are in addition one or two
spots or streaks in the cell and on the disc beyond it.— 2 . Upper-
side pale umber-brown, the apical half of the fore wing with or
without blue gloss; markings similar to those of the ¢, but all of
them white and somewhat larger, especially the two spots at the
lower end of the oblique bar on fore wing ; on the hind wing there
are in addition three white streaks in the cell with two or three
spots beyond, the subterminal and terminal series of spots white
and generally complete. Underside similar, the markings broader.
Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen in ¢ bluish black, in
2 cinereous ; in both sexes the palpi and thorax beneath spotted
EUPLG@A, 39
with white, the abdomen transversely barred with the same
colour. 3
Exp. 3 2 73-86 mm. (2°9-3:4").
Hab. N. India? (Lt. James), Sylhet; Khasi Hills ; Assam ;
Cachar ; throughout Burma; Tenasserim and the Malay Penin-
‘sula; Sumatra.
Race ramsayi, Moore.—Differs in being on the whole larger,
with the white markings of great width, in the 2 almost entirely
filling the cell in the hind wing. In both sexes streaks are always
present in interspaces 3 and 4 of the hind wing, while the sub-
terminal and terminal series of spots on that wing are generally
complete. The Q in all the specimens I have examined has a
decided blue gloss on the apical half of the fore wing.
Kup. 3 2 96-102 mm. (3°8-4").
Hab, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikhim.
Other allied races are £. lowit from Borneo, and E. alcidice,
Godt., from Java.
40. Euplea klugii, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 180;
M.§& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 64; Moore (Pademma), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 117, pl. 42, figs. 1, la, 16, $2.
Kuploeea novaree, Felder, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wren, xii, 1862, p. 482 ;
7d. Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 317, pl. 39, fig. 7 3;
M. § de N, Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 68; Moore (Salpinx), Lep. Ind. 1,
1890-92, p. 114, pl. 40, figs. 1, 1 a, 18, Ss.
Kupleea vestigiata, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 288, fig. 1 9; M.§ de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 67.
Salpinx leucogonis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i, 1878, p. 536,
pl. 68, fie. 5 9: M. §& de N. (Euplea), Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 69;
Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 115, pl. 41, figs. 1, la-le, 5 @.
Salpinx illustris, Butler, Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1879, p. 294; M. &
de N. (Euplea), Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p.66; Moore (Pademma),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 119, pl. 45, figs. 1, la, dg 2.
Salpinx grantiu, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p.2; M. & de N.
(Euploea) Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 65.
Pademma dharma, augusta, indigofera, imperialis, & regalis, Moore,
P. Z. 8. 1883, pp. 306, 307, pl. 32, fig. 2 (dharma Q), fie. 3 (indigo-
fera 3); 2d. Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, pp. 118-120, pl. 42, figs. 2,2 a
(augusta 5 9), pl. 43, fies. 2, 2a (imperialis 5 @), pl. 48, figs. 1,
lua, & 5 (regalis ¢ 2 KX indigotera 3).
Pademma hamiltoni, var. nov., Swink. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p. 269.
6. Fore wing very variable in shape, especially in the outline
of the termen and dorsum. In the type it is comparatively long
in proportion to width owing to the less convexity of the dorsal
margin, and has the termen oblique, slightly convex ; in var. novare
it is remarkably broad, the great convexity of the dorsal margin
making it almost subquadrate, while the termen is more convex
than in the typical form. In the Q the difference is less
marked.
3 2. Typical form. Upperside: fore wing dark brown suffused
40 NYMPHALIDZ,
up to the termen with a brilliant blue gloss; a spot in apex
of cell, a small costal spot, two short streaks beyond apex of
Fig. 13.—EHuplea klugii. Variations in shape and markings of fore wing.
cell, and in the ? two discal spots: in the g subterminal and
terminal series of spots; in the 92 the latter series wanting: in
both sexes the subterminal spots produced
inwards. All the spots bluish white in
colour. Hind wing umber-brown, the
centre glossed with blue ; subterminal rows
of spots incomplete or obsolescent, the
former reduced to two or three spots
below the apex, the latter in the ¢ mere
dots; in the 9 absent, only seen by trans-
parency from the underside. Underside
similar, paler brown, not glossed with blue;
centre of fore wing dark, spots more
clearly defined, subterminal and terminal
Fig. 14.—Euplea hklugii, SeTies more or less complete. Antenne
Variation in shape and biack; head, thorax and abdomen velvety
marking of fore wing. brown, head and thorax speckled with
bluish white.
Exp. 3 2 78-110 mm. (3°1-4°35").
Hab. Bengal, Maldah ; Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Cachar; Arra-
kan; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars, to the Malay Peninsula.
There can be no doubt as to the extreme variability of this form,
EUPL@A. - 4]
and I would draw attention to a paper on the subject by the late
Mr. de Nicéville in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’
1892, pt. 11, p. 243. He shows at great length that many forms
have been named and received specific rank which are not even
geographical races or subspecies.
The following, however, are short summaries of the points of
difference in the most striking varieties, which have all, at one time
or another, been considered distinct forms :—
Var. novare, Felder.—Besides the difference in the shape of the
fore wing in the <, typically this form is much darker, the gloss
on the fore wing is of a deeper blue, and the spots are reduced to
a small costal and a subterminal series of spots on the fore wing,
and to two or three small spots below the apex on the hind wing.
Vars. leucogonys and vestigiata, Butler, resemble xovare, but
have on the fore wing two or three discal spots and sometimes
an incomplete terminal series of dots.
Var. augusta 3 , dharma 9 , Moore.—“ Upperside darker blackish
brown than in typical P. klugw and of a more brilliant glossy blue,
with a bluish-white spot above end of the cell, a similar mark at
lower end of the cell, two very slender streaks beyond, a spot
between the middle and lower median veinlet (veins 2 and 3).”
Var. illustris, Butler, is less glossed with blue on the terminal
margin of the fore wing and has no discal or subterminal spots
on that wing below vein 4.
Var. imperialis, Moore.—Subterminal and terminal spots on fore
wing larger than in typical L. klugwi, with a tendency in the ¢
for the spots to become confluent.
Var. regalis, Moore.—Both series of terminal spots complete on
fore wing to tornus.
Var. mdigofera, Moore.—A costal spot, two slender discal streaks
and complete subterminal and terminal series of spots on fore wing.
On hind wing subterminal series incomplete, terminal complete.
Var. hamiltoni, Swinhoe.—Fore wing: subterminal series of
spots incomplete, terminal complete. On hind wing both series
complete.
The two forms next described were considered by Mr. de Nicé-
ville mere geographical races of £. klugiw. I have kept them
separate purely as a matter of convenience.
41. Euplea kollari, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 325, 3;
Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 124, pl. 47, figs. 2,
200 De
Isamia, site Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. 1882, xix, p. 34.
Euplea sinhala, pt.. WM. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 66, pl. 7,
fig. 12, ¢ 9.
fiace sinhala.
Euploea sinhala, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45 ; ed. (Isamia),
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 10, pl. 5, fig. 1 ¢ ; pt. I. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1882, p. 66, pl. 7, fig. 12, ¢ 9; Moore (Pademma), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 126, pl. 47, figs. 3, 8a, dQ.
6 @. Shape of wings as in &. klugit, but not so variable.
42 NYMPHALIDA.
Upperside, § 2, very dark olive-brown, paling to lighter brown
towards the termen ; both wings with complete or nearly complete
series of subterminal and terminal white spots, the former larger
than the latter, in the fore wing decreasing in size towards, and
curving inwards opposite, the apex ; in the hind wing elongate-
oval, much larger than the terminal spots, these latter very
regular, two in each interspace in the fore wing, obsolete towards
the apex. Underside of a paler olive-brown, the spots as on
upperside, with the addition mm the fore wing of two to four discal
spots, that in interspace 2 the largest, and a small costal spot; in
the hind wing of one or two discal specks. Antenne very dark
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the former two
speckled sparsely with white.
Lap. & 2 100-104 mm. (3°9-41").
Hab. Peninsular India in a line south of Bombay, but confined
to the littoral. Further east it is recorded from Orissa and
Bengal.
face sinhala, Moore.—¢ ¢. Differs from the form kollari
solely in the subterminal and terminal spots on the wings being
very much smaller ; on the fore wing often obsolescent towards the
apex.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3°53-3°95").
Hlab. Confined to Ceylon.
The race seems constant.
42. Kuplea crassa, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p.278: M. & de N. Butt.
ind. i, 1882, p. 63; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 121, pl. 45, figs. 2,24, dQ.
EKuplcea erichsoni, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. 11, 1867, p. 324; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1882, p. 63.
Salpinx masoni, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 823, ¢; M. § de N.
(Eupleea), Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 64; Moore (Pademma), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 123, pl. 46, fig. 1 o.
Pademma macclellandi, pembertoni, uniformis, burmeisteri, &
apicalis, Moore, P. Z.S. 1883, pp. 808, 309; id. Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 120, pl. 44, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ 2 (macclellandi), p. 124,
pl. 46, figs. 3, 83a, ¢ Q (pembertoni), p. 124, pl. 47, fig. 1 o
(uniformis), p. 123, pl. 45, figs. 3,3.a, 5 @ (burmeisteri), & p. 123,
pl. 46, figs. 2, 2a, d Q (apicalis).
3 Q. Typically resembles ZH. kollarz, Felder, in shape of wings
and in having on the upperside only a subterminal and terminal
series of white spots on both wings, but the basal portion of the fore
wing only, in it and in all its varieties, is glossed with blue, which
colour never extends to the termen. The centre of the hind wing
also in some specimens bears a faint violescent or blue gloss, while
the subterminal spots on the fore wing increase, not decrease, in size
towards the apex, the spot in interspace 6 being the largest; the
spots above it again decrease in size to the costa. The terminal
spots on the hind wing are always smaller than in £. kollari, and
in the type (@ ) there are two or three obsolescent elongate discal
EUPL@A. 43
spots on the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
very dark brown, the head and thorax above and below very
sparsely speckled with white.
Exp. & 2 81-110 mm. (8°2-4°35").
Hab. Maldah (de Nicéville) ; Cachar ; Arrakan; Lower Burma;
Tenasserim, extending into Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and Cochin
China.
E. crassa is almost as variable as FE. klugw.
Var. masoni, Moore, is slightly darker in colour than typical
crassa ; subterminal series of spots in fore wing very incomplete,
commencing in interspace 4.
Exp. & 2 92-102 mm. (3°6-4").
Hab. Recorded from Tenasserim.
Var. macclellandi, Moore.—If, as Mr. de Nicéville stated (t. c.),
E. crassa is a mere race of &. klugii, then var. macclellandi forms
the link between the two. I have, however, only seen one
specimen, the type, which is now in the collection of the British
Museum; the markings on this specimen resemble those on
E. klugti, but as the blue gloss is confined to the basal portions of
the fore wing, I prefer to place E. macclellandi as a variety of
Ei. crassa.
EHxp. 2 100 mm. (3°95"),
flab. Recorded from Nowgong, Assam. |
Var. pembertoni, Moore.—The subterminal spots near apex of
fore wing very large, tinged with purple. Often some discal
streaks and spots. Recorded from Lower Burma.
Var. uniforms, Moore.—Darker and of a more uniform brown
than the typical form, the subterminal and terminal spots very
small, often mere dots. Recorded from E. Bengal, Shillong
(Moore).
Var. burmeistert, Moore.—The subterminal row of spots in the
fore wing large, often coalescing with the terminal spots. Re-
corded from Tenasserim and Cochin China.
Var. apicalis, Moore.—“ Near to typical P. crassa, but of a
more greenish-olivaceous colour, contrasting distinctly thereby
with the brownish olivaceous of the typical form. Fore wing
with a complete row of marginal spots, the submarginal row
composed of five apical spots only.” (Moore.) Recorded from
Burma.
43. Euplea splendens, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 272, 3; Moore (1samia),
Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 128, pl. 48, figs. 1, la, g,16 9, le
Var. Gis
Euploea rogenhoferi, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. ii, 1867, p. 325;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 60.
Euploea irawada, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 45, 3.
3. Fore wing as in £. klugii, but more elongate, apex more
produced, termen distinctly more oblique, almost straight. 9. Fore
wing differs only in the dorsum being straight. g 9. Hind wing:
44 NYMPHALID &.
dorsal margin straight, terminal and costal margins together very
strongly arched. Upperside, ¢ 9, dark velvety brown, the hind
wing somewhat paler than the fore wing, the latter entirely, the
former in the middle only, glossed with brilliant blue. Fore
wing: a spot in cell, a discal series of violaceous spots im inter-
spaces 2-6, 9 and 10, the latter sometimes centred with white,
a curved subterminal row of six white spots and a terminal
series, sometimes obsolescent, of six or seven white dots. Hind
wing with a subterminal and terminal series of white spots, nearly
complete but often faint and obsolescent, not reaching the tornus.
Underside rich umber-brown, darker on the disc in the fore and
on the basal portions of the hind wing; the spots as on upperside,
but the discal series in fore wing reduced to a violaceous spot
in interspace 2 and a small costal spot, the terminal dots more
numerous ; in the hind wing there are in addition five discal spots
beyond the cell. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark velvety
brown, a few white spots on the head and thorax.
Exp. 3 2 96-112 mm. (3°e-4:4"),
Hab. Hastern borders of Kumaun; Nepal; Sikhim; through
Assam, Cachar, and Burma to North Tenasserim.
44. Kuplea margarita, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 279; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 62; Moore (Isamia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p- 129, pl. 45, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q.
3 @. Closely resembles L. splendens, Butler, but on the upper-
side the brilliant blue gloss never occupies more than the basal
two-thirds of the fore wing. On the hind wing it is as in
E. splendens ; the spots are much reduced in number on the fore
wing, sometimes entirely absent or obsolescent, when present
there is generally a spot at apex of cell and one in interspaces 2,
3 and 10 respectively, with a white dot or so about the tornus.
On the hind wing there is a complete subterminal and terminal
series of white spots. Underside similar to the upperside, but
the spots more numerous. Male sex-marks as in 4. splendens.
Exp. 3 2 86-104 mm. (3°38-4:1").
Hab. North Tenasserim southwards to the Malay Peninsula.
45. Euplea roepstorfi, Moore (Tiruna), P. Z. S. 1883, p. 316, pl. 32,
fig. 8 g; id. (Tiruna) Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 133, pl. 50, fig. 33.
d. Fore wing as in fig. 9 A (p. 23), but the apex somewhat
more produced. Hind wing broadly ovate. Closely resembles
HE. andamanensis in ground-colour and pattern of markings on
the wings, but the former is of a more bronze-brown and slightly
darker. Upperside: fore wing with the followig white spots—a
minute costal spot, a subterminal sinuous row of 6 large and a
terminal row of 8 much smaller spots. Hind wing: a subterminal
and a terminal row of spots, the former elongate, the latter
smaller and somewhat quadrate. Underside: ground-colour and
load
EUPLE@A. 45
spots as on the upperside, with the addition in the fore wing of a
lunate spot in the apex of the cell and 5 discai spots beyond, the
lowest elongate rectangular, the next quadrate, the others minute,
the terminal row complete up to the apex of wing. The hind
wing has, in addition, a spot in apex of cell and 6 discal minute
spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen darker brown, the
head, thorax and abdomen spotted and marked with white.
Exp. 3 98 mm. (3°9").
Hab. Andamans.
The @ is unknown. The above description is taken from a
solitary specimen of a ¢ in the collection of Mr. H. Druce. I am
indebted to Mr. Hamilton Druce for kindly lending me the
specimen. ‘The insect seems to be very rare.
Key to the forms of Trepsichrois.
a. Hind wing immaculate.
a’. Fore wing shot with brilliant blue, discal,
subterminal and terminal spots bluish
“PLAT: a ee ae RS ee Gai Re ee REG, E. mulaber 3, p. 45.
b'. Fore wing with less brilliant blue, discal,
subterminal and terminal spots pure
We epee ey cacy aicintn din aac an ates sireraMieeeretay Var. kalinga 3, p. 46.
6. Hind wing streaked with white............ E. muleiber 2, p. 45.
ce. Hind wing not streaked with white, a line of
G@nseure subsermanal dots)... oc. %-c 20.00 > 2 Var. kalinga 2, p. 46.
46. Euplea mulciber (PI. I, fig. 6).
Papilio midamus, pt., Linn. Mus. Ulr. 1764, p. 251.
Kuplcea et Trepsichrois midamus, Linn. apud auct.
Papilio mulciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1799, pl. 127, figs. C, D.
Trepsichrois linneei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 286, pl. 29, fig. 4; ¢d.
Te i i, 1890-92, p. 100, pl. 35, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1a,
ih ;
Euploa (Trepsichrois) kalinga, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2,
p- 256; Moore (Trepsichrois), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 104.
¢. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex and tornus more
broadly rounded, the termen straighter. @. Fore wing as in
fig. 9 C.—¢S Q. Hind wing ovate. Upperside: in the $ dark
brown entirely glossed with brilliant blue ; the following violescent
white spots—a spot in apex of cell, a much curved series of five
or six discal spots, a subterminal sinuous row of larger spots
and an incomplete terminal series of dots. Hind wing uniform,
unmarked except for a large patch of light-brown, densely-set
hair-like scales on the outer upper third of the wing. The 9?
is a lighter brown, the fore wing only glossed with blue on the
disc ; spots white, and more or less similar to those on the fore
wing of the 3, but larger and pure white; in addition a streak in
cell and another curved streak in interspace 1 showing through
faintly from the underside. Hind wing: narrow white streaks
in cell and in the interspaces beyond and a terminal row of
46 NYMPHALIDA.
slightly elongate white spots. Underside, $ 9, similar to the
upperside in each, but the markings broader, larger and more
distinct; in the ¢ there are
besides a small white spot in
apex of cell, two or three
discal and incomplete sub-
terminal and terminal series
of white dots. Antenne,
head, thorax, and abdomen
dark velvety brown, the ab-
domen glossed with greenish
blue above ; beneath, the head
and thorax spotted, the
abdomen transversely banded
with white.
Exp. 3 2 88-104 mm.
(3°45-4°1").
2 Hab. The Himalayas from
Fig. 15.—Euplea mulciber, Q. 1. Simla to Sikhim; Nepal ;
Assam; Cachar; Upper and
Lower Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars; extending to Siam, the
Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, with four pairs of long fleshy subdorsal
filaments which have pink bases and black tips, three pairs being
on the anterior segments and the fourth pair on the 12th segment.
Body pinkish white with lateral yellowish blotches, the segments
each divided by a black line and anteriorly bordered by a narrow
transverse pink band and purple-brown stripes ; spiracles black ;
head with a dark red stripe in front and one on each side; fore
legs black, middle and hind legs black ringed with pink.” (Moore,
Larva of the Javan form, £. claudia.)
Pupa. ‘‘ Short, thick across the middle; thorax concave behind ;
abdominal segments dorsally convex, metallic golden-brown with
darker brown anterior stripe.” (Moore.)
Var. kalinga, Doherty, found in the hills of Ganjam, Vizaga-
patam and Jaipur, may be a local race of EH. mulciber, Cramer, but
I have only been able to examine a single 2 in Mr. Elwes’s col-
lection, now in the British Museum. The points of difference are
more evident in the 9, which on the hind wing has only “a line
of obscure whitish submarginal dots.” The cellular and discal
white streaks so prominent in the 2 of EF. mulciber are almost
entirely lacking, though faint traces of these are visible on the disc
but not in the cell of the hind wing, the latter being immaculate.
SATYRIN ®. 47
Subfamily SATYRIN A.
Egg. “* About as high as wide, a little more or a little less, rather
small, hard, typically translucent and smooth or with obscure
polygonal facets, sometimes subradiate, or even (Aulocera) with
distinct broadly scalloped anastomosing ribs somewhat as in
Hesperia. In some species it is covered with calcareous (?)
accretions, which do not appear till after some days’ exposure to
the atmosphere.” (Doherty.)
Larva. Fusiform or subfusiform, head bifid, often with a pair of
long straight processes or horns, anal segment also with a pair of
long posteriorly-directed processes; colour generally green, pink,
or yellow; body pubescent, the hairs springing from numerous
small papille.
Pupa. Elongate and somewhat fusiform or short and thick,
with the abdomen broadly rounded; very few or generally no
tubercles or angles ; attached by the tail.
Imago. Wings short and broad, rarely elongate, never narrow,
often with the terminal margins scalloped, sinuous, dentate or, in
the hind wing, caudate; cells of both wings closed; one or more
of the veins of the fore wing, in the majority of the forms, swollen
or inflated at base; eyes very often hairy; palpi as a rule com-
pressed, in some strongly compressed, generally with a fringe of
stiff porrect or subporrect hairs ; body slender.
The Satyrine are shade-loving insects; most of the forms have
comparatively a weak flight, and frequent the undergrowth, long
grass, or dense evergreen forests. Many are cryptically coloured
on the underside, and their method of suddenly dropping after
a short flight, and resting all askew, heightens their likeness
to dead or decaying leaves casually blown down. Secondary
sex characters and marks are very general throughout the
subfamily. ,
Key to the Genera of the Satyrine.
A. Eyes hairy.
a. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free.
a’. Vein 12 and median vein swollen at
base.
a*, Club of antenne gradual.
a®, Lower discocellular of fore wing
Strongly CONCAVE M yeas. 0 selh. MYCALESIs, p. 49.
b®. Lower discocellular of fore wing
Obliquetce sate ers saree. PARARGE, p. 112.
b*. Club of antenne spatulate........ SATYRUS, p. 109.
6’. Vein 12 only of fore wing swollen at
base.
a° ind wing generally angulate, very
often caudate ; upper- and under-
sides nob Sumilareeys aati cn. c's: LETHE, p. 72.
48 NYMPHALID.
. 6, Hind wing rounded, never angulate
or caudate; upper- and under-
sides practically similar.
a°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing
angulate; discocellulars concave. ORINOMA, p. 106.
b°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing
rounded ; discocellulars oblique. RuaAPHICERA, p. 107.
b. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not free ;
veins 8 to 11 branching from 7 .... Ragapta, p. 155.
B. Eyes not hairy.
a. Vein 12 of fore wing swollen at base.
a’, Hind wing without a prediscoidal cell.
a’. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free.
a°®, Median vein of fore wing not per-
ceptibly swollen at base.
a+, Vein 3 of hind wing emitted
before apex of cell, 4 at apex.
a’. Cell of fore wing long,
nearly two-thirds length of
WUT: Hers LH AE erat ee ERITEs, p. 152.
6°. Cell of fore wing about half
or not half length of wing.
a’, Veins 3 and 4 of hind
wing closely approximate
CeIDASCs aa anee crema: ORSOTRIENA, p. 69.
6°. Veins 3 and 4 of hind
wing well separated at base.
a’. Vein 6 of hind wing
much closer to vein 7
WIEVT UO D oo aecaccaees AGAPETES, p. 108.
6". Vein 6 of hind wing equi-
distant from veins 5
and 7.
a*. Vein 10 of fore wing
from apex of cell.... Erersta, p. 146.
b8. Vein 10 of fore wing
from well before apex
ORCelewti. aan eee Ziparis, p. 104.
b?, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing
StalkeGe Aiea sets phot tee as Ca irEs, p. 70.
6°. Median vein of fore wing per-
ceptibly swollen at base.
a’. Club of antenne broad spatu-
AGO scree Gis at eno. Tee eee ane Nyrua, p. 113.
6*. Clab of antenne gradual.
a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing
separate.
a’, Dorsal margin of hind wing
emarginate just above
HOVE ALIS) 07 cervond Cate el Ree Manztoza, p. 118.
6§. Dorsal margin of hind
wing rounded.
a’. Posterior femora without
a fringe of long hair
POStELION Wiese eee ele IKARANASA, p. 128,
* Except in a single aberrant form, NV. parisatis, Kollar, which has the club
of the antenne elongate, crescentic, concave beneath.
MYCALESIS. 4g
67. Posterior femora with a
fringe of long hair:
postertOrly | cee. asses CENEIS, p. 128.
6°. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing
TOMA A WOME vy ches. a aces AULOCERA, p. 125.
6°. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not
free; veins 8 to 11 branching
TEOMA GS above eee ores +... YPTHIMA, p. 130.
b'. Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell .. Exymnras, p. 169.
6. Vein 12 of fore wing not swollen at base.
a’. No anastomosis of veins along the
costal margin of fore wing.
Ge MAM wilde, TOUNGEC: 5 a cise ANADEBIS, p. 165.
6°. Hind wing not rounded ; dentate
or caudate at apex of vein 4.
a, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing from
apex Of colle see ae os NEoRINA, p. 167.
63, Vein 3 emitted well before, 4
from apex of cell of hind wing.
a‘, Vein | on fore wing ending on
GELMUNAl MAO wey. ee oe = MELANITIS, p. 157.
b*. Vein 1 on fore wing ending on
dorsal mareim. os... « CYLLOGENES, p. 162.
6’. Vein 11 of fore wing anastomosing
with 12, 10 with 11,9 with 10 .... ParantrrryHaa, p. 164.
Genus MYCALESIS*.
Mycalesis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p.55; WM. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 102.
Culapa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 825.
Calysisme & Nisanga, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 20 & 23.
Virapa, Gareris, Sadarga, Suralaya, Pachama, Samanta, Telinga,
Kabauda, & Loesa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, pp. 155, 156,
157, 159, 165, 166, 167, 168, 177.
Samundra, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1892, p. 162.
Myrtilus, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 341.
Type, WM. evadne, Cramer, from Africa.
Range. Africa; the whole of the Indo-Malayan Region to Aus-
tralia, Found also in China and Japan.
3 2. Fore wing: costa more or less arched, apex generally
rounded, somewhat acute or subacute, rarely slightly produced ;
termen convex, straight or even slightly concave ; tornus generally
well marked; dorsum straight in males, sometimes slightly convex
towards base ;. cell short, about half length of wing; discocellulars
somewhat variable, upper short, lower in all the Indian forms
strongly concave; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell,
vein 1, median vein, and vein 12 greatly dilated at base. Hind
* T have retained the generic name Mycalesis for the Indian forms partly
because it is well known and its use for these forms has the sanction of long-
established custom, but chiefly because the differences between the typical
African and the Indian forms have after all only subgeneric value. In fact, for
the purely Indian forms, M. mineus, Linn., might very well be regarded as
the type. .
VOLE. I. E
50- « NYMPHALIDA.
wing ovate, varying in the length of the dorsum and the less or
greater prominence of the tornus; costa and termen more or less
arched, the latter generally slightly scalloped ; cell short, under
half length of wing; vein 3 variable, sometimes emitted from
a little before or from apex of cell, sometimes 3 and 4 stalked ;
origin of vein 7, and consequently length of upper discocellular,
variable. Antenne short, slender, not half length of fore wing ;
elub slight, gradual; eyes in all the Indian forms hairy; palpi
moderately long, slender, obliquely porrect, fringed anteriorly,
tufted in the middle posteriorly ; intermediate and posterior
femora scaled, not hairy. Males of all the Indian forms furnished
with secondary sexual characters, which can be briefly classified
and described as follows :—
Form 1. Upperside: a glandular fold near dorsum on fore
wing, and a patch of specialized scales near costa on hind wing,
both covered by pencils of long hairs. Underside: a patch of
specialized scales set in a nacreous area near dorsum on fore wing.
Form 2. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing; sex-mark on
hind wing asin Form 1. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1.
Form 3. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing ; one sex-mark
on hind wing as in Form 1, with a second similar sex-mark on
posterior area of wing. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1.
Key to the forms of Mycalesis.
A. Males with sex-marks in Form 1.
a. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 8 than to 6.
a’. Preapical white band on fore wing
oblique.
a”. No ocellus on upperside of forewing. MM. anaxias, p. 52.
6°. Two ocelli on upperside of fore wing.
a°, Preapical white band on fore wing
narrow, not extended to costa or
COLIN PLP hac aicty. Mh Tse eee Race radza, p. 53.
6°. Preapical white band on fore wing
broader, extended to costa and
MORIN a5) o> 55.0 s Goma ereac soe Var. manu, p. 53.
b'. Preapical white band on fore wing
absent, or if present nearly vertical,
MOLODWEUE A vage cask octet Sem me M. adamsoni, p. 54.
b. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 6 than to 8.
a'. A broad oblique preapical white band
ON{EOLE WANES eee oe pe eco cc eee M. anaxioides, p. 54.
b'. No preapical white band on fore wing.
a>. Upper discocellular in hind wing not
Swollen idea Derek ci. ci..ces cee. os cies M. sanatana, p. 55.
b*. Upper discocellular in hind wing
SWOlle nce mre gt teaels deem ris M. charaka, p. 55.
B. Males with sex-marks in Form 2.
a. Upperside of wings more or less suffused
Wilh PUT ple. van te neMys Halt. -isha tip 6 = ie M. orseis, p. 56.
b. Upperside of wings with no trace of
purple.
a’, Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing from a
point or shortly stalked.
MYCALESIS. 51
a’. Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base over-.
lapping swollen base of vein 12.
a®. Posterior three ocelli on underside
of hind wing in a straight line... MM. perseus, p. 57.
6°. Posterior four ocelli on underside of
hind wing in a straight line.
a‘. Sex-mark on underside of fore
wing small. under 2 mm., black | M. muneus, p. 58.
or very dark brow: 72. ...-: Race polydecta, p. 59.
b*. Sex-mark on underside of fore
wing longer, over 4 mm., brown,
never dark or black.
a>. Sex-mark not extending up to
transverse white discal band. MM. perseordes, p. 59.
6°. Sex-mark extending up to and
touching inner margin of
transverse white discal band. MW. subdita, p. 60.
. Sex-mark extending beyond
inner margin of transverse
white discal band.
a®, Apex of fore wing slightly
produced, more or less sub-
ACUUC Nees eset om tes tieks M. visala, p. 60.
b°. Apex of fore wing not pro-
duced, rounded)". 22. 3. Race andamana, p. 60.
c. Sex-mark on underside of fore
wing over 4 mm., but grey, not
brown, difficult to see against
nacreous background ........ M. rama, p. 61.
6°, Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base short,
not overlying swollen base of vein 12.
a’. Median ocellus on upperside of
fore, wing placed on alarge orange-
yellowspatch es... 2 ne ee. M, oculus, p. 62.
b®. Median ocellus on upperside of
fore wing encircled only by a
narrow fulyvous TING... 2.34. ..+ = M. adolphet, p. 61.
6’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing separate, 3
from before apex, 4 from apex of cell. .
a>. Fore wing elongate, apex somewhat
produced, termen concave ........ M. mnasicles, p. 62.
6°. Fore wing subtriangular, apex not
produced, rounded, termen convex.
a, One or more ocelli on the upper-
side of wings.
a‘. Lower discocellular of fore wing
concave or nearly straight.
a’. Secondary sex-mark of special-
ized scales always present on
underside of fore wing.
a°®. Transverse discal band on
underside of fore wing
showing through on upper-
side; cilia white.
a’. Basal area on underside
of fore and hind wings
irrovated with transverse
PAICISERIee ye yeies ose «sc. M. mestra, p. 63.
E2
52 NYMPHALID A.
6", Basal area on underside
of fore and hind wings
uniform, not irrorated
WAIL MUSURICC tere ithe cael Race suaveolens, p. 68.
6°. Transverse discal band on
underside of fore wing not
showing through on upper-
side; cilia brownish.
a’. Tuft of long hairs over-
lapping sex-mark of
specialized scales on
upperside of hind wing
etablackai se pucks eae eae M. nicotia, p. 65.
6°. Tuft of long hairs over-
lapping sex - mark of
specialized scales on
upperside of hind wing
palevbrowm. (eRe yaa. or: M. misenus, p. 66.
6°. Secondary sex-mark of spe-
cialized scales absent on
underside of fore wing .... M. hera, p. 66.
b*. Lower discocellular of fore wing
not concave, bent abruptly in-
wards in an acute angle in the
middle.
a’, Transverse discal white band
on underside of fore wing
showing through very con-
spicuously on upperside.... M. malsara, p. 64.
b’. Transverse discal band on
underside of fore wing not,
or only very faintly showing
through on upperside...... Race lepeha, p. 65.
6°. No ocelli on upperside of wings.. MM. malsarida, p. 63.
ce’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing stalked, well
ee apex of cell.
. Median ocellus on upperside of fore
wing broadly bordered with orange-
yellow above and on each side .... MM. patnia, p. 66.
6°. Median ocellus on upperside of fore
wing broadly bordered with pure
white above and on each side .... M. junonza, p. 67.
C. Males with sex-marks in Form 3.
a. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper-
side of hind wing placed at bases of
vein 1 and subcostal vein ............ M. mystes, p. 67.
6. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper-
side of hind wing placed one midway on
vein 1, the other at base of subcostal
VOR ie Cee aR undety ante an ah mnt M. surkha, p. 68.
47. Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Evot. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 86, Myca-
lesis, pl. 4, figs. 25, 26; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 106,
pl. 16, fig. 52 ce Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, Dp: 159,
pl. 55, figs. 1, ligt 38.
MYCALESIS. 53
Race radza.
Mycalesis radza, Moore, P. 7. 8S. 1877, p. 583, pl. 58, fig. 2g ; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 105; Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. 1,
1890-92, p. 160, pl. 55, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q.
Mycalesis manii, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 257, 2 ; Moore
(Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 161.
Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown, paler in
the 2 ; subterminal and terminal fine lines on both foreand hind
wings fulvescent ; cilia brown. Fore wing with an oblique white
preapical short band not quite reaching either the costa or the
termen. Underside: fore wing: basal area up to the white band,
and in a transverse line from lower end of band to dorsum,
blackish brown ; terminal margin beyond broadly paler brown; a
white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and
two preapical, smaller similar ocelli, followed by a very sinuous
subterminal and a straighter terminal dark brown line. Hind
wing: basal two-thirds blackish brown, terminal border broadly
paler, bearing normally seven ocelli similar to those on the fore
wing, and subterminal and terminal dark brown lines.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside as in the wet-season form.
Underside differs in the ocelli being more or less obsolescent, and
the subterminal and terminal dark lines on both fore and hind
wing absent or very faintly indicated ; the terminal margins are
broadly rufescent brown, fading inwardly into lilacine, the oblique
white bar on the fore wing outwardly diffuse. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown; the antenne ochraceous towards
apex. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. & 2 51-60 mm. (2-2°35"),
Hab. Sikhim, eastwards through the hill-ranges to Assam,
Cachar, Burma and Tenasserim. Also in Southern India, the
Nilgiris ; Travancore.
Race radza, Moore.— Only the ocellated form is known. This
resembles the wet-season form of typical anawias, but on the
upperside of the fore wing there is a large white-pupilled fulvous-
ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar ocellus
just beyond the white preapical bar. On the upperside of the
hind wing there is a large similar ocellus in interspace 2. Underside
uniform brown, the broad pale terminal area on the fore wing barely
indicated, the upper of the two preapical ocelli much the larger.
Kap. 3 2 50-54 mm. (1°95-2°12").
Hab. The Andamans.
Var, mani, Doherty.—Like the race radza, but the preapical,
oblique, white band on the fore wing is much broader and longer,
nearly touching the costa and termen at each end. Underside:
fore and hind wings paler brown, the preapical ocelli on fore
wing enclosed in the same fulvescent ring. Hind wing “has
a broad dull violet band across the dise unmarked with white, its
inner border nearly straight.”
Exp. g 57 mm. (2°28").
Hab. The Nicobars.
54 NYMPHALIDA.
48. Mycalesis adamsoni, Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896,
p. 640, pl. A, fig. 1 2.
3. Upperside very dark brown; fore and hind wings with
subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with the termen
anteriorly broadly but very obscurely paler, the colour extended
obliquely to the costa above the apex, the ocelli of the underside
showing very faintly through. Hind wing uniform. Underside:
basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wings very dark brown, the
outer margin of this colour sharply defined, on tore wing slightly
oblique from costa to vein 4, thence vertical and sinuous to
dorsum; beyond this an obscure broad lilac transverse band,
carrying on the fore wing a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, small,
black median ocellus and four smaller anterior ocelli, the apical
and lower of these mere minute dots; on the hind wing a curved
series of seven similar ocelli, the third from the tornus the
largest, the rest subequal. Termen of wings beyond the line
of ocelli slightly ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal dark
lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Male
sex-mark in form 1.— 2. Very similar; apical and terminal area of
fore wing on the upperside distinctly paler, a preapical short white
band, not so oblique as in M. anaazas, but curving downwards
vertically. Another 2 resembles the ¢ precisely, having no white
preapical band.
Hap. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°13-2°3").
Hab. Upper Burma.
49. Mycalesis anaxioides, Marshall, in M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 107 ; Moore (Samundra), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 162, pl.255,
figs. 3,38 a, 5 Q
3 Q. Upperside vandyke-brown, darkest on the disc of [the
fore wing; a broad preapical, oblique, slightly arched white
band as in W/. anavias, and a terminal dark line on both fore and
hind wing. Inthe @ there is also a large black white-pupilled
fulvescent-ringed ocellus below the terminal or lower end of the
white band, and on the hind wing traces of another ocellus near
the tornus. Underside: ground-colour similar to that in MW. anawias,
with a dark basal and terminal paler area, the latter bearing in
the wet-season form a series of ocelli on both fore and hind wing,
four on the fore, seven on the hind wing. In the dry-season form
the ocelli are nearly obsolete, represented by mere black dots, and
the outer paler border more clearly demarcated, of a lilacine white
suffused with brown; outer margin of the preapical white band on
the fore wing diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull
brown, paler beneath; the antennz somewhat ochraceous. Male
sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 2 58-70 mm. (2°3-2°78").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim.
MYCALESIS. 55
50. Mycalesis charaka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 566; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109; Moore (Sadarga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 166, pl. 57, fies. 1, la-le,2 ,2a, dQ.
Sadarga oculata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1880, p. 158; M.S de N.
(Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109.
Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown ; the
terminal margins narrowly paler; fore and hind wings with a
slender terminal dark brown line ; fore wing with a large white-
centred fulvous-ringed median and a very much smaller similar
preapical ocellus. Hind wing uniform. Underside paler; terminal
half ochraceous brown, paler than basal half, the latter bordered
by a straight dark line followed by an ochraceous-white trans-
verse band diffuse on the outer side ; fore wing with the two ocelli
as on the upperside and a third ocellus in interspace 6. Hind
wing normally with seven similar ocelli; third from tornus the
largest, fourth very small, sometimes absent ; fore and hind wings
with sinuous dark brown subterminal and terminal lines. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white,
club dark brown, ochraceous at apex.
Dry-season form.— g 2. Differs from the wet-season form only in
the ocelli being reduced to mere white-centred black specks, and the
subterminal and terminal lines being more evenly curved and form-
ing slender lunules between the veins. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Hap. 3 2 55-62 mm. (2°15-2°45"),
Hab. N.Ki. Himalayas, through Assam, Cachar to Burma.
51. Mycalesis sanatana (Pl. II, fig. 7), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.
&. I. C. i, 1857, p. 281; M. §& de N. Buti. Ind. i, 1883, p. 108 ;
Moore (Gareris), Fite Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 164, pl. 56, figs. 1-1 b,
2-25, 5 2.
Mycalesis gopa, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p.501; M.&
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 107.
Wet-season form.— § 2. Upperside vandyke-brown, terminal
margins of both fore and hind wing narrowly paler, marked with
a subterminal dark slender line. Fore wing normally with a
large white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2,
and a smaller similar ocellus in interspace 5, but sometimes the
anterior ocellus is absent, or there are one or two additional
similar ocelli above and below it. Hind wing uniform. Underside:
basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing dark brown, sharply de-
fined and bordered by an outwardly diffuse pinkish transverse band
followed by a series of five ocelli on the fore, seven on the hind
wing, similar to the ocelli on the upperside, but placed on a light
brown background. Succeeding these there are a sinuous trans-
verse and outer subterminal and terminal slender dark brown lines.
Dry-season form.— 3 9. Upperside similar to that in the wet-
season form, but the pale terminal margins of the wings broader.
Underside: basal two-thirds of the wings dark, terminal third
light umber-brown. Basal portion crossed by two darker brown
lines and bounded by a slightly arched line of the same colour,
followed by an outwardly diffuse pinkish band, and a series of
56 ; NYMPHALID#.
ocelli as in the wet-season form, only the ocelli are nearly obsolete
or minute. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the
antennee ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 1.
Exp. 3 2 48-64 mm. (1:9-2°5").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Khdsi Hills in
Assam ; the hills in Burma and Tenasserim.
52. Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii, 1864, p. 89, Mycalesis,
pl. 6, figs. 36, 37, d ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 110
footnote; Moore (Suralaya), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 217, pl. 73,
TOS) 2.2 Gd, 2/0, 2
3. Upperside brownish purple ; fore and hind wings with pale
slender subterminal and terminal lines. Fore wing with the
ocelli of the underside showing through. Hind wing uniform
brown, medially glossed with dull purple. Underside: basal two-
thirds of fore and hind wings vandyke-brown crossed by a transverse
sinuous darker line; outer third of wings much paler, a post-
median purplish transverse band diffuse outwardly, bearing a
series of white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore,
seven on the hind wing, the latter placed in a slight curve; on
fore wing the posterior ocellus and on hind wing the third from
the tornus the largest; beyond the ocelli subterminal zigzag and
terminal slightly sinuous slender dark lines. Sex-marks in form 2.
Female similar to the ¢, but upperside somewhat dull vandyke-
brown ; underside paler than in the 3, with a broader transverse
purplish band; fore wing with six ocelli. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown; club of antenns ochraceous at apex, dark
brown below.
Exp. & 2 55-58 mm. (2°19-2°3").
Hab. Recorded only from the Naga Hills and from Tenasserim
within our limits ; spread through the Malay Peninsula.
The succeeding five or six forms belonging to Moore’s genus
Fig. 16.—Underside fore wings of Mycalesis, showing secondary sex-mark of
specialized scales. A. M. perseus, Fabr. B. M. mineus, Linn.
C. M. subdita, Moore. D. M. visala, Moore.
Calysisme are very closely allied. M. perseus, I think, can always
be recognized in both sexes by the disposition of the ocelli on the
MYCALESIS. 57
underside of the hind wing, which is constant; but of the others
only the males can be separated with any certainty by the shape,
size, and colour of the secondary sex-marks on the underside of
the fore wing. In the long series of females that I have examined,
_ [have been unable to find a single constant character by which to
distinguish one form from the other. Mr. de Nicéville considered
it probable that they interbred ; in which case it is quite possible
that there is only one form, of which the males possess varying
secondary sexual characters, that are, however, constant in certain
series.
53. Mycalesis perseus, Fubr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 488; ML. &
de N. Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 120, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 174, pl. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-1d, & 2, 2a-2e, SQ.
_ Mycalesis blasius, Fubr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798, p. 426; Butler,
P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 720, tig. 4 5 ; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1880, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1,
1883, p. 115, pl. 16, fig. 55 ¢.
Myealesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 288, 3.
Wet-season form.— do 2. Upperside dark to somewhat pale
vandyke-brown. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed,
black ocellus in interspace 2, and rarely a very small but similar
ocellus in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, occasionally two or
three postmedian obscure ocelli present. Fore and hind wings
with subterminal and _ terminal
palelines. Underside: the ground-
colour, subterminal and terminal
lines on the wings as on upper-
side, but crossed by a common
purplish- white narrow discal
fascia. Fore wing with from two
to four, hind wing normally with
: ‘ seven ocelli, similar to, but more
1S 7 ae iiaras eae ee °*" clearly defined than, the ocelli
A. Mycalesis mineus, Linn. on the upperside ; on both wings
» _perseus, Fabr. the line of ocelli bordered in-
wardly and outwardly by sinuous
purplish-white lines. On the hind wing only the three posterior
ocelli in a straight line (fig. 17, B), the rest strongly curved out-
wards. In the 9 the median or posterior ocellus on tbe upperside
of the fore wing is always larger than in the ¢.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet-
season form, the median ocellus generally smaller. Underside
brown, more or less suffused with purple and irrorated with darker
brown minute transverse strige; the transverse discal band:obscure,
often merely indicated by black dots at the veins, occasionally
bordered outwardly by an ochraceous diffuse band. Ocelli obso-
lescent, but when present as mere minute dots their arrangement
on the hind wing is as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen brown; antennze sometimes cinereous white
on the sides with the apex black. Male sex-marks in form 2, but
58 NYMPHALIDA.
ae on the underside of the fore wing small (about 2 mm. long) and
ack.
Exp. 3 9 42-54 mm. (1°68-2°1").
Hab. I have examined specimens from the Himalayas, Kangra
to Sikhim aud Bhutan; from Bengal, Southern India and Ceylon.
This form is fairly common throughout Burma and Tenasserim ; it
extends to China and far into the Malayan Subregion.
o4. Mycalesis mineus (PI. II, fiv. 8, wet-season form—underside),
Innn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. 1, 1767, p. 768; M. § de N. Butt. Ind.
i, 1883, p. 117, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 183, pl. 60, figs. 1, Lla-lf, ¢ Q. :
Papilio drusia, otrea, et mamerta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 84,
figs. C, D, 2 ; iv, 1780, pl. 314, figs. A, B, & pl. 326, fig. D, 9.
Calysisme subfasciata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 8;
M. & de N. (Mycalesis, var. of mineus) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 122.
Calysisme nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1891, p. 187.
Race polydecta. (Pl. LI, fig. 9, dry-season form—underside.)
Papilio polydecta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 144, figs. E, F, 9;
Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 180, 181, pl. 61,
fies. 1, la-Lh, & pl. 62, figs.1, la-lz, ¢ Q.
Papilio justina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1780, pl. 326, fig. C, 2.
Calvsisme drusia, perseus, et mineus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 20,
pl..11, figs. 3, 3a, o.; p. 21, pl. 12, figs: 1, 1a, 6 situps 224 pee
fies. 4,4a,46, dQ.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; fore
and hind wings with slender subterminal and terminal pale lines.
Fore wing with a single white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus,
generally set in a square pale area, in interspace 2, oecasionally a
similar smaller ocellus without any pale surrounding area in
interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, sometimes with one or two
obscure postmedian ocelli. Underside: ground-colour similar ;
fore and hind wings crossed by a transverse dusky-wnite discal
band, well-defined inwardly, diffuse outwardly, followed by a post-
discal series of ocelli surrounded by a dusky-yellowish, sometimes
purplish-white, line; the ocelli are similar to the ocelli on the
upperside, and vary from two to four on the fore and from five
to seven (the preapical two being sometimes obsolescent) on the
hind wing; of these latter the posterior four, not three as in
M. perseus, are in a straight line; finally, beyond the rows of ocelli
on both wings there are pale or purplish-white subterminal and
terminal sinuous lines.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet-
season form, but paler. Underside from ochraceous brown to
dusky brown of a darker shade; basal half of the wings conspi-
cuously darker than the outer portions ; the whole surface irro-
rated with fine brown striz ; sometimes a distinct dark discal band
crosses both wings; ocelli nearly obsolete, indicated by minute
white specks, the posterior four on the hind wing in a straight line
as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown; the club of the antennze with black and ochraceous marks.
MYCALESIS, 59
Male sex-mark in form 1 as in M. perseus, but the patch of specia-
lized scales on the underside of the fore wing half as large again.
Exp. 3 2? 48-46 mm. (1-9-2°2"). |
Hab. The Himalayas at low elevations from Kulu to Sikhim ;
and eastwards through Assam and Cachar to Burma and Tenas-
serim ; recorded from Bengal.
Var. subfasciata, Moore, a common form, has the terminal
margins of both fore and hind wing broadly pale.
Var. nicobarica, Moore, very closely resembles typical mieus,
but on the whole is darker, with the transverse discal band on the
underside of the wings more brownish white.
Race polydecta, Cramer.— ¢ @. The southern representative
of VM. mineus, which it closely resembles in both seasonal forms.
Occasional specimens have the yellow ring encircling the large
median ocellus on the upperside of the fore wing very much
broader than in any specimen of IM. mineus that I have seen;
others, the females especially, have the transverse discal band on
the underside much broader and pure white, not brownish or
dusky ; others, again, of the dry-season form have the ground-
colour on the underside more strongly suffused with purple;
but there are no constant characters by which this race may be
distinguished from M. mineus. The male sex-marks are precisely
similar to those of MW. mineus.
Exp. 3 2 48-56 mm. (1°9-2°2").
Hab. Central Provinces southwards to Travancore and in Ceylon.
Recorded on the west coast of India up to the latitude of Bombay,
and on the east to Calcutta (? true mineus).
59. Mycalesis perseoides, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p- 179, pl. 60, figs. 2-26, 5 ©.
Calysisme intermedia, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 187.
3 2. This form closely resembles J/. mineus, in both wet- and
dry-season specimens. As in that form, the disposition of the
ocelli on the underside of the hind wing separates it from MM.
perseus. From M. mineus it differs in the male sex-mark on the
underside of the fore wing, which is longer, broader and ochraceous
brown, not black in colour.
Exp. & 2 44-56 mm. (1°75-2°2”).
Hab. Typically from Burma and Tenasserim, but the variety
noted below from 8. India, Mysore.
From Kathlekan, in Mysore, there is in the British Museum
Collection a series of what I take to be a variety of this form.
The specimens (all males) belong to the dry-season form. They
are uniformly smaller than typical perseordes, and differ on the
upperside of the fore wing in the very broad pale iris surrounding
the median ocellus, and on the underside of the same wing in the
margin of the darker basal portion of the wing being prominently
concave just above the dorsal margin. The male sex-mark on the
underside of the fore wing is larger than that of M. mineus but
resembles it in colour. I have been unable to separate even as a
variety WM. intermedia, Moore, from M. perseoides, Moore.
60 NYMPHALID®.
06. Mycalesis subdita, Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 194, pl. 65, figs. 1, la-1h, o 9.
3 §. Closely resembles in both seasonal forms MW. mineus. The
3 can be discriminated by the sex-mark on the underside of the
fore wing: this is brown or ochraceous brown as in MM. perseoides,
but very much longer and broader, extending to but not going
beyond the transverse band crossing the wings (fig. 16, C.)
Exp. & 2 48-60 mm. (1:9-2°35”").
Hab. Ceylon; 8. India, Travancore.
57. Mycalesis visala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 230;
ad. (Calysisme) Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 189, pl. 63, figs. 1,
la-lh, 3 2,& pl. 64, figs. 1, la-12z, 5 Q, larva & pupa.
Mycalesis mineus, pt., M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 117.
Mycalesis perseus, var. visala et var. indistans, M. § de N. Butt.
Ind. 1, 1883, p. 121, pl. 16, fig. 52, & p. 122.
Race andamana.
Mycalesis drusia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 583, pt.
Calysisme andamana, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196, pl. 56,
figs. 1, La-ld, ¢ Q.
3 2. In colour and the markings on the wings both seasonal
forms of JV. visala closely resemble those of MW. mineus. On the
whole, however, VM. visala runs larger, and as a rule both sexes
(in the continental form, not in the insular race) can be
discriminated from the males and females of allied forms by the
shape of the fore wing. This is, as a rule, produced and acute
at apex, with the termen below sharply transverse. The males,
moreover, have the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing
rather bright ochraceous and very long, extending beyond the
transverse bands crossing the wings (fig. 16, D, p. 56).
Eep. S$ Q 52-61 mm. (2:05-2°4").
Hab. Recorded from Kumaun, Sikhim, Bhutan, Bengal, the
Central Provinces, and South India. Hastwards, MW. visala has
been sent from the Néga Hilis, and is spread generally through
Burma and Tenasserim.
Race andamana, Moore. ¢ 2. Male sex-mark on the under-
side of the fore wing as in M. visala. Shape of wings much
more rounded in both seasonal forms of both sexes; in this
closely resembling MZ. mineus, but the ground-colour of the wings
is darker and the ocelli proportionately larger. Disposition of
the ocelli apparently quite constant. Upperside: fore wing—two
ocelli, the posterior the larger; hind wing—-none in the d, an
obscure one in the 2. Underside: both sexes, fore wing with two,
hind wing with seven ocelli; the posterior four of the latter
disposed as in M. mineus.
Exp. $ 52-58 mm, (2°05-2°27").
Hab. The Andamans.
MYCALESIS. ; 61
58. Mycalesis rama, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196,
pl. 57, figs. 3, 3a, 3. ;
Wet-season form.—d. Upperside deep umber-brown, quite
different from the dull vandyke-brown of M. mineus and allies ;
subterminal and terminal lines on the wings very indistinct.
Fore wing with two white-centred fulvous-ringed ocelli; the
posterior much the larger. Hind wing with a small similar
ocellus in interspace 2. Underside paler and brighter, the basal
two-thirds darker than the terminal third, its outer margin
sharply defined by a dark brown fine line ; apical third somewhat
ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal slender brown lines.
Fore wing with two, hind wing with seven ocelli, similar to the
three on the upperside ; on the hind wing the ocelli are placed in
a curve, the subtornal two and apical ocelli the largest, the tornal
and preapical two very small, somewhat indistinct. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown; the antenne bright
ochraceous at apex. Sex-mark in form 2, on the underside of
the fore wing composed of greyish specialized scales difficult to
see against the nacreous background.
Exp. 3 56 mm. (2:22").
Hab. Ceylon.
59. Mycalesis adolphei, Gwérin (Satyrus), Delessert, Voy. dans I’ Inde,
vt, ii, 1843, p. 76; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 123;
Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 210, pl. 71, figs. 1,
la-le 3 Q.
3 Q. Upperside dark umber-brown.
Fore wing with a large, white-centred,
fulvous-ringed black median ocellus and
a white-centred preapical much smaller
black spot. Hind wing uniform, a post-
median series of from two to four white-
centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, sub-
equal and smaller than the posterior
ocellus on the fore wing. Underside:
ground-colour similar, but irrorated with
obscure transverse striz of a deeper
Fig. 18.—-Mycalesis brown ; the terminal margins of both fore
SOMONE and hind wings very broadly paler; the
dark basal portion of the wings sharply defined by a very dark
brown line; a postmedian series on both wings of rather small
white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli—two on the fore wing,
a median and a preapical; seven, placed in a slight curve, on the
hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark umber-
brown, paler beneath. Male sex-mark of form 2, the patch of
specialized scales on both foreand hind wing very small; the nacreous
area surrounding the specialized scales on the underside of the fore
wing very pale brown.
Exp. & @ 53-58 mm. (2°1-2°3").
Hab. S. India; the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills.
62 2 NYMPHALID A.
60. Mycalesis oculus (Pl). II, fig. 10), Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1880,
p. 247; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124, pl. 16, fig. 53 9;
Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 211, pl. 71, figs. 2,
2a-2¢, 5 9.
3 2. Resembles M. adolphei, Guér. Upperside: fore wing—
median ocellus very much larger, encircled with a much broader
ring of rich orange-red, which is conspicuously broad anteriorly
and preduced upwards towards the costa; ground-colour beyond
apex of cell, and of the whole apex and termen broadly, not
uniform with that at the base of the wing, but much darker; the
preapical ocellus inconspicuous. Underside dark ochraceous red
or brown, the dark basal portion of both fore and hind wing
bordered outwardly by a yellowish band sharply defined on the
inner side, diffuse outwardly ; median ocellus on fore and sub-
tornal ocellus on hind wing proportionately larger than in M.
adolpher. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in M. adolphei.
Male sex-mark in form 2, but the patch of specialized scales
on the underside of the fore wing very small and incon-
spicuous against the nacreous background, which is very dark ;
the pencil of hair over the specialized scales on the hind wing
very small.
Hep. 3 2 54-60 mm. (2:13-2°38").
Hab. 8. India; Cochin ; Travancore.
61. Mycalesis mnasicles, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1864, Mycalesis,
pl. 5, figs. 32,33, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 126,
pl. 16, fig. 51; Moore (Culapa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 199,
plGiG tigssh aoe.
3 2. Upperside pale vandyke-brown; base and disc in fore
wing and the whole of the hind wing, costal and terminal margins
excepted, suffused with bright ochraceous. Fore wing with a
remarkably large, white-centred, brightly ochraceous-ringed median,
and a very much smaller white-centred subapical ocellar spot, the
latter wanting the ochraceous iris. Hind wing with a postmedian
fulvous-ringed non-pupilled black spot. Underside pale pinkish
brown; fore and hind wings crossed by a broad darker band,
defined on both sides by a darker brown line, followed on the fore
wing by two or three subapical, on the hind wing by a curved
series of seven minute white-centred black ocelli; terminal
margin slightly darker, bordered inwardly by a zigzag brown line.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous brown ; club
of the antenne dark brown, ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark
in form 2.
Exp. & 2 70-76 mm. (2°75-2:93").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan
Subregion.
The largest of the Indian forms, unmistakable on account of its
size, and its broad triangular fore wing with a straight termen and
enormously large median ocellus.
MYCALESIS. 63
62. Mycalesis mestra, Hewitson Ev. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 79, Myca-
lesis, pl. 1, fig. 2; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124;
Moore (Pachama), ’ Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 200, pl. 67, figs. 2,
2 aiS
Race suaveolens.
Mycalesis suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.in M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i,
1883, p. 125; Moore (Pachama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 201,
Supls 67, fies. 5, 3a, 5.
3 2. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown, the cilia conspicu-
ously white, the transverse white discal band of the underside
showing through on both fore and hind wing, but very plainly
on the latter. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed,
median, and a similar but much smaller subapical ocellus, the
latter very often absent; broad but faint and ill-defined sub-
terminal and terminal white lines. Hind wing: a subtornal
ocellus similar to those on the fore wing and much more
conspicuous; subterminal and terminal whitish lines. Underside:
eround-colour similar ; basal half of wings closely irrorated with
pale transverse striz; a conspicuous white discal band, inwardly
sharply defined, outwardly diffused, followed by series of ocelli
similar to the ocelli on the upperside, a median and two subapical
on the fore wing, three subapical and three tornal on the hind wing :
the number of these ocelli is variable, sometimes one or more
additional ocelli are present, often one or more are lacking on the
hind wing; finally, the subterminal and terminal white bands as
on the upperside but better defined. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white, ochraceous at
apex. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Exp. 3 Q 66-78 mm. (2°6-3").
Hab. Bhutan, Assam, the Khasi Hills.
Race suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.—Closely resembles MW. mestra,
but differs constantly as follows:— dg Q. Upperside: ground-
colour a brighter, more ruddy brown; cilia white tinged with
ochraceous; the discal, subterminal and terminal bands on the
underside showing through much more faintly than in MW. mestra ;
the number of ocelli very variable. Underside: basal area uniform,
with no trace of the pale transverse strie; white discal band
narrower, subterminal and terminal bands brownish white.
Exp. 3 2 74-78 mm. (2°85-3").
Hab. Described originally from Cachar; extends eastwards to
the Chin Hills in Burma and westwards to Sikhim and Bhutan.
63. Mycalesis malsarida, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868,
p. 184, pl. 3, fig. 14; MW. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 127 ;
Moore (Kabanda), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 212, pl. 72, figs. 1, la,
lope
Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside uniform dark vandyke-
brown, slightly paler towards apex of fore wing and with somewhat
64. NYMPHALIDA.
obscure subterminal pale lines. Underside similar, but shading
into purplish towards the apex of the fore and terminal margins
of both fore and hind wings; the wings crossed by a common
pale purplish transverse band followed by a series of white-centred,
tulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore and seven on the hind
wing, the series bordered on both sides by slender irregular
sinuous purple lines, beyond which are subterminal and terminal
paler purple lines. Sometimes one or two of the ocelli are absent.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-mark in
form 2.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet-
season form but paler. Underside more purplish towards terminal
margins of the wings ; the transverse band narrower, not so well-
defined ; the ocelli more or less obsolete, reduced to mere specks ;
subterminal and terminal lines ochraceous. The rest as in the
wet-season form.
Exp. & Q 50-54 mm. (2-2°12"),.
Hab. Assam, Khasi and Naga Hills; Cachar.
64. Mycalesis malsara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
931; MM. & de .N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883.) p.7 123) onre
(Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 202, pl. 68, figs. 1, la—Le,
can rudis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 166; M. & de N.
(Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 180.
Race \epcha.
Samanta lepcha, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 167, 6; M. &
de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 180; Moore, Lep. Ind.
i, 1890-92, p. 204, pl. 68, figs. 2, 2a, d.
Samanta bethami, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 205, pl. 68,
fir. 4g.
See aay Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 206, pl. 68,
fio. 3 dg. H
Wet-season form.— ¢ 9. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown ;
cilia whitish brown; the discal transverse white bar on the under-
side of the wings showing through very clearly, more distinctly
on the fore than on the hind wing ; followed on both wings by two
or three dark pale-ringed, generally non-pupilled ocelli, and sub-
terminal and terminal pale slender lines. Underside: ground-
colour darker, the discal white bar and terminal slender line as on
the upperside, but the former clear and well-defined inwardly,
diffuse outwardly ; fore wing with four, hind wing with seven
white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocelli; the rows of ocelli
bordered on both sides by narrow crescentic pale purpurescent
marks forming somewhat irregular lines; subterminal line
similar, lunular. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ;
club of the antenne ochraceous, marked with black on the inner
side. Male sex-mark in form 2.
Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Upperside similar but paler; the
ocelli, especially on the hind wing, obscure or absent; the transverse
MYCALESIS. 65
white discal band on the wings seen by transmission from the
underside narrow and very obscure. Underside: basal areas of
wings up to the discal white band dark brown in the ¢,, ochraceous
brown in the 9 ; the discal white band very narrow and
ochraceous white; the terminal margins beyond purpurescent ;
ocelli minute; both fore and hind wings irrorated with short,
transverse, brown striz.
Exp. 3 2 50-56 mm. (1°95-2°2”),
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; hills of
Burma and Tenasserim.
Race lepcha, Moore.— ¢ 9. The North-West Himalayan and
Southern Indian race of .. malsara, closely resembling it in both
the wet- and dry-season forms. It differs in having the transverse
discal band crossing both wings very much narrower and not
showing through at all on the upperside ; the ocelli are very much
smaller and more obsolescent. Underside in the dry-season form
irrorated as in M. malsara with short, transverse, dark brown striez.
Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm. (2°2-2°28").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kulu, Kangra, Mussoorie ; varieties
differing slightly from the typical form are also found in the
Central Provinces and the Anaimalai Hills, and have been named
hethamé and davisoni respectively, by Moore.
65. Mycalesis nicotia, Hewitson, in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. 1851, p. 394, pl. 66, fig. 4 9 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 129; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 306, pl. ix, fig. 5 9;
Moore (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 206, pl. 69, figs. 1,
lalf, SQ.
Mycalesis langi, de Nicéville,in M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1888, p. 180.
Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside vandyke-brown. Fore wing
with one very large, white-centred, fulvous-ringed median, and
one, more rarely two, similar smaller subapical ocelli. Hind
wing with one or two small similar ocelli. Fore and hind wings
with subterminal and terminal pale lines. Underside pale brown,
much paler in 9 than in ¢ ; the basal area of the wings irrorated
with transverse brown strie up to a common transverse inwardly
sharply-defined discal white band; beyond this, a series of ocelli
similar to the ocelli on the upperside, four on the front wing, the
median ocellus being the largest, seven on the hind wing, the
third from the tornus and the apical ocelli being the largest ;
terminal margins of wings slightly purpurescent, crossed by an
inner and an outer subterminal and a terminal slender dark brown
line, the subterminal lines being more or less zigzag and sinuous.
Cilia of both fore and hind wing pale. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown; antennz ochraceous at apex. Male sex-
mark in form 2, the tuft of hair overlying the specialized scales on
the upperside of the hind wing black.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Similar. Differs in the ground-colour
of the underside having a more ochraceous tint, the ocelli much
VOL. I. F
66 NYMPHALID ZA.
reduced in size or obsolescent, and the inner of the two sub-
terminal lines being more or less obscure and faintly marked.
Exp. & 2 62-74 mm. (2°33-2:9").
Hab. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikhim; Assam, the
Khasi and Naga Hills; Burma.
66. Mycalesis misenus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. iv, 1889,
p. 164, pl. A, fig. 8; Moore (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 208; pl. 70; fies. 1; 1a, 16, So 2.
3 2. Very close to M. nicotia. Differs only in the conspicu-
ously darker ground-colour of the underside, in having the tuft of
hairs that overlies the sexual patch of specialized scales on the
upperside of the hind wing in the ¢ brown not black, and in the
sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing being larger and
much paler in colour. These differences, slight as they are, seem
constant through a series.
Exp. $ 2 50 mm. (nearly 2").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, the Khasi Hills.
Only the wet-season ocellated form of this species has been
recorded.
67. Mycalesis heri, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 233;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 128; Moore (Samanta), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 208, pl. 70, figs. 2,24@,26, 3 9.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. This form closely resembles M. nicotia,
but the males in all the specimens I have seen entirely want the
elandular secondary sexual mark on the underside of the fore
wing, and both sexes have from two to four complete ocelli on the
upperside of the hind wing. In MM. nicotia there is generally but
one ocellus, when two are present the anterior ocellus is much the
smaller; whereas when two ocelli only are present on the hind
wing of J. heri they are always subequal. As in M. misenus, the
tuft of hairs covering the sex-mark of specialized scales on the
upperside of the hind wing in the males is pale brown, not black.
Dry-season form.— $. Mr. Doherty records (J. A. 8. B. 1886,
p. 115):—‘“*I have also the dry-season form, one ¢ taken at
Jhulaghat 2000 feet, lacking the ocelli below, but otherwise
similar.”
Exp. 3 Q@ 64-70 mm. (2°45-2°75").
Hab. Recorded from Kumaun and Bhutan.
68. Mycalesis patnia (Pl. LI, fig. 11), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
} 1857, p. 232; ad. (Nissanga) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 238, pl. 12,
Bos, 2, 2a, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 181; Moore
(Nissanga), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 215, pl. 72, figs. 2, 2 a—2d,
Se
3 . Upperside dark umber-brown slightly suffused with ochraceous.
Fore and hind wings with bright ochraceous-yellow, slender sub-
terminal and terminal lines; cilia pale brown. Fore wing with a
MYCALESIS. 67
large median and a much smaller subapical white-centred black
ocellus, each with an orange-yellow iris, the upper portion of the
iris round the median ocellus very broad, the lower incomplete
and a more or less triangular orange-yellow discal patch. Hind
wing uniform, with two very small fulvous-ringed black ocelli.
Underside deep ochraceous yellow, subterminal and terminal lines
as on the upperside ; fore and hind wing crossed near base by a
darker ochraceous-yellow line, followed by a silvery discal band,
beyond which there are two ocelli as on the upperside, but each
encircled also by an outer silvery ring; and on the hind wing a
curved series of seven similar ocelli having a silvery band bordering
them on both sides, the third and fourth ocelli from tornus
together and the. apical ocellus by itself placed on a brighter
ochraceous patch encircled with black. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown, somewhat ochraceous beneath. Sex-mark in
form 2.— @. Similar, more strongly suffused with ochraceous on
the upperside; the orange-yellow patch on the fore wing larger,
spreading to the base of the wing; no ocelli on the hind wing.
Underside as in the ¢, but of a brighter ochraceous yellow; basal
area of both fore and hind wing crossed by two darker yellow
bands, and the discoidal cell of the fore wing with an interior
loop of the same colour.
Exp. 3 2 42-54 mm. (1°7-2°15").
Hab. Ceylon.
69. Mycalesis junonia (Pl. II, fig. 12), Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus.
1868, p. 146, pl. 3, fig. 4; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 132,
pl. 16, tig. 57 $ ; Moore (Nissanga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 216,
pl. 73, figs. 1, 1a,18, $9.
3 2. Close to M. patnia, but on the upperside of a duller
brown ; the median ocellus on the fore wing encircled with pure
white ; no discal patch, or merely faint traces of one. Underside :
markings similar to those in M. patnia, but altogether ef a duller
and browner shade, without any general ochraceous tint, a large
bright ochraceous spot posteriorly on the hind wing inthe ¢. The
median ocellus on the fore wing broadly encircled with white. .
Male sex-marks in form 2.
Exp. 3 2 44-52 mm. (1°75-2°05").
Hab. The hills of Southern India.
70. Mycalesis mystes, de Nicéville (subgen. Myrtilus), Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 348, pl. F, figs. 1 & 2; Moore (Myrtilus),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 221.
Wet-season form.— ¢ . Upperside brown, terminal margins broadly
paler, the transverse discal white fascia showing through faintly
on both fore and hind wing ; subterminal and terminal pale yellow
slender lines on both wings, more distinct on the hind wing.
Fore wing with a single white-centred, pale-ringed, median black
ocellus. Underside: ground-colour similar, a pure white transverse
E2
68 NYMPHALIDA,
discal fascia on both fore and hind wings, followed by a series of
ocelli similar to the ocellus on the upperside ; fore wing with four
ocelli, the anterior three small, all encircled by a single slender
yellowish line; hind wing with seven ocelli also encircled by a
similar outer line; subterminal and terminal lines as on the
upperside.
Dry-season form.— 3 . Upperside similar. Underside ochraceous,
basal area darker than outer portions of wings, and crossed by a
still darker brown, transverse, somewhat obscure line followed by
a white transverse discal band, and beyond by a series of nearly
obsolete ocelli represented by mere silvery specks, encircled by a
dark sinuous line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Sex-mark in form 3, the posterior patch of specialized scales on
upperside of hind wing placed near the base of vein 1.
Exp. & 50 mm. (2”).
Hab. Recorded from the Yaw district of Upper Burma.
71. Mycalesis surkha (Pl. I, fig. 13), Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1882,
p- 37, pl. 4, fig. 1; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 183; Moore
(Loesa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 219, pl. 73, fig. 3 g.
Wet-season form.— S. Upperside bright rufous-brown, the
apex of the fore wing somewhat broadly and the terminal margins
of both wings more narrowly dusky black. Fore wing with a
small black pale-ringed median ocellus ; rarely one or two smaller
similar subapical ocelli. Hind wing uniform. Both fore and hind
wings with subterminal and terminal lines and the cilia brown.
Underside dark rich umber-brown. Fore and hind wing crossed
by a slightly curved purplish band, with slender subterminal
and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with two, a median and an
apical, hind wing with seven white-centred fulvous-ringed ocelli ;
the latter placed in a strong outward curve. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen bright rufous-brown, paler beneath. Sex-
mark in form 3, the posterior patch of specialized scales on the
upperside of the hind wing on middle of vein 1 a.— Q . Upperside
similar to the upperside in the ¢, but paler, the ground-colour
not so bright. Underside also paler than in the 3, the transverse
band broader; the ocelli bordered by pale irregular lines almost
encircling them; the apical ocellus on the fore wing sometimes
conjoined with a smaller ocellus above and below it, the sub-
terminal line on both fore and hind wing zigzag, the rest similar.
Dry-season form.— 3 Q . Similar, slightly darker ; the ocelli more
or less reduced in size, but I have not seen any specimen that has
them obsolescent or even reduced to specks.
Exp. 3 2 56-60 mm. (2°2-2°39").
Hab. Recorded so far only from the Tenasserim Hills.
This form is the representative race of the Javan MW. oroatis,
Hewitson, from which it differs but slightly in the narrower dark
margins to the wings.
ORSOTRIGNA. 69
Genus ORSOTRIENA.
Mycalesis, pt., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 55.
Orsotricena, Wallengren, Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xv (1858),
p. 79; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 168.
Type, O. meda, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
$6 2. Fore wing broadly trian-
gular ; costa arched ; apex rounded ;
termen and dorsum nearly straight ;
tornus well-marked ; vein 12 swollen
only at base, 11 and 10 emitted be-
fore apex of cell, lower discocellular
bent inwards. Hind wing broadly
ovate, costa and termen slightly
arched ; apex distinet, dorsum nearly
straight; vein 4 emitted before lower
apex of cell. Head, thorax and
abdomen slender ; antenne gradually
clavate ; palpi erect, third joint
Fig. 19.—Orsotriena meda. rather long cylindrical, bare, basal
Underside. two with long stiff porrect hairs.
a. Head and antenna. 3. Sex-mark a pencil of long hairs
covering a fold on fore wing above vein 1, two recumbent pencils
of hair on hind wing covering patch of specialized scales on each
side of median vein.
72. Orsotriena meda, Fudr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 488;
M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 111; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 168 & 169, pl. 58, figs. 1, la, 1b,& 2, SQ.
Papilio hesione, Crumer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 11, figs. C, D;
Wallengren (Orsotricena), Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xv, 1858,
. 80.
Mec ealeas runeka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 234;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 112, pl. 16, fig. 56 ¢.
Race mandata.
Mycalesis mandata, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 234;
id. (Orsotricena) Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 22, pl. 11, figs. 1, la;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 113; Davidson § Aitken, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 267, pl. A, figs. 1, la, larva &
pupa.
Mycalesis mandosa, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 189,
pl. 3, fig. 9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 118.
Wet-season form.— ¢ 2. Upperside uniform vandyke-brown to
blackish brown. Fore wing with a terminal, hind wing with
subterminal and terminal slender whitish lines. Underside darker
brown ; both wings with distinct subterminal and terminal slender
lines as above; a pure white, straight, transverse, narrow, discal
band attenuate at both ends, and beyond it a line of white-centred,
ochraceous and silvery-ringed black ocelli, two on the fore, three on
70 NYMPHALID®.
the hind wing; the apical ocellus on both wings the smallest, the
apical two on hind wing most often enclosed in the same inner
and outer rings. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ;
antennz speckled with white and ochraceous at apex.
Dry-season form.—Differs only in the ocelli and the subterminal
and terminal lines, sometimes the transverse white band also, on
the underside, being obsolescent.
Eup. 3 9 44-51 mm. (1°75-2").
Hab. The Punjab, Oudh, Dehra Dun, Bengal, Sikhim, and the
Central Provinces in Continental India ; and to the east the Naga
Hills, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan, the whole of Burma and Tenasserim,
and the Andaman and. Nicobar Islands. Found also southwards
in the Malayan Subregion.
Race mandata, Moore.—Differs from O. meda in the white
discal band on the underside being very much broader and pro-
portionately more attenuate apically. Often the apical ocellus on
the underside of both wings is in the wet-season form smaller
than in O. meda. ,
Eap. 3 2 47-55 mm. (1°85—2°15").
Hab. Southern India; Ceylon.
Larva. “ Spindle-shaped, transversely rugose and rough
two long setose spines on the head pointed forward and two
central spines. The colour above is rosy-red with a blue dorsal
and a white lateral line, below which the underparts are green.”
Pupa. “ Perpendicularly suspended, slender and regular, except
that the head-case is produced into a long beak formed of two
thin processes like split straws. Colour whitish brown, with faint
strie of a darker shade. It has much the look of a large grain of
barley” (Davidson & Aitken). Food-plant, “ Oryza sativa, Linn.”
(de Nicéville).
Genus CQLITES.
Ceelites, Botsduval, in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii,
1851, p. 367 :M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 100; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 228.
Type, C. nothis, Westw., from the “ East Indies.”
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Wings comparatively broad. Fore wing triangular, costa
evenly arched, apex somewhat produced but rounded ; termen in
3 strongly, in @ slightly concave; dorsum straight or slightly
concave ; cell over half length of wing; upper discocellular short,
middle directed obliquely inwards, lower obliquely outwards;
veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, vein 12 swollen at base.
Hind wing very broadly oval, anterior half of termen concave,
posterior half and the dorsal margin convex; tornus rounded ;
cell a little over haif length of wing; discocelluiars oblique ;
veins 3 and 4 stalked from a point well beyond apex of cell.
Antenne slender, a little over half length of fore wing, club very
C@LITES. 7.
long and gradual; palpi short, anteriorly densely scaled, without
porrect hairs; eyes naked; intermediate femora long, longer than
the tibie, not hairy beneath. The males bear a secondary sex-
mark consisting of a glandular patch covered by a tuft of long
hairs on the upperside of the hind wing, subapically on vein 1.
Three forms are recorded from India and Burma, of which one,
C. nothis, the type of the genus, has not, so far as I know, been
taken of late years, and may very possibly not come from within
our limits.
Key to the forms of Ccelites.
a. Ocelli on underside of hind wing very unequal
in size.
a’. Ground-colour of wings on underside pale
dull brown; postmedian transverse fascia
on hind wing diffuse, very broad, terminal
third of hind wing nearly cencolorous with
PES MOLMMMELSINC: oo sateen esa Gace sete: C. nothis, p. 71.
b'. Ground-colour of wings on underside dark
purplish brown; postmedian transverse
fascia on hind wine not diffuse, narrow ;
terminal third of hind wing brighter purple,
contrasting with rest of underside........ C. adamsoni, p. 72.
6. Ocelli on underside of hind wing subequal .... C. binghamt, p.72.
73. Celites nothis, Boisd. in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii,
1851, p. 368, pl. 66, fig. 22; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 101; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 229, pl. 75, fig. 2 ¢.
The following is Westwood’s description of the ¢ —‘ Wings
large, splendidly glossed with purple on the upperside..... On the
underside the basal half of the wing is dark brown, the apical
half paler, with a pinkish gloss, with several slender brown streaks
parallel with the apical margin (termen). The hind wings are
much darker brown than the upper, and are marked with five
ocelli varying in size, the second and outer one being the largest ;
they are black with a minute white pupil and a fulvous iris
surrounded by a narrow brown circle.”
No mention is made of any secondary sex-mark. A single 2
is in the British Museum Collection. ‘This has the upperside pale
dull brown; basal area of both fore and hind wing shot with
brilliant purple, both wings with an indistinct pale subterminal
line or band. Underside similar, paler ; basal area of wings dark
brown, a postmedian transverse sinuous diffuse broad fascia and
more clearly marked subterminal and terminal lines of dark brown
on both fore and hind wing; beyond the fascia on the hind wing
a curved series of five black ocelli, of which the apical and posterior
two are very large, the other two minute; each ocellus with a
white pupil, an inner ochraceous and outer brown ring. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen dull brown.
Exp. 2 80 mm. (3°2”).
Hab. East Indies.
V2, NYMPHALIDA,
74. Celites adamsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 229, pl. 75,
fies. l, la, ¢ Q.
3 Q. This form closely resembles (©. nothis, Westw., but the
ground-colour on both upper and under sides is a rich purple-
brown. On the underside the basal dark brown area extends
further towards the termen, the postmedian dark brown fascia is
very slender, distinct and not diffuse; on the hind wing the row
of ocelli is placed on a brown shaded area.
Lap. 5 2 67-72 mm. (2°64-2°85"),
Hab. So far recorded only from Bhamo, Upper Burma, where
several specimens were taken by Col. Adamson in September and
October.
75. Celites binghami, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 230, pl. 75,
fies. 3, 3a, S.
Ceelites epiminthia, M. § de N. (nec Westw.) Butt. Ind. i, 1885,
p: LOL, pl. 15, fie. dt.
3. Upperside rich purplish blue; on the fore wing, the costa,
the apex broadly, and the termen below the apex narrowly, and
on the hind wing the termen narrowly and the anal fold rich hair-
brown, slightly tinged with purplish on the apex of the fore wing.
Underside brown, basal four-fifths of both fore and hind wings
darker; a broad oblique, pale purplish, diffuse postmedian fascia,
two parallel subterminal lines and a terminal one dark brown:
hind wing with a curved row of five small subequal black ocelli ;
each ocellus minutely white-pupilled and surrounded by an ochra-
ceous iris and an outer dark brown ring. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown.— 2. Upperside similar to that of the dg,
but “having a conspicuous subapical lavender band on the fore
wing curving from the costa to the outer margin (termen), along
which it continues until it gradually disappears on the outer
margin of the hind wing” (/. & de N.).
Exp. 3 9 72-78 mm. (2°85-3").
Hab. Tenasserim.
A local race of the Malay form C. epiminthia, differing in the
absence of ocelli from the underside of the fore wing, and in the
ocelli on the hind wing being black, not purplish brown.
Genus LETHE.
Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 56.
Zophoessa et Debis, Ddlday. in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. i, 1849, pp. 358 & 362, pl. 61, figs. 1 & 3.
Blanaida, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Di. Lep., Suppl. 1877, p. 699.
Hanipha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 18.
Rangbia, Nemetis, Tansima, Dionana, Sinchula, Kerrata, Putlia, et
Patala, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 282, 237, 271, 278, 275
285, 287 & 305.
Type, LZ. europa, Fabr., from India.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
LETHE. 73
The forms of Lethe are very numerously represented within our
limits. ‘They are for the most part brown on the upperside,
often with a prominent white bar on the fore wing, the underside
being always ocellated, often richly variegated” (de Nicéville).
3 9. Fore wing triangular, generally short; costa more or less
arched, sometimes strongly curved towards the apex; termen
straight, concave or oblique, never convex; dorsum straight or
slightly convex ; cell not quite half length of wing; discocellulars
rather variable, upper two sometimes oblique, when the upper
apex of the cell becomes rounded ; typically, however, upper dis-
cocellulars very short, middle longer, somewhat concave, lower
long, slightly oblique ; veins 10 and 11 from a little before apex
of cell; 12 swollen at base. Hind wing oval; termen strongly
arched, scalloped, often caudate or dentate at apex of vein 4; cell
less than half length of wing; discocellulars very oblique; vein 3
typically from apex of cell, very often from before apex, rarely
‘stalked with 4. Antenne under half length of fore wing; club
distinct but gradual; palpi long, anteriorly fringed with porrect
hairs, third joint short, slender, acute at apex; eyes hairy ; inter-
mediate and posterior femora scaled, hairy beneath. Males
typically without secondary sexual characters, which are present,
however, in a large number of the forms. These sex-marks con-
sist of patches of specialized scales with or without overlying tufts
of long hair, as in JJycalesis, and occur both on fore and hind
wings, on fore wing only, or, in one aberrant form, on the hind
wing only.
Although a certain amount of structural variation exists in this
extensive genus, satisfactory characters for the arrangement of
the numerous Indian forms under more than one genus seem to
be lacking.
Key to the forms of Lethe.
A. Wings without any secondary sex-marks.
a. Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing from apex of cell,
or stalked.
a. § without, 2 with an oblique discal white
band, or series of white spots on fore wing.
a”. Some of the ocelli on the underside of the
hind wing with their centres disinte-
erated.
a>. Apical ocellus on underside of hind
wing largest.
a‘. Basal half of hind wing on underside
brownish black, with a conspicuous
pale or purplish transverse straight
line.
@. & with two prominent preapical
white spots; Q with a broad
discal oblique white band on
upperside of fore wing.......... LL. europa, p. 77.
b°. § unknown; 2 with a broad dis-
cal oblique bright ochraceous band
on upperside of fore wing ...... LL. tamuna, p. 78.
74 NYMPHALIDA.
6*. Basal half of hind wing on underside
mottled and shaded with greyish
brown and purple; no distinct trans-
verse line.
a>. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ uni-
form, without white spots, in 9
with oblique white discal band
not extending below vein2 ...
6°. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ with
a costal trifid and two preapical
white spots, in 2 with an oblique
white discal band extending below
MEM 2 oy. db aweiss Stee rae
ce’. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ with
a costal and two preapical spots as
above, and a fourth white spot in
interspace 2; Q with an oblique
white discal band divided into three
lareelspobs:. ese «male sch cision
6°, Apical ocellus on underside of hind wing
not largest, not larger than subtornal
OCEMNIS Hy so sie Reece. wr eltials Total teks ona tes
6’. None of the ocelli on underside of hind
wing with their centres disintegrated.
a®, Inides of ocelli on underside of hind wing
palevochmaceousi.: ie coker) ch. ieee yeaa wee
6°. Irides of ocelli on underside of hind wing
silvery purple.
a‘. A subapical transverse series of three
ocelli on underside of fore wing... .
b*. A subapical transverse series of four
ocelli on underside of fore wing....
b', Both sexes with very broad oblique white
discal band on upperside of fore wing.
a, Of comparatively small size. Expanse
DAR OM MAM, Fe ek wiciteyes oe need mavens
6. Larger. Expanse 84-96 mm.
a>, Oblique band on upperside of fore wing
in both sexes of even width throughout
and tinged with ochraceous ........
b’. Oblique band on upperside of fore wing
in 9 (¢ unknown) narrowing towards
dorsum and pure whites...) eer
b. Vein 3 of hind wing from before, vein 4 from
apex of cell.
a'. Hind wing not caudate.
a’, Fore wing without an oblique white band
on upperside.
a*, Underside of fore wing with silvery-
purple markings.
a*, Underside of hind wing with ocelli
in a regular curved row, none out of
line.
a, Expanse 54-60 mm. ; apical and
subtornal ocelli on underside of
hind wing largest.
L. drypetis, p. 79.
L. rohria, p. 80.
|p. 81.
Race nilgiriensis,
L. daretis, p. 81.
L. insana, p. 81.
[p. 82.
Var. dinarbas,
[p- 82.
Var. brisanda,
; D)
L. confusa, p. 82.
LI. margarite,
[p. 83.
L. naga, p. 83.
LETHE, TO
a°, A postdiscal series of black spots
on upperside of hind wing .... L. sidonis, p. 85.
6°. No postdiscal series of black spots
on upperside of hind wing .... LZ. vaivarta, p. 85.
6°. Expanse wnder 50 mm.; ocelli on
underside of hind wing subequal . L. nicetella, p. 86.
6*. Underside of hind wing with ocelli in
an irregular row, subapical two
ocelli out of line, nearer margin.... L. sederea, p. 86.
6°. Underside of fore wing with ochraceous
white markings.
a*. Underside of fore wing with an
ochraceous white bar across cell .. WL. nicetas, p. 86.
b'. Underside of fore wing without an
ochraceous white bar across cell.... ZL. mattrya, p. 87.
c®, Underside of fore wing with pure white
MIATA S, <4, WEA. 3 ws o- SirsEa eke L. visrava, p. 87.
6°. Fore wing: both sexes with an oblique
broad white discal band on upperside
a°®. No white preapical spot on upperside of
fore wing; two transverse sinuous
silvery lines across basal area of hind
wins On underside: 2 .Jlevte stile aus « LI. verma, p. 84.
6°. A prominent white preapical spot on
upperside of fore wing; no silvery
lines across basal area of hind wing on
UITIGHOTIST UO tec ay Foilaio in Ye oe ake vorapaleve aihel s terd LI. mason, p. 84.
6’. Hind wing distinctly caudate.
a>. Ground-colour of underside bright ochra- [p. 97.
CEOUSE: Hearts oe siae otitis as. dh LI. atkinsonia,
6°. Ground-colour of underside dull brown.
a, Basal area on underside of hind wing
with two transverse, sinuous, slender,
qwilnitishiplimes, gt.7 papi pies fees ati O77 L. jalaurida, p. 98.
6°. Basal area on underside of hind wing
with two comparatively broad, straight,
transverse whitish bands .......... L. meelleri, p. 98.
B. Male secondary sex-marks on both fore and hind
wing.
a. Upperside glossed with blue................ L. scanda $, p. 88.
b. Upperside not glossed with blue.
a. Subbasal dark line on underside of hind
wing nearly straight.
a’. No ochraceous red on upperside of hind
wing.
a>. Cell of fore wing with a pale ochra-
ceous-white transverse band on under-
SUGG™'). GaSe bei ceatem Way siop. wit ads LL. scanda@ , p. 88.
6°. Cell of fore wing without a pale trans-
verse band on underside.
a‘, Ground-colour of underside ferruginous L. bhatrava, p. 89.
6", Ground-colour of underside pale
brown, no tint of ferruginous...... L. latiaris, p. 90.
6°. Hind wing in ¢ outwardly, in Q2 nearly
all ochraceous red on upperside........ LL. nanerva, p. 90.
6’, Subbasal dark line on underside of hind wing
SETI ENSS A REECE, GAS ASU Gy UO CE Pee OR L. guimhal, p. 89.
| on
16 NYMPHALID A.
C. Male secondary sex-mark on fore wing only.
a. Sex-mark formed of a longitudinal patch of
specialized scales overlapped by a tuft of lone
hair in interspace 1 ........... are ei
6. Sex-mark a more or less continuous series of
patches of specialized scales, crossing wing
from dorsal margin to subcostal vein or to
base of vein 7.
a’. No ochraceous red on upperside of hind
wing.
a>, Ground-colour on basal two-thirds of
wings on underside much darker than on
apicaluthind 0.5.00 06 ee eer Ane e
6°. Ground-colour on underside of wings more
uniform.
a°®. Centres of ocelli on underside of hind
wing disintegrated ....,.66e¢ce. 04:
6°. Centres of ocelli on underside of hind
wing not disintegrated.
a‘. Underside of fore wing with a broad
palesbariacrossicell Met . aa
b', Underside of fore wing without a broad
pale bar across cell... 220s. 00.4 2:
6’. Hind wing in ¢ outwardly, in @ entirely
ochraceous red.
a’. Upperside of fore wing with three con-
spicuous nearly white spots near apex ..
b°. Upperside of fore wing without such
spots.
a®. Discal line or band on underside of
hind wing broadly deflected outwards,
scarcely angulate between veins 3
Grn Gl ats Alas APT ERE pts in Pa ae telat
6°. Discal line or band on underside of hind
wing acutely angulate on and produced
along and above vein 4.
a*. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ much
darker at base than towards apex.
Upperside of hind wing in Q uni-
form brick-red, not darker towards
DASE)... esteem Meeee omen
b'. Upperside of fore wing in g¢ more
uniform, not darker at base than
apex. Upperside of hind wing in
© bright ochraceous red, basal half
darker, this shade abruptly defined
Outwandilye say Pelee tar ka easy eeanacrotee
c. Sex-mark an oblique series of four triangular,
more or less separate patches of specialized
scales on veins 1 to 4 on upperside of fore
wing.
a’. Underside of fore wing in ¢ with a trans-
verse subapical series of four or five viola-
CCOUS SPOUS Atenas mertemene shen etek. «heketeretcae
b'. Underside of fore wing in ¢ (2 unknown)
Without SUCH SpOUSMe et 1 eten/a +). crermeme
LL. dynsate, p. 91.
L. vindhya, p. 92.
LL. satyavati, p. 95.
L. serbonis, p. 93.
LL. kansa, p. 92.
LL. smoriv, p. 94.
L. mekara, p. 95.
LL. chandica, p. 94.
LL. distans, p. 95.
[p. 96.
L. tristigmata,
LL, lyncus, p. 96.
LETHE. 77
d. Sex-mark a continuous but very obscure, almost
obsolete band of specialized scales running
obliquely from veins 1 to 4 on upperside of
fore wing.
a’. Expanse under 65 mm.
a®, Apex of cell on underside of fore wing
inwardly defined by a narrow band of
VON GER Se, cls ea USER cares oR Peak ee L. baladeva, p. 99.
6°, Apex of cell on underside of fore wing not
defined by a band of white.
a*, A postdiscal transverse series of small
conspicuously black ocelli on underside ip. 99.
OLSTONS WANES ary cps 5 oct oo Goa cetera als eyarete LL ramadeva,
b°. No postdiscal transverse series of ocelli
on underside of fore wing, or series [p. 100.
VELYIMGISHINEE ty tisis «Sie lrde 2 > 3. nto LL. anderson,
b'. Expanse over 75 mm.
a, Upperside of fore wing not spotted.
a®, Postdiscal broad band on upperside of
hnjnrdswaner rich) row e syc se cero:
a‘. Underside ground-colour brown .... ZL. sura, p. 100.
b‘. Underside ground-colour pale ochra- [p. 100.
COOMSR a Lee eee Grae eae, L. goalpara,
b?. Postdiscal broad band on upperside of
hind wing brownish white .......... L. dura, p. 101.
b°. Upperside of fore wing conspicuously
spotted.
a’. Veins on upperside of fore wing not
defined with yellow.
a, Dorsal margin on upperside of hind
wing broadly uniform brown ...... LL bhadra, p. 101.
b‘. Dorsal margin and disc on upperside
of hind wing bright ochraceous yellow. Seasonal form
6°. Veins 1 to 4 at base and median vein [Khastuna, p. 102.
entirely on upperside of fore wing con-
spicuously defined with yellow ...... L, pulaha, p. 102.
e. Sex-mark a large continuous patch of specialized
scales from posterior margin to vein 4 extend-
ing across median vein into apex of cell.
a’, Underside of wing's with a more or less con-
spicuous transverse greyish-white post- ~ [p. 103.
GISCAIPEASCIA |, LRM -cuevestalte stochieee wiehols LT. muirheadi,
b'. Underside of wings without such fascia.... LZ. yama, p. 103.
76. Lethe europa, Fad. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 500; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 149; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 254,
pl. 82, figs. 1-le, 6 2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 350.
3 2. Inner third of hind wing covered with long brown hairs.
3. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing with the oblique short
white discal fascia on the underside showing through, two obscure
black spots or ocelli, followed by two prominent white spots,
the upper one double, some black markings margined outwardly
with pale dusky brown along terminal margins of both fore
and hind wing and an obscure subterminal pale line on the
78 NYMPHALID&.
latter. Underside very dark blackish brown; the wings crossed
subbasally by a slender lilacine-white
straight line, followed on fore wing by
an oblique short white discal fascia, and
on both fore and hind wing by a post-
discal series of large black ocelli and a
terminal, somewhat ochraceous, narrow
band bordered on the inner side by a
more or less silvery purple line. The
series on both fore and hind wing
margined inwardly and outwardly by
silvery purple lunular lines, on the
fore wing curved inwards, on the hind
wing curved outwards; the ocelli on
fore wing confluent, black, non-pupilled,
on the hind wing black with disintegrate
Fig. 20.—Lethe europa, §. silvery-speckled irregular centres on a
brown ground.— @. Similar: fore wing
on upperside with an oblique broad white discal band, hind wing
with a postdiscal incomplete series of black spots. Underside
similar to the underside in the ¢, markings and ocelli larger.
Kep. & 2 62-76 mm. (2°45-3”).
Hab. The plains of Northern India; lower hills of the Himalayas;
Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to China and the Malay
Peninsula. :
Larva. Green, paler beneath, fusiform ; head with a single short
erect horn; body attenuated suddenly from the 11th segment.
Pupa. Uniform pale green, stout, smooth, quite regular, except
the head-case which is semidetached, broad and angular, with two
sharp points in front (after Davidson & Aitken).
77. Lethe tamuna, de Nicéville, P. ZS. 1887, p. 449, pl. 39, fie. 6 Q;
Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 256, pl. 82, fig. 2 2.
Q. * Upperside dull dark fulvous. ore winy with the apical
half fuscous, bearing two pure white spots below the costa, placed
midway between the apex and the median ochreous band, the
upper of the two spots much the smaller, and divided into two
portions by the fourth subcostal nervule ; below these spots in the
upper discoidal interspace is an obscure oval black spot; near the
margin are four bright ochreous lunules placed between the veins
from the lower discoidal nervule to the inner angle, beyond these
lunules in each interspace is a fine ochreous line across the disc
of the wing; from the middle of the costa to near the inner angle
is a broad bright ochreous band, its inner edge nearly straight
and even, its outer edge produced into points between the veins,
the lower portion of the band composed of two spots (the lower
one very sinall) in the submedian interspace. Hind wing with
the ocelli of the underside more or less showing through by
transparency; a series of bright ochreous lunules with inner dark
LETHE. 79
borders placed near the outer margin between the veins, with a
darker ochreous line beyond. Underside dull brown. Fore winy
with a whitish subbasal line crossing the middle of the discoidal
cell from the subcostal to the submedian nervure; the broad
discal band as above, but with its edges more even and wider at its
lower end; beyond it are four ill-shaped ocelli with black pupils
dotted with white, a pale violet ring, then a brown ring and an
outer pale violet ring ; the margin marked much as above. Hind
wing with a subbasal line in continuation of that on the fore wing
not reaching the abdominal margin; a discal series of ocelli
placed on a violet band which more or less follows their outline ;
the upper ocellus very large, its centre deep black dotted with
white, then a broad rich ochreous ring, outwardly defined with a
fuscous ring; the next largest ocellus is in the first median inter-
space, with two very small equal-sized ocelli in the interspaces
above and below it, and two very small and indistinct ocelli divided
by the discoidal nervule; the bright ochreous lunules on the
margin of the upperside white, almost silvery on the underside.”
(de Nicéville.)
Eup. “9 2+ inches ” (72 mm.).
Hab. Little Nicobar.
78. Lethe drypetis (Pl. LU, fig. 16), Hewitson (Debis), Er. Butt.
ili, 1863, p. 76, Debis, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12, 2; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1880, p. 17, pl. 8, figs. 1,1 a, 14,3 Q, pl. 210, figs. 5, 5a, larva &
pupa; JL. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 150; Moore, Lep. Ind. i,
1890-92, p. 257, pl. 83, figs. 1, 1 a-ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa.
Lethe todara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 305; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 151.
3. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown ; fore wing uniform;
hind wing with a postdiscal series of three or four blind black
ocellar spots. Underside brown; fore wing below vein 2 and
terminal margin paler, a broad band across the cell, the wing
medially and at apex suffused with lilac, bearing an incurved
postdiscal series of five blind black ocelli. Hind wing: subbasal
and discal narrow transverse lilac bands, the former sinuous, the
latter angulated on vein 4, and an arched postdiscal series of
black fulvous-ringed ocelli, some with disintegrate centres; the
wing medially suffused with lilac, the ocelli with lilacine lunules
on both sides. Fore and hind wings with slender lilacine subter-
minal and broader ochraceous terminal lines.— 2 . Similar, ground-
colour paler ; a broad oblique white discal bar and two white
preapical spots on the upperside of the fore wing; a large,
rectangular, black subterminal mark in interspaces and a white
spot above and below it, on the upperside of the hind wing.
Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, all the markings
more prominent, the lilac, ochraceous and brown shades paler ; the
broad discal bar on fore wing, as on the upperside, joined by a
nearly vertical lilacme white band bearing the series of ocelli.
80 NYMPHALID &.
On the hind wing the brown transverse discal band very broadly
produced between veins 4 and 5. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen brown ; antennz ochraceous at apex.
Exp. & 9 64-68 mm. (2°55-2°7").
Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
Larva. ‘‘ Fusiform ; head conical, the vertex pointed and pro-
jected forward, anal segment pointed and projected hindward.
Colour pale green, with paler transverse lines on each segment;
a lateral and a sublateral pale-bordered reddish stripe extending
the whole length including the anal segment. Feeds on bamboo.”
(Moore.)
Pupa. ‘‘ Suspended by the tail, broad and truncated anteriorly,
abdominal segments dorsally convex, head and vertex both pointed ;
colour pale green.” (Moore.)
79. Lethe rohria, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 45; Awrivil.
(Papilio) Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 142.
Lethe dyrta, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 497,29; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 152, pl. 10, fig. 22 ¢ 2; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 259, pl. 82, fies. 8, 3a-3.¢, GQ.
Race nilgiriensis.
Lethe neelgheriensis, Guérin (Satyrus), Delessert, Voy. dans Inde,
pt. 2, 1843, p. 74, pl. 21, figs. 1, la, ¢; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880,
p. 16, pl..7, figs. 1, la, g 2, pl. 210, fig. 4, larvas Wing dew.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 153; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 261,
pl. 84, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q, larva.
3 9. Upperside vandyke-brown, slightly darker, especially in
the 2, towards apex of fore wing. <¢. Fore wing: a costal and
two preapical spots white. Hind wing: the ocelli of the under-
side showing through, sometimes forming two or three obscure
black spots ; two slender subterminal black lines. Underside paler,
shaded with dark brown. Fore wing: narrow subbasal and outer
cellular transverse sinuous white lines; an irregular broad discal
and a narrower postdiscal band white, forming a Y, the latter
bearing a series of four blind, dusky-black, fulvous-ringed ocelli ;
the two preapical white spots as on the upperside, distinct
slender subterminal whitish and broader terminal ochraceous lines.
Hind wing : a subbasal transverse sinuous white line; a postdiscal
arched series of six black ocelli, their centres disintegrated, their
inner ring ochraceous, outer brown, and the whole series bordered
inwardly and outwardly by lilacine white lines; finally a slender
white subterminal and a broader ochraceous terminal line as on
the fore wing.— 2. Upperside differs in having a broad, oblique,
white, discal band on the fore wing and a spot below its posterior
end in interspace 1, the mner border of the band bi-emarginate,
the outer irregularly sinuous. Underside as in the 3, but the
markings more pronounced, the white discal band on fore wing
very prominent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ;
antenne preapically black, at apex ochraceous.
LETHE. 81
Exp. & 9 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°8").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim, and Bhutan ;
Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to China.
There is no doubt that this form, known better under Felder’s
name, is the true Papilio rohria of Fabricius.
Race nilgiriensis, Guérin.— ¢. Differs only from the ¢ of the
typical form in having on the upperside of the fore wing an
additional white spot placed terminally in interspace 2; the 9?
differs from the 9 of the typical form in having on the upperside
of the fore wing the discal white band divided into three distinct
well-separated white spots, and on the underside in the same band
being distinctly narrower.
Exp. & 2 64-66 mm. (2°5-2°6”").
Hab. Central and Southern India; recorded on the western
side as far north as Mount Abu in Gujerat ; Ceylon.
Larva. “ Fusiform, elongated; head conical, the vertex being
prolonged to an acute point projecting forward and anal segment
also prolonged to a point projecting backwards. Colour green,
with darker dorsal and lateral stripes and a slight ochreous sub-
dorsal stripe.” (Moore.) ‘Feeds on grasses” (Green).
80. Lethe daretis, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 75, Debis,
pl. ii, figs. 7 & 8,9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 151;
Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 263, pl. 83, figs. 2, 2a-2.c, 5 Q.
3 2. Differs from L. rohria (L. dyrta, Felder) in the costa of
the fore wing being less strongly arched, in the hind wing being
narrower, with a more elongate and slender tail, and in the
darker and more uniform colour of the upperside. In markings
it differs slightly as follows:— ¢. Upperside: fore wing—costal
and preapical white spots minute and tinged with ochraceous ;
hind wing with a postdiscal series of five blind black ocelli and
a dark subterminal sinuous line beyond. Underside differs in
being darker and more suffused with purple, especially on the
hind wing; also on the hind wing the series of postdiscal ocelli
are more uniform in size, the apical not larger than the subtornal
ocellus, and their centres are not disintegrated.— 9. Upperside :
fore wing—the oblique white discal band narrower than in
L. rohria: the series of black spots on hind wing very prominent,
margined inwardly and outwardly with pale ochraceous white.
Underside more or less resembling the underside in L. rohria,
but richer in colouring, the ocelli on the hind wing sometimes
bipupilled but never disintegrate.
Exp. 3 Q 60-64 mmm. (2°35-2°5"’),
Hab, Ceylon, 4000-6000 feet.
81. Lethe insana, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, pt. 2,
p. 448, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, 2.
Lethe hyrania, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, pt. 2,
p. 449, pl. 17, figs. 1,2,¢; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 154 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 266, pl. 85, figs. 1, la-le, g Q.
VOL. 1. G
82 NYMPHALID&.
Debis dinarbas, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 77, Debis, pl. 3,
fig. 15; M. & de N. (Lethe) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 155; Moore
(Lethe), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 267, pl. 85, figs. 2, 2a, 20, 3 Q.
Lethe brisanda, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 249, pl. 11,
fig. 13 9.
3. Upperside rich vandyke-brown to dark brown. Fore wing
with the discal oblique pale band on the underside showing through
and two minute ochraceous preapical spots. Hind wing uniform,
a postdiscal curved series of four round black spots, the apical
spot sometimes elongate, subterminal and terminal slender black
lines. Underside paler. Fore wing with the basal half darkest ;
a broad oblique pale discal bar followed by a preapical short
narrow band bearing three white-centred obscure small ocelli;
apex of wing very pale; two short transverse cellular and a
subterminal, inwardly diffuse, narrow band dark brown. Hind
wing with subbasal, median, and subterminal slender transverse
brown lines, and a curved postdiscal series of black ocelli, each
with a minute white centre, inner ochraceous, intermediate brown
and outer pale rings.— 9. Differs from the ¢ in having on the
upperside of the fore wing a broad oblique white band (narrower
and sometimes broken in the varieties Z. dinarbas and L. brisanda)
nearly reaching the tornus, and the preapical spots white, not
ochraceous. Underside: oblique white band on fore wing as on
upperside, margined inwardly by an irregular shading and out-
wardly by a triangle of dark brown, beyond the latter the terminal
margin broadly pale yellowish brown, with three small ocelli in
vertical order and subterminal and terminal brown lines as in
the g. Hind wing as in the g. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen brown ; antennez annulated with white.
Exp. & 2 55-62 mm. (2°15-2:42").
Hab. N.W. and EH. Himalayas; Bhutan; the hill-ranges of
Assam.
The richer-coloured eastern varieties, LZ. dinarbas and L. brisanda,
differ only in being darker and in the underside being suffused
with lilac.
82. Lethe confusa, Awrivillus, Ent. Tids. 1897, p. 142.
Debis rohria, Westwood (nec Fabr.) in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 360.
Lethe rohria, auct. (nec Fabr.).
¢ Q. Hind wing dentate at apex of vein 4. Upperside vandyke-
brown; fore wing crossed by an oblique, slightly curved, discal
white band, the margins of the band more even and regular than
in the 2 of ZL. rohria; beyond this are two obliquely placed
preapical white spots. Hind wing uniform, ocelli of the underside
showing through. Underside uniform brown ; fore and hind wings
with subbasal, subterminal and terminal sinuous lilacine-white
lines ; fore wing with the oblique discal white bar as on the
upperside, followed by a subapical lilacine patch bearing three
LETHE. 83
small ocelli in vertical order, and with a very short, oblique, white
bar joining it to the costa. Hind wing with a sinuous, irregular,
angulated discal lilacine-white line and a strongly arched series
of black ocelli speckled with white in the centre, with an inner
ochraceous, intermediate brown, and outer lilacine ring. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; antennz ochraceous at
apex.
ep. 3 2 54-64 mm. (2°1-2°5"),
Hab. The Himalayas, Simla to Sikhim; Assam; Burma;
Tenasserim ; extending to Java.
83. Lethe margarite, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 1 3;
M. & de N. (Neorina) Butt. Ind. 1883, i, p. 136, ¢ ; Moore
(Dionana), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 271, pl. 86, figs. 1, la, 16, $6 Q.
3 ¢. Hind wing broadly caudate. ¢. Upperside very dark
brown, the wings with slender subterminal and terminal sinuous
lines and the cilia ochraceous white. Fore wing: a narrow,
oblique, ochraceous-white discal band, followed by a postdiscal
series of four dark brown, broadly white-ringed spots. Hind wing
uniform ; a postdiscal series of ochraceous-ringed black spots, the
lower one or two pupilled with white. Underside slightly paler,
fore and hind wings with prominent ochraceous-white discal bands
and subterminal and terminal lines; fore wing in addition with a
postdiscal transverse series of five black ocelli placed on a white
fascia, the ocelli with inner and outer rings of ochraceous and
brown; costa suffused with ochraceous white. Hind wing—
terminal third ochraceous white suffused with brown, bearing a
curved series of black, white-pupilled ocelli, of which the apical
ocellus is very large.— 2. Differs from the ¢ in the apex of the
fore wing on the upperside being much darker, in the purer
white of the discal bands which are also broader, and in having
a white, transverse, cellular band on the underside of the fore
wing.
Exp. 3 Q 34-96 mm. (3°35-3°8").
Hab. Recorded hitherto only from Bhutan.
84. Lethe naga, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 123, pl. 10, fig. 4 9;
Moore (ionana), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 272, pl. 86, fig. 2°.
g. Unknown. @. Somewhat resembles L. margarite. Hind
wing more rounded, not caudate. Upperside: ground-colour much
paler, more of an ashy-brown ; discal band on fore wing narrower,
pure white; the series of ocelli on both fore and hind wing and
the subterminal line on the hind wing less distinct. Underside
paler. Fore wing with the oblique white discal band and trans-
verse postdiscal series of ocelli more or less as in L. margarite,
the former narrower, the latter not superposed on a white fascia ;
each ocellus pupilled with white, with inner and outer rings
of white, and an intermediate ring of brown. Hind wing with a
@2
84 NYMPHALID®.
pale, anteriorly lilacine, irregularly curved discal fascia bordered
on both sides by brown lines, followed by a strongly curved
postdiscal series of black ocelli, each ocellus white-centred, with
an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown and outer lilacine ring.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown; thorax and
abdomen beneath paler.
Exp. 2 80 mm. (8:2),
Hab. Recorded only as yet from Margherita in Assam.
85. Lethe verma, Kollar (Satyrus), Htigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844,
p. 447, pl. 16, figs. 1,2; WM. de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 158,
pl. 10, fig. 23 g: Moore (Tansima), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 273,
pl. 86, figs. 83, 3a, 36, dQ.
3 9. Upperside brown. Fore wing witha broad, even, oblique,
white discal band, terminating above apex of vein 2 near termen ;
in the @ continued below vein 2. Hind wing with two or
three postdiscal small, obscure, white-
centred black ocelli; both fore and
hind wing with faintly marked, pale
subterminal and terminal lines. Under-
side: ground-colour similar. Fore wing
with the white, oblique band as on the
upperside, followed by two white-centred,
ochraceous-ringed, black ocelli. Hind
wing with two very irregular, lilacine,
simious, transverse lines and a strongly
arched postdiscal series of white-
centred black ocelli, each encircled with
an ochraceous, a brown, and a silvery
indeed: ring. Fore and hind wings with sub-
terminal and terminal pale ochraceous
lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennze
ochraceous at apex.
Exp. & 2 56-64 mm. (2°3-2°5").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; Burma ;
Tenasserim.
86. Lethe masoni, Elwes (Debis (Tansima)), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25,
fig.2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 159; Moore (Chonala),
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 15, pl. 97, figs. 2, 20,23, d2.
3 @. Closely resembles LZ. verma, but on the upperside the
ground-colour is generally darker, the discal oblique white band
on fore wing slightly curved not straight ; there is a prominent
preapical white spot with a black ocellus below and a white speck
above it; the cilia are brown. Hind wing: apex narrowly
and the cilia down to vein 2 white, remainder of the cilia brown.
Underside similar to upperside, fore wing with pale slender sub-
terminal and terminal lines. Hind wing: basal area irrorated
with greyish-white scales and crossed by two slender, broken, dark
brown lines : a postdiscal curved series of rather large, more or
LETHE. 8h
less subequal, white-centred black ocelli, and subterminal and
terminal greyish-white lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown.
Exp. 3 9 66-72 mm. (2°63-2°85").
Hab. Recorded only from Sikhim at present.
87. Lethe sidonis (PI. II, fig. 17), Hewitson (Debis), Ev. Butt. iii,
1863, p. 77, Debis, pl. 3, fig. 16 ¢; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i,
1883, p. 159; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 276,
pl. 87, figs. l-le, d @.
3 9. Upperside umber-brown with a rich silky gloss. Tore
wing: the discal fascia on the underside showing through
obscurely, and a pale preapical spot, both more distinct in the 9°.
Hind wing with a postdiscal series of more or less obscure black
spots, dorsal margin pale. Both fore and hind wing with an
indistinct subterminal lunular border. Ocelli and border more
distinct in the 9. Underside paler, the wings with a subterminal
pale lilacine line. Fore wing: an obscure brown band across the
cell, a pale, broad, oblique discal, and a similar subapical transverse
fascia not reaching the dorsum, the latter two margined anteriorly
with white. The fascia better defined in the 2. The outer
fascia in the § with three, in the 2 with four superposed ocelli.
Hind wing: four irregular, sinuous, transverse lilacine lines, the
outermost bordered by a zigzag band of dark brown ; a postdiscal
curved series of white-centred black ocelli, of which the second
from the tornus and the apical ocellus are the largest. Hach
ocellus with an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown, and outer
lilacine ring. Dry-season specimens have the underside darker,
the markings broader, the ocelli with larger blurred centres.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennz ochraceous
at apex.
Kap. & Q@ 54-60 mm. (2°13-2°38"),
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam, the Néga and Khisi
Hills.
The form next described is very close to, if not a mere race of
L. sidonis, but as, according to Mr. Doherty, the genitalia of the
two forms differ, I have kept them separate.
88. Lethe vaivarta, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 115, ¢ 2; Moore
(Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 278, pl. 87, figs. 2, 2a-2¢,5 9.
3 2. This form differs from ZL. stdonis as follows:—Termen of
hind wing nearly entire, not much scalloped. Upperside uniform
silky umber-brown. Hind wing without trace of postdiscal black
spots. Underside comparatively darker, more uniform, the
markings very obscure. Genitalia of d: ‘‘ Prehensores close to
those of sidonis. The uncus is more bent down, appearing truncate
from above and flattened laterally, while in szdonis it appears
acute from above and is cylindrical” (Doherty).
Exp. 3 2 55-58 mm. (2:17-2°3").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kulu to Mussoorie.
86 NYMPHALIDZ.
89. Lethe nicetella, de Nicéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 448, pl. 39, fig. 5d;
Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 279, pl. 88, fig. 2 ¢.
3 Q. Very close to L. sidonis, but constantly smaller. Upper-
side uniform silky umber-brown. Fore wing: ¢ no ochraceous
preapical spot; 9 a medial and a preapical large white spot on costa.
Hind wing: the postdiscal series of black spots more distinct and
complete. Underside: fore wing—the terminal half distinctly
paler, contrasting with the dark basal portion ; the latter outwardly
margined near the costa with ochraceous white ; a preapical costal
spot as on upperside and the apex broadly ochraceous or fer-
ruginous. Hind wing as in ZL. sidonis, but the ocelli subequal.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in Z. sidonis.
Exp. 3 9 50-53 mm. (2-2°1").
Hab. Recorded only from Native Sikhim at 7000 feet.
90. Lethe siderea, Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 246; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 159; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 315,
pl. ix, fig. 3; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 280, pl. 88,
fies. 3,5 a, 3.
3S. Upperside: uniform dark greenish bronze, slightly paler
and browner along the dorsal fold of the hind wing. Underside
vandyke-brown ; fore wing uniform; both fore and hind wing
with a lilacine-white, slender, subterminal line; cilia alternately
lilacine and brown. Hind wing: basal two-thirds with transverse,
somewhat broken, sinuous, lilacine lines, followed on the outer
third by a strongly curved series of black, white-centred, fulvous-
ringed ocelli, of which the tornal ocellus is bipupilled, the next to
it the largest, the 3rd and the apical subequal, the intervening two
smaller. Antennze brown annulated with white, ochraceous at
apex, with a preapical spot jet-black; head, thorax and abdomen
brown.
Exp. 3 54 mm. (2°15").
Hab. Native Sikhim at 7000 feet.
The 2 is unknown.
91. Lethe nicetas, Hewitson (Debis), Evot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 78, Debis,
pl. 3, figs. 17, 18,9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 161 ; Moore
(Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 282, pl. 88, figs. 4a-4c, § QD.
3. Upperside rich golden brown ; cilia brown alternated with
white. Fore wing uniform. Hind wing with an arched post-
discal series of five blind black ocelli. Underside: fore wing—
basal portion to beyond apex of cell brown, margined by a pale,
slightly arched, oblique discontinuous discal band, not extending to
the tornus; apical portion of wing paler brown, a postdiscal
transverse, slightly oblique white band, succeeded by three white-
centred, brown, obscure ocelli and a pale subterminal broad line.
Hind wing—basal two-thirds dark brown with an irregular outer
margin ; apical third paler, in strong contrast. Basal area crossed
by silvery, plumbeous, irregularly sinuous, transverse lines; the
LETHE. 87
pale outer area by an arched postdiscal series of six white-
centred black ocelli; each ocellus with inner, intermediate and
outer rings of ochraceous, brown and silvery respectively. The
row of ocelli irregularly bordered with ochraceous inwardly, a
subterminal series of indistinct white markings and a terminal
brown line.
©. Very similar, but the fore wing has on the upperside a
postdiscal series of yeliowish-white spots, single to interspace 3,
then forking, the inner branch curving into an oblique streak
beyond apex of cell, the outer branch continued as a series of
spots to costa. Hind wing with a broad subterminal ochraceous
line. Underside similar to the underside in the 6, but all the
markings broader. Antenne brown annulated with white; head,
thorax and abdomen brown.
Exp. $ 2 56-68 mm. (2°2-2°7").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim above 3000 feet.
92. Lethe maitrya, de Nicéville, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 245, 6; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 160, pl. 10, fig. 20 § ; Moore (Sin-
chula), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 281, pl. 88, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q.
é 2. Like ZL. nicetas, but on the upperside the ground-colour
is darker ; the ¢ has on the fore wing the transverse fascia from
the underside showing through, and a pale preapical costal spot.
On the hind wing the series of ocellar
markings is very obscure. The 2 resembles
more closely the @ of ZL. nicetas on the
upperside. Hind wing less dentate at
apex of vein 4. Underside, both sexes:
eround-colour more uniform over the
wings than in L. nicetas. Fore wing: a
short, broad, oblique fascia across the cell.
Hind wing: the transverse silvery lines
crossing basal area more regular and more
whitish than silvery; ocelli brown not
LOL Ee black, not bordered inwardly with ochra-
Underside.
ceous.
Exp. 3 Q@ 56-66 mm. (2°2-2°6").
Hab. Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim.
93. Lethe visrava, Moore (Debis), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 768, pl. 41, fig. 4;
M.§ de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1885, p. 161; Moore (Sinchula), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 284, pl. 89, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
Debis deliades, Hewittson, Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1872, p. 84, 29; M. &
de N. (Lethe) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 162.
3. Upperside blackish brown; cilia white. Fore wing with
the ocelli on the underside showing through and a prominent
subterminal white line. Hind wing with a postdiscal series of
black blind ocelli, bordered paler inwardly, and broadly with white
on the outer side, followed by a row of brown lunular markings,
88 NYMPHALID &.
subterminal white and terminal slender dark lines. Underside
brown, paler outwardly. Fore wing with a subapical series of
three or four white-centred and white-ringed dark ocelli and a
subterminal white line. Hind wing: basal two-thirds crossed by
interrupted, transverse, sinuous white lines, followed by a post-
discal curved series of six white-centred, ochraceous-ringed,
black ocelli, each with an outer ring of white, the tornal ocellus
bipupilled ; the proportions among the ocelli very much as
in L. siderea. Lastly, a conspicuous subterminal white line.—
2. Upperside white. Fore wing: the cell, a spot below its apex,
another more obscure spot below that, a spot near the tornus, the
apex broadly and the termen, narrowing somewhat posteriorly,
brown. Hind wing: the basal area slightly, six postdiscal
round ocellar spots placed in a curve, subterminal and terminal
slender lines brown. Underside white: fore wing uniform,
with ochraceous subterminal and terminal slender lines; hind
wing with some marks in the cell and on the disc ochraceous,
the ocelli black with white centres and broad ochraceous rings,
the termen pale ochraceous, bearing an incomplete subterminal
row of ochraceous lunules, followed by a slender white line.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; whitish beneath.
Exp. 3 2 56-62 mm. (2'2-2°44"),
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan.
94. Lethe scanda, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p- 218; MW. § de N. Buti, Ind. i, 1888, p. 189; Moore (Rangbia),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 232, pl. 75, figs. 4, 4a, 46, dQ.
3. Upperside deep indigo-blue ; fore and hind wing towards
termen broadly silvery blue; hind wing with three somewhat
obscure dusky black ocelli. Underside dark ferruginous ; fore and
hind wings with subterminal and terminal olivascent brown or
yellowish lines ; cilia white. Fore wing: basal area, dorsal
margin, an oblique transverse band across the cell, and another
across the disc olivascent brown; a transverse straight row of
four minutely white-pupilled obscure ocelli. Hind wing: basal
area to line of ocelli more or less olivascent brown, crossed by two
transverse dark lines; beyond these a postdiscal row of black
white-pupilled ocelli, each with an inner fulvous and outer silvery
purple ring.— @. Upperside vandyke-brown ; fore wing with a
yellow, oblique, somewhat obscure discal bar, and three obscure
ocelli with a yellow anterior spot beyond. Hind wing with four
similar ocelli. Underside similar to underside in ¢ ; fore wing:
bands crossing the cell and the disc yellowish white ; hind wing:
outer of the two basal dark transverse lines bordered with dull
yellow.— ¢ 2. Hind wing: termen broadly but shortly caudate
at vein 4. Antenne brown, ferruginous beneath, with a subapical
black spot ; head, thorax, and abdomen purplish brown. Male sex-
mark: a long narrow patch of opaque scales along vein 1 of fore
LETHE. 89
wing, and a similar patch of scales overlapped by a tuft of long
hairs at base of vein 3 on the hind wing.
Exp. & Q 64-68 mm. (2°5-2°78").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; the Naga Hills.
95. Lethe bhairava, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 217; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189; Moore (Rang-
bia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 233, pl. 76, figs. 1,1a,1b, 3 9.
3 2. Upperside deep rich umber-brown, cilia brownish white ;
fore wing: basal half slightly darker, margin of darker area well-
defined, oblique, immediately followed in the 2 by one or two
white spots, and beyond these, in both sexes, by a transverse series
of three yellow spots. Hind wing more elongate in the 9 than
in the 3; in both sexes bearing a postdiscal series of four blind
-ocelli, each ocellus pale-ringed in g,in 2 encircled by a broad
ochraceous ring. Underside similar to the underside in L. scanda,
but ground-colour a lighter, brighter ferruginous; bands across
cell and disc of fore wing dark ferruginous, the latter band in the
2 bordered by a few white spots; postdiscal series of ocelli on
hind wing with outer ferruginous, not silvery purple, rings.
Antenne as in ZL. scanda; head, thorax and abdomen brown,
thorax with bluish-green pubescence above. Male secondary sex-
marks as in L. scanda.
Exp. 3 2 72-78 mm. (2°84-3:08").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the Naga Hills.
96. Lethe gulnihal, de Nicéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 450, pl. 39, fig. 7 3;
Moore (Rangbia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 234, pl. 76, fig. 2 ¢.
Lethe gulnihal, var., Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 268.
Rangbia peguana, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1892, p. 235.
3d. Resembles LZ. bhairava, but is considerably smaller, with
the dorsal margin of fore wing very convex, and on the upperside
the ground-colour richer and darker, without spot of any kind.
Underside golden brown; the basal half of the wings in some
specimens darker than the apical half; the lines or bands crossing
the wings and the ocelli as in L. bhairava, but the former more
irregularly sinuous, the latter much smaller.— 2. Only differs on
the upperside from the 9 of ZL. bhairava in being smaller, and in
the ocelli on the hind wing being without any distinct iris.
Underside bright ochraceous, the basal half slightly darker and
more or less sharply demarcated from the brighter apical half of
the wings by a transverse discal dark line, which is outwardly
oblique on the fore wing and margined by three or four white
spots, and inwardly oblique on the hind wing; the transverse
basal and median lines as in the ¢ ; the ocelli ill-defined, smaller,
almost obsolete. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ;
the antenne annulated with white.
90 NYMPHALID#,
Exp. $ 2 62-71 mm. (2°43-2°83"),
Hab. Bhutan.
Var. peguana, Moore, differs in the ¢ being a rich claret-
brown above, the @ a somewhat paler brown; the transverse
lines crossing the wings on the underside are still more sinuous
than in gulnihal, the two crossing the cell being parallel and not
inclined towards each other posteriorly. The white discal spots
en fore wing in @ absent or only indicated.
97. Lethe latiaris, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 74, Debis,
pl. 1, fig. 4 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 140; Moore
(Rangbia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 236, pl. 76, figs. 3,3.a,3b, 62.
3. Hind wing only dentate, not caudate at apex of vein 4.
Upperside dark vandyke-brown ; cilia ochraceous white ; in some
specimens the subterminal ocelli on the underside of the hind
wing showing through on the upperside. Underside paler; fore
wing with the following markings—two transverse dark lines
across the cell, the inner continued to vein 1, an oblique discal
line bordered outwardly by faint lilacine, followed by a postdiscal
series of four, partially obsclescent, brown-centred and brown-
ringed small pale ocelli, the series bordered inwardly and out-
wardly by faint dark transverse bands. Hind wing: a subbasal
straight and a discal sinuous umber-brown narrow band, a curved
series of six ocelli, similar to the ccelli on fore wing but pupilled
with white; both fore and hind wing with subterminal and
terminal slender umber-brown lines, the discocellulars defined
with brown.— 9 similar, but on the upperside of fore wing with
an ochraceous preapical spot, and on the underside a broad lilacine
border to the oblique discal band, this showing through on the
upperside as a more or less distinct ochraceous line. Antenne
ochraceous annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen
brown, paler beneath; the thorax with dark bluish-green pubes-
cence above. Male sex-marks as in L. scanda.
Exp. & 2 66-70 mm. (2°65-2°8"),
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim.
98. Lethe minerva (PI. I, fig. 14), Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775
p- 498, 2 ; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 140; Moore (Nemetis)
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 287, pl. 77, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
g. Costa of fore wing strongly curved towards apex ;
3 @, termen of hind wing angulate at apex of vein4d. ¢. Upper-
side brown ; fore wing anteriorly with an ochraceous tint darkening
towards the tornus. Hind wing posteriorly, from apex of cell to
termen and up to vein 1, ochraceous red; abdominal fold brown ;
a curved series of five dark brown spots, the apical two large and
diffuse, and a subterminal dark line. Underside pale ochraceous
brown ; fore and hind wings crossed by highly irregular and more
or less broken basal and discal lines of ochraceous red, the
latter obsolescent on the fore wing; terminal margins of wings
LETHE. 91
ochraceous red, outlined inwardly by a slender black line; fore
wing with a pale, postdiscal, broad band, widening anteriorly
and carrying a series of four obscure black ocelli. Hind wing
with a curved postdiscal series of six large ochraceous ocelli with
disintegrated ochraceous and black centres.— 9. Upperside ochra-
ceous red ; apical half of fore wing dark brown, bearing a preapical
spot and a broad oblique band of white, the latter posteriorly divided
into three conical spots. Hind wing with a curved postdiscal
series of dark brown spots, apical two the largest, and a slender
subterminal black line. Underside similar to the underside in the
S, but paler, and with the white band as on the upperside.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous brown.
Male sex-marks, a patch of specialized dark brown scales below
vein ] on fore wing and in interspace 2 on hind wing, the latter
covered with a tuft of long brown hairs.
Exp. 3 2 66-70 mm. (2°6-2°8").
Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion.
99. Lethe dynsate, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1868, p. 76,
Debis, pl. 2, figs. 9,10, 9 ; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880,
pe 20) pl 9, ngs. lla, 2; M. & de NN. Butt. Inds 1, 1883,
p- 142, 2; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 239,
pl. 77, fies. 2,2 4,26; 3 2.
Lethe sihala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p.555; M. § de N. Butt. Ind.
i, 1883, p. 141; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 19,
pl. 8, figs. 2,2a,26, 3.
S 2. Hind wing shortly and broadly caudate at apex of vein 4.
3. Upperside rich umber-brown, uniform: fore wing with one
or two pale preapical, and some faint black subterminal spots.
Hind wing with four or five subterminal round, black, blind ocelli
or spots. Underside: basal half of wings very dark umber-brown ;
apical half and dorsal margin, broadly, of fore wing pale brown,
both fore and hind wing with subterminal and terminal dark
brown lines; fore wing: cell and disc crossed by pale fascie,
followed by an obscure postdiscal series of five ocelli; hind wing
with subbasal and discal dark brown lines, the latter angulated on
vein 4, succeeded by a more clearly defined curved series of seven
white-centred and fulvous-ringed black ocellimQ. Upperside:
fore wing with a broad white oblique band from middle of costa to
vein 1; a partially obsolescent broad ochraceous streak and a
quadrate white spot beyond it in interspace 1, a preapical
series of black spots with white spots beyond the anterior two.
Hind wing lighter brown, terminal half blotched with ochraceous
white, bearing a series of five black ocelli, upper two diffuse,
merging into one; a subterminal and terminal dark brown
line. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, shaded with
lilacine white, the spots or ocelli on the fore wing on a pale
transverse band, each with a brown outer ring; hind wing
with six black, white-centred, fulvous-ringed complete ocelli; both
fore and hind wing with a subbasal dark brown line. In both
92 NYMPHALIDA.
sexes the antennz, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenneze
ochraceous at apex. Male sex-marks, a specialized patch of scales
covered by a tuft of long hairs in interspace 1 on the fore wing.
Kxp. 3 2 60-70 mm. (2°35-2°75").
Hab. Ceylon.
100. Lethe kansa, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 220; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 145; Moore (Debis),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 241, pl. 78, figs. 1, 1 a, 16, 3d @.
3 2. Conspicuously candate at apex of vein 4 of hind wing.
3. Upperside brown, with an olivascent-green, sometimes ochra-
ceous-red, tint in certain lights. Fore wing uniform, with three
somewhat obscure subapical spots in vertical order. Hind wing
with a curved series of five black partially fulvous-ringed ocelli,
the second and fourth the largest, the third minute; subter-
minal and terminal dark lines, with an intermediate ochraceous
line. Underside pale vinaceous brown; fore and hind wings
crossed by subbasal and discal maroon-brown narrow bands,
followed by a row of ocelli, five on the fore, six on the hind wing,
and subterminal and terminal dark lines, margined inwardly with
lilacine; apex of fore wing lilacine white, the ocelli pale and
obscure ; on the hind wing the ocelli black with white centres,
and rings of ochraceous yellow, brown, and lilacine white ; finaliy,
a conspicuous small white triangular spot near the tornus.—
@. Ditfers only from the ¢ in having, on the upper and under
sides of the fore wing, a distinct, transverse, discal, irregularly
sinuous dark line, outwardly bordered by white spots. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath somewhat ochraceous.
Male sex-marks as noted in the key to the forms.
Exp. 6 2 72 mm. (2:85")..
Hab. Sikhim; Manipur; Assam ; Burma; ‘Tenasserim.
101. Lethe vindhya (Pl. II, fig. 15), Felder (Debis), Wien. ent.
Monats. iii, 1859, p. 402, 9; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 146; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 250, pl. 81, figs. 1,
la-le go Q.
Lethe alberta, Butler, A. M. N. H. (4) viii, 1871, p. 288, 3.
Debis dolopes, Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1872, p. 85.
3 @. Resembles L. kansa, but the wings are comparatively
broader in proportion to length ; termen of hind wing less broad,
but more produced at apex of vein 4. Upperside dark umber-brown,
sometimes suffused with ochraceous, but never olivascent; fore
and hind wings with their basal halves distinctly and abruptly
darker than their apical halves; in ¢ no indication of the three
subapical pale spots always present on the fore wing in L. kansa ;
in @ these spots sometimes indicated ; hind wing: the postdiscal
series of fulvous-encircled black spots larger. Undersede much
darker than in Z. kansa, the basal two-thirds in striking contrast
to the paler purple-tinted terminal third; the subbasal and discal
lines and the ocelli as in LZ. kansa, but the former two broadly
LETHE. 93
bordered outwardly with purple, the apex of the fore wing
purplish. Antenne ochraceous brown annulated with white;
head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown; the abdomen whitish
beneath. In the dry-season specimens the ground-colour is paler,
the ocelli less distinct.
Exp. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°9-3:45").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Arrakan; Burma and Tenas-
serim. Confined apparently to the hill-ranges.
102. Lethe satyavati, de Micéville, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 246, 9;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 154, 9 ; Moore (Debis), Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 246, pl. 80, figs. 2, 2a, 9.
Q. “ Upperside dull brown, paler towards the margins. ore
wing with an indistinct submarginal darker line. Hind wing with
a submarginal series of four rounded spots darker than the ground-
_ colour, placed one in each interspace above the first median nervule ;
two marginal darker lines defined inwardly by paler lines than the
ground-colour. Underside pale brown with no ochreous tint, and
washed with lilac especially on the outer half. Both wings crossed
by a prominent brown, nearly straight, subbasal line outwardly
margined with lilac. ore wing with an irregular discal transverse
brown line; a bar in the cell within the subbasal line ; five indis-
tinct submarginal ocelli encircled with lilac and brown on a lilac
ground; anda yellowish marginal line edged on both sides with
dusky, within which is a brown waved band on the lilac ground
between the ocelli and the margin. Hind wing with a discal, very
much angled, dark brown iine, within which is a very distinct lilac
litura above the third median nervule and just beyond the apex of
the cell; the submarginal ocelli large, the upper one distinctly
pupuled with white, and all of them profusely speckled with white ;
the usual marginal markings.” (de Nicéville.)
“Hap. 2 2-7 inches” (69 mm.).
Hab. Two specimens taken by the late Professor J. Wood-
Mason at Sibsagar in Assam, and now in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, are, I believe, unique.
103. Lethe serbonis, Hewitson (Debis), Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876,
p-151; WM. &§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 155; Moore (Debis),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 252, pl. 80, figs. 3,3a,36, SQ.
3 2. Shortly and broadly caudate at apex of vein 4 in hind
wing. Upperside rich umber-brown; fore and hind wings with
slender subterminal and terminal dark lines. Fore wing ¢ uni-
form; 2 with a transverse pale postdiscal fascia and a pale
preapical spot. Hind wing with a slightly curved line of five
black ocelli, the subtornal white-pupilled, the rest blind. Under-
side similar but paler; both fore and hind wings crossed by darker
sinuous lines as follows—two medially and one preapically across
cell of fore wing, a pale conspicuous band between the median and
preapical lines in the cell; the intermediate line prolonged across
the hind wing and dividing into two below the subcostal vein; a
94 NYMPHAULID A.
much broader discal band, in the @ bordered outwardly by pale
yellow on the anterior portion of the fore wing, followed by a
broad, somewhat diffuse dark band, and subterminal and terminal
slender lmes. Finally,a postdiscal row of somewhat obscure black
ocelli, two or three on the fore, six on the hind wing; the ocelli
white-pupilled, with an inner and an outer ring of pale brown and
an intermediate darker ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown. Male sex-marks as in L. kansa.
Exp. 3 9 62-68 mm. (2°5-2°75").
Hab. Sikhim.
104. Lethe sinorix, Hewits. (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 78, Debis,
pl. 8, figs. 19,20, ¢; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 144; Moore
(Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 243, pl. 78, figs. 3,5.a,3b, 6 Q.
36 2. Resembles LZ. kansa, from which it differs as follows :—
Upperside. 3. Fore wing: a very distinct transverse discal dark
line, the three preapical white spots larger and more conspicuous.
Hind wing: the postmedian black spots placed on a broad band of
rich ochraceous red. ©. Ground-colour on both wings ochraceous
red, rarely olivascent brown. Fore wing: the preapical white
spots and transverse discal white band more distinctly marked,
very often the whole basal half of the wing ochraceous red. Hind
wing: the curved series of postdiscal black spots as in the g,
placed on an ochraceous-red ground, which colour spreads inwards
almost to the base of the wing. Underside, ¢ 2: similar to the
underside of the ¢ 2 of L. kansa, but of a lighter vinaceous tint.
Male sex-marks as in L. kansa.
Exp. 6 2 78 mm. (3'1").
Hab. Sikhim (rare); Bhutan; Assam, Khasi Hills; Burma.
105. Lethe chandica, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p- 219; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 149; Moore (Debis),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 247, pl. 79, figs. 2,2 a,26, 5 Q.
3 2. Termen of hind wing scalloped, broadly dentate at apex
of vein 4. ¢. Upperside: fore and hind wings velvety brownish
black, darkest on the basal half; cilia conspicuously white alter-
nated with brown; hind wing shaded with ochraceous red
posteriorly, sometimes entirely dark brown, the ocelli of the
underside often showing through. Underside pale greyish ochra-
ceous brown, base and disc of wings shaded with pale purple and
crossed by irregularly sinuous subbasal and discal maroon-brown
fascie, the latter angulate at vein 4 on the hind wing, the space
enclosed in the angle dark brown; fore wing with an almost
straight series of four to six pale ocelli; hind wing with a curved
series of six better-defined but somewhat irregularly-shaped ocelli,
their centres disintegrated; both wings with slender subterminal
and terminal dark lines.
Q. Upperside dull ochraceous red; apical half of fore wing
brown, broadly paler towards termen, and crossed obliquely by a
LETHE. 95
broad angulated white bar ending posteriorly in a detached white
spot; a small preapical white spot and a row of more or less
obscure brown ocelli on a pale or whitish ground. Hind wing
with a curved series of black spots, of which the subapical spot is
the largest ; subterminal and terminal lines and anal fold brown.
Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, but the transverse
fasciz broader, the discal fascia broadly margined on the inner side
with dark brown; the oblique white bar as on the upperside.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, in the 9 shaded with
ochraceous red.
Exp. 3 2 70-74 mm. (2°75-2°9").
Hab. Sikhim and eastwards in the hill-ranges of Assam, Burma,
and Tenasserim.
106. Lethe distans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p- 248, pl. 80, figs. 1, la, 16, 6 Q.
3. Upperside bright or ochraceous brown, the apical half of the
hind wing orange-red ; fore wing with one or two pale preapical
spots ; hind wing with a postdiscal curved row of five black spots,
of which the upper two are much the larger. Underside very similar
to the underside in L. chandica, with a similar series of ocelli having
disintegrated centres on the hind wing; but the ground-colour of
both wings is more of an ochraceous yellow, and the basal and
discal shadings of purple more brownish.
@. Very similar to the 9 of L. chandica, but the ground-colour
on the upperside deeper, more of an orange-red, the apical half of
the fore wing a darker brown, and the white discal bar formed of
an oblique, short, broad fascia and two detached white spots bent
inwards at an angle to it. On the underside the colouring is
similar to that in L. chandica, but clearer and more striking.
Exp. 3 2 72-80 mm. (2°85-3°2").
Hab. Recorded from Sikhim, Bhutan, and Burma.
107. Lethe mekara, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p- 219; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148, pl. 11, fig. 24, g 9;
Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 244, pl. 79, figs. 1,
la-le, g Q.
3 2. Differs from ZL. chandica as follows :—. Upperside
umber-brown with a silky gloss, never so dark as in ZL. chandica ;
hind wing with a posterior subterminal ochraceous-red patch
bearing a series of four black blind ocelli and a subterminal rather
obscure dark brown sinuous line. 9. Differs from 9 of L. chandica
in the absence of the ocelli on the upperside of the fore wing and
in the oblique discal white band being narrower, shorter, with
two triangular white spots at an angle below its lower end.
Underside, 6 2: the subbasal and discal dark transverse lines
less sinuous than in L. chandica ; the discal line on the hind wing
only very slightly angulated, never produced towards the line of
96 NYMPHALIDA.
ocelli, as it is in LZ. chandica. Head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Antenne light brown, ochraceous at apex.
Kup. 3 2 62-74 mm, (2:4-2:9").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim ; extending to
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
108. Lethe tristigmata, Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 444; td. Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1888, p. 318, pl. viii, fig. Ls Moore (Kerrata), Lep. Ind. 1,
1890-92, p. 286, pl. 89, figs. 2, 2 “a-2 ¢, SQ.
$ 9. Hind wing shortly caudate at apex of vein 4. Opperside
umber-brown with a rich satiny gloss. Fore wing: cell crossed by
two dusky brown bars, an oblique dark brown sinuous discal band,
a row of (in g four, in @ five) small pale postdiscal spots, a
subterminal transverse brown shading followed by a comparatively
broad pale margin. Hind wing: a transverse, discal, sinuous dark
line, a curved postdiscal series of (in ¢ five, im @ six) blind, dark
brown ocelli, a transverse subterminal dark brown shading followed
by slender inner and outer terminal dark lines. Underside: ¢
much paler, somewhat of an ochraceous brown: Q very bright
ochraceous brown, almost yellow; basal half of both fore and hind
wings darker, bounded by a prominent, sinuous, transverse dark
brown band ; two short dark brown bars across cell in fore wine,
enclosed space whitish, postdiscal pale spots as on the upperside,
and a subterminal ochraceous band margined inwardly and out-
wardly by slender dark brown lines. Hind wing: a subbasal
transverse curved, narrow, dark brown band; an arched post-
discal series of six black, white- centred, fulvous- ringed ocelli, the
upper four with outer silvery white rings ; a subterminal lilacine-
white line, followed by an ochraceous narrow terminal band,
margined on both sides by slender dark brown lines as on fore
‘wing. In the 2 the markings are the same but much brighter in
colour. Antenne, head, “ones and abdomen ochraceous brown ;
antenne bright ochraceous at apex. Male sex-marks, a series of
four outwardly angular spots clothed with black scales, from vein 1
to base of vein 4 on the upperside of the fore wing.
Exp. 3 2 58-64 mm. (2°3-2°7").
Hab. Recorded only from Sikhim above 8000 feet.
109. Lethe lyncus, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 544, 3, pl. 1
OCU
?
3. ‘“Upperside: both wings hair-brown with a strong silky
ochraceous bronzy gloss, a submarginal deep brown fascia. Fore
wing crossed by two dark brown bars, . . . . a discal irregular dark
brown band from the costa to the submedian nervure (vein 1),....
a short subapical pale ochreous bar within the submarginal fascia.
Hind wing with an indistinct irregular discal dark brown
fascia, beyond which are five round dark brown spots decreasing
in size from anteriorly backwards. Underside: both wings shining
pale ochreous, with the markings darker ochreous. Fore wing has
LETHE. 97
the two discoidal bars as on the upperside, . . . . the space between
them yellow, the discal fascia is broader and more prominent than
above, its outer edge sharply defined, the discal area beyond is yellow,
becoming darker till it is almost lost in the submarginal fascia ;
the subapical spots as on the upperside, three in number, and
white, the margin is somewhat broadly pale bisected by a narrow
straight brown line. Hind wing: ....a basal irregular dark
fascia outwardly defined by a narrow yellow line, beyond which is
a dark line from the costa to the submedian nervure (vein1l)....;
a dark fusiform bar defines the discocellular nervules; a broad,
highly irregular discal fascia from the costa to the abdominal
margin ; a submarginal series of six black ocelli with white pupils,
yellow iris, outer dark ring, with an outermost pale violet ring, the
anal ocellus twinned, all the ocelli of nearly equal size,..... the
margin bears a somewhat broad ochreous line defined on both sides
by a dark brown thread, inwardly again with a pale violet line,
somewhat dilated at the anal angle. Cilia cinereous throughout.”
BED. “Sao 2: :
Hab. “ Sikhim ” (de Nicéville).
This form, unknown to me, seems very like a pale variety of
L. tristigmata, Elwes. Only two specimens, both males, seem to
have been procured in Native Sikhim, at 10,000 feet elevation.
110. Lethe atkinsonia (Pl. II, fig. 19), Hewitson (Zophoessa), Ent.
Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 151 ¢; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 166; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p- 295, pl. 92, figs. 1, la, g.
gd. Wings shaped as in L. baladeva. Upperside ochraceous
brown; cilia ochraceous. ore wing: basal area of interspaces
1 and 2 diffusely ochraceous ; cell crossed by an ochraceous, short,
broad band bordered on both sides with dark brown; beyond
apex of cell irregular zigzag macular, discal and postdiscal bands,
the former slightly oblique, reaching from costa to dorsum, the
latter shorter, transverse. Hind wing: a postdiscal curved series
of black spots superposed on a bright ochraceous band with sinuous
margins bordered with dark brown on both sides and an obscure
ochraceous subterminal sinuous line. Underside paler, the markings
on fore wing similar but bright yellow, the discal band broad and
continuous, posteriorly diffuse along its outer margin; the post-
discal band obscure, with two or three irregular white spots; an
outer somewhat diffuse brown band from tornus not reaching
apex and a subterminal dark line. Hind wing posteriorly broadly
irrorated with brown scales, basal and subbasal dark ochraceous-
brown bands followed by a short, broad, oblique discal band yellow,
a postdiscal sinuous dark brown band, a curved series of subequal
ocelli superposed on a pale band darkening towards the tornus,
and finally a subterminal silvery and terminal ochraceous line. An-
tenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; pale ochraceous beneath.
Exp. 5 58-61 mm. (2°28-2°4"),
Hab. Sikhim above 7000 feet; Bhutan.
VOL. I. H
938 NYMPHALIDZ.
111. Lethe jalaurida, de Nicéville (Zophoessa), J..A. S. B. 1880, p. 245;
M. &§ de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 166, pl. 10,
fig. 19 ¢ ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 320, pl. 8, fig. 4;
Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 296, pl. 92, figs. 2,
2a,3.
Zophoessa elwesi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p.298, pl. 92, fig.3¢.
3 Q. Shape of wings asin L. baladeva. Upperside rich vandyke-
brown with a silky gloss and in certain lights a reddish-coppery
sheen; cilia brown alternated with white. Fore wing with a
transverse broad bar in cell, and a discal zigzag macular band
ochraceous white, the cellular bar lmed inwardly and outwardly,
and the discal band inwardly with diffuse dark brownish black ; a
short preapical bar or spot, ending below in three small spots,
ochraceous white; a broad, inwardly diffuse, brownish-black sub-
terminal band. Hind wing: a postdiscal sinuous dusky-black
band, followed by a curved row of five round black spots superposed
on a broad pale band ; finally, a subterminal dark sublunular band.
Underside paler and more ochraceous, marked with dark brown.
Fore wing: the ceilular discal and preapical ochraceous-white
bands as on the upperside, but clearer and more prominent; the
preapical band with three or four superposed half obsolescent
small ocelli; apex and termen of wing bright ochraceous. Hind
wing with a basal, a subbasal, a short median, and a discal trans-
verse zigzag white line, the last broadening above vein 3 into an
oblique broad band; a postdiscal curved row of black ocelli, each
ocellus with a blue centre, an inner ochraceous and an outer brown
ring, followed by a subterminal irregular sinuous white and a
broader terminal ochraceous line. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen brown; pale ochraceous beneath.
Hep. & 2 54-58 mm. (2°1-2°3").
' Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Western China.
Moore has separated the Eastern form as Z. elwesi, but a
series of specimens in the British Museum Collection from the
N.W. Himalayas and from Sikhim show little or no variation.
112. Lethe meelleri, Hiwes (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1887, p. 445; Elwes,
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 321, pl. 8, fig. 3; Moore (Zophoessa),
Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 298, pl. 92, figs. 4, 4a, g.
g. Closely resembles ZL. jalaurida, but is a sufficiently distinct
and constant form. On the upperside, the fore wing lacks the
transverse, cellular, ochraceous-white band, while the dusky black
lining to the discal band is more angularly sinuous. On the
underside, the ocelli on the fore wing are entirely obsolescent,
the upper half of the basal portion of the hind wing is crossed by
two oblique broad bands of white bordered inwardly (the outer
band outwardly also) with dark brown, and the apical four ocelli
outwardly with white.
Exp. 3 52-56 mm. (2°15-2°25").
Hab. Sikhim at 10,000 feet.
I have not seen a 9 of this form.
LETHE, 99
113. Lethe baladeva, Moore (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 769, pl. 41,
fic. 55; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 167 ;
Moore (Putlia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 288, pl. 90, fizs.1, la, go 2.
3 2. Costa of fore wing very slightly arched, hind wing caudate
at apex of veins 2 and 4. ¢. Upperside brown, the markings
on the underside showing through by transparency, clearly, how-
ever, only on the hind wing, where the postdiscal row of ocelli
appear as non-pupilled round black spots, and the subterminal
pale line is fairly well defined. Underside ochraceous brown ;
dorsal margin of fore wing broadly pale brown. Fore wing with
the following markings :—base and apex of cell and a broad trans-
verse band across it, an oblique broad discal and a subterminal
band, ochraceous white; a transverse silvery white postdiscal band
followed by a series of five minute, white-pupilled, broadly ochra-
_ eeous-ringed, black ocelli, outwardly margined by an ochraceous
transverse line; finally, beyond the subterminal band a bright
- ochraceous terminal line. Hind wing: a prominent silvery-white
band from costa to median vein across apex of cell, another
postdiscal similar band with its outer margin sinuous between
veins 2 and 6, some oblique streaks and marks, subterminal and
slender terminal lines ochraceous white; a postdiscal strongly
arched series of silvery-centred, ochraceous-ringed, black ocelli and
two prominent reddish ochraceous marks at tornus,
Q. Very similar: all the markings similar; those of the
underside of the fore wing seen by transparency on the upper-
side well defined and prominent. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen brown; the antenne ochraceous at apex.
Exp. 3 2 62-65 mm. (2°49-2°6").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim above 7000 feet,
extending to Tibet.
This is an aberrant form, differing from the very closely allied
L. ramadeva and L. anderson in the ¢ being furnished with a
secondary sex-mark of a patch of dark specialized scales at base of
subcostal vein of the hind wing.
114. Lethe ramadeva, de Micéville (Zophoessa), Proc. A. S. B. 1887,
p. 147; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 320, pl. 9, fig.2; Moore
(Putlia), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 289, pl. 90, figs. 3,3a, 3 Q.
$ 2. The form of the wings identical with that of LZ. baladeva.
The ¢ can be recognized by the entire absence of the sexual patch
of specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing. In colour
and disposition of markings the two forms are closely alike. The
chief differences lie on the underside. Cell in fore wing in
L. ramadeva with the white markings at base and apex, the bands
on the hind wing much broader, whiter, not at all or only slightly
tinged with ochraceous ; the ochraceous subbasal and other streaks,
present in L, baladeva, entirely wanting.
Exp. 3 2 60-62 mm. (2°35-2°41").
Hab. Sikhim at high elevations.
H 2
100 NYMPHALID A.
115. Lethe andersoni, Atkinson (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1871, p.- 215,
pl. 12, fig. 3; WM. § de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 168;
Moore (Putlia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 290, pl. 90, figs. 2,2 a, 3d.
3 2. The form of the wings identical with that of LZ. baladeva,
from which the males, like the males of ZL. ramadeva, can be
recognized by the absence of the sexual patch on the upperside
of the hind wing. Underside: ground-colour much brighter
ochraceous than in L. baladeva, all the markings pure white, not
tinged with ochraceous. Fore wing: the cellular, discal, and
postdiscal transverse bands much as in L. ramadeva, followed
by a series of obscure pale ocelli and a very slender lunular white
line, the subterminal band reduced to a mere slender streak close
to the terminal line. Hind wing as in ZL. ramadeva, without the
ochraceous subbasal streak ; the other markings as in L. baladeva,
only broader and more clearly defined.
Exp. 3 2 60-68 mm. (2°35-2°7").
Hab. Recorded from Bhamo in Upper Burma, extending into
Yunnan.
116. Lethe goalpara (Pl. II, fig. 18), Moore (Zophoessa), P. Z. 8.
1865, p. 768; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Batt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 165;
Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 294, pl. 91, figs. 4,
4a,d.
3. Upperside: closely resembles L. sura, but of a much lighter
brown, showing the dark discal and subterminal bands on the fore
wing, and postdiscal and subterminal bands on the hind wing far
more plainly, the postdiscal series of spots on the hind wing
similar but the spots smaller. Underside pale ochraceous, the dark,
transverse, cellular, discal and subterminal bands on fore wing
much narrower than in Z. sura, the ocelli entirely wanting or
reduced to a single obscure pale ocellus in interspace 5. Hind
wing: the basal area not crossed as in L. sura by zigzag purplish
lines, but by a subbasal, irregular, obscure dark band and a single
sinuous line dividing into two at upper apex of cell, only a little
darker than the ground-colour. The row of ocelli and the markings
bordering it on both sides similar to but paler than in L. sura.
Eap. & 80 mm, (3°15").
Hab, The Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim; Assam.
117. Lethe sura, Doubleday (Zophoessa), in Dbiday., Westw. § Hewits.
Gen. Di. Lep. 11, 1851, p. 362, pl. 61, fig) 1 2; Micg dew.
(Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 164; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 291, pl. 91, figs. 1, la, dQ.
3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown ; cilia brown alternated with
white. Fore wing: a faint preapical costal ochraceous spot,
an obscure broad irregular discal fascia and subterminal sub-
macular band darker brown. Hind wing with a postdiscal irre-
gularly sinuous band, and a subterminal band of the same shade,
the intervening area paler, with a curved series of five round
black spots. Underside glossy brown. Fore wing with the fol-
lowing markings :—two narrow bands across the cell, a sharply
LETHE. 101
defined discal and an inwardly diffuse subterminal band dark
brown ; a silvery streak between the two dark bands across the
cell, a trifid preapical white sput, traces of three obscure ocelli in
vertical order below it, and an obscure terminal brown line. Hind
wing: basal portion to apex of cell crossed by broken and irregular
silvery-white lines and bands, followed by a broad angulated discal
band, a postdiscal curved series of round black ocelli, a subterminal
silvery and a terminal ochraceous line. The ocelli white-centred,
with an inner ochraceous, an intermediate brown, and an outer
silvery ring.— 9. Upperside: differs from the upperside in the ¢
in the outer third of the fore wing and the pale postdiscal band
on the hind wing being lighter in colour. The underside also
differs by the whole ground-colour being paler. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, paler beneath; antenne an-
nulated with white.
Exp. 3 2 80-96 mm. (3°15-3°8").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Upper Burma.
118. Lethe dura, Marshall (Zophoessa), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 38, pl. 4,
fig. 2 3; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 165;
Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 293, pl. 91, fig. 2 3.
Zophoessa gammiei, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 294, pl. 91,
fig. 3 g.
3 2. This form ought probably to be placed as a mere race of
L. sura. It differs on the upperside in the broad terminal margin
of the fore wing, and still broader margin of the hind wing, being
much paler. In Bhutan specimens in my collection this latter area
is a sort of brownish white, with the series of black spots and sub-
terminal and terminal dark bands conspicuous. Underside differs
in being much paler; the postdiscal series of ocelli outwardly
broadly bordered with silvery white.
Exp. 3 2 75-80 mm. (3°3").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Burma, the Karen Hills; Tenasserim.
119. Lethe bhadra, Moore (Lasiommata), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 227; M. § de N. (Neope) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 171;
Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 300, pl. 93, figs. 1
Wa Tb 2.
Neope khasiana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 306; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 172; Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-
92, p. 302, pl. 93, fig. 2 ¢.
3 2. Hind wing broadly caudate at apex of vein 4. Upperside
blackish brown; base of fore and anterior half of hind wing
clothed with long soft ochraceous hairs. Fore wing: a streak with
a spot beyond it in interspace 1, two oblique streaks in cell and
three oblique lines of spots beyond decreasing in number to apex,
white. Hind wing: posterior half strongly suffused with ochra-
ceous, a small patch on the discocellulars and some spots beyond
in the interspaces brighter ochraceous, those in interspaces 2, 3
and 4 interrupted by obscure round black ocellar marks. Cilia of
102 NYMPHALIDA.
both wings white alternated with brown. Underside similar, the
spots and markings somewhat blurred; both fore and hind wing
shaded with purple and ochraceous ; the hind wing with a strongly-
curved postdiscal series of nine ocelli, the tornal ocellus geminate.
Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown.
The Seasonal form khasiana, Moore, differs in having on the
upperside the ground-colour of the hind wing bright ochraceous,
the apex of the cell, the costal and the anterior half of the
terminal margin broadly, and a curved postdiscal series of six
ocellar marks blackish brown.
Exp. 5 Q 86-100 mm. (8:4-4").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; Upper
Burma, Ruby Mines and East Pegu Hills.
120. Lethe pulaha, Moore (Lasiommata), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
i, 1857, p. 227; M. & de N. (Neope) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 170,
pl. 11, fig. 25; Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 303,
pl. 94, fig. 1 ¢.
Race pulahoides.
Blanaida pulahoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 304, pl. 94,
hee.
o @. Hind wing more shortly caudate than in ZL. bhadra.
Upperside dark brown ; base of fore and posterior half of hind
wing clothed with long, soft, paler brown hairs. Fore wing:
basal halves of veins 1 and 2, median vein and discocellulars
entirely ochraceous white; irregular discal and subterminal curved
transverse rows of ochraceous-white spots from costa to inter-
space 2, between the rows a similar spot in interspace 4 and two
very short streaks in interspace 1. Hind wing: basal half
uniform, outer half with two transverse rows anteriorly of spots
similar to those on the fore wing. Cilia brown alternated with
white. Underside somewhat similar. Fore wing: basal half of
interspaces 1 and 2, some spots and streaks in cell, and the
posterior spots of the discal and subterminal series bright ochra-
ceous ; apex mottled with purple, white, and dark brown. Hind
wing richly blotched and mottled with purple irrorated with
brown scales, and dark umber-brown sinuous bands and lines;
one or two black, white-centred, ochraceous-ringed ocelli on fore
wing, and a strongly curved postdiscal series of similar ocelli on
the hind wing. Antenne brown, annulated with white, club
ferruginous; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.
The male differs only in being somewhat paler in colour and larger.
Exp. 3 2 70-88 mm. (2°8-3:15").
Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim; Assam, the
Naga and Khasi Hills; Burma, East Pegu.
Race pulahoides, Moore.—The Eastern forms can only rank as
a distinct race. They have been separated by Moore as pula-
hoides. Typically they differ in the spots being larger and more
prominent, and in the lining to basal portions of veins 1, 2 and
median vein of the fore wing being broader.
LETHE, 103
121. Lethe muirheadi, Felder (Lasiommata), Wien. ent. Monatsch.
1862, p. 28.
Debis segonax, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. 111, 1862, p. 74, Debis, pl. i, fig. 5.
Neope bhima, Marshall, J. A, S.B. 1880, p. 246; M. & de N. Butt.
Ind. 1, 1883, p. 172, pl. ll, fig. 26 9; Moore (Patala), Lep. Ind.
5 1890-92, p- 308, pl. 94, fies, 5, 5a, 3 Q.
3 2. Very like the pale North-west Himalayan form of L. yama.
Upperside differs as follows: fore wing with one or two of the ocelli
always present, and beyond them ochraceous-white shading; in 2
the ocelli four or five, very distinct and large, bordered outwardly
as in the ¢ with ochraceous. Hind wing: the ocelli more distinct.
Underside rauch paler ochraceous grey speckled with brown scales ;
cell of fore wing crossed by three zigzag bands, the intermediate
the broadest, bearing four spots of ochraceous grey; discal,
transverse, sinuous, brown band outwardly margined with ochra-
ceous grey; ocelli distinct, with irides of ochraceous grey on
a brown ground; subterminal and terminal sinuous lines brown,
distinct. Hind wing: three brown spots near base, followed by
three very irregular, sinuous, transverse brown lines, the inter-
mediate line broad and not extending below vein 6; ocelli oval,
larger, the series more sinuous than in L. yama, placed on a brown
ground, bordered on both sides by ochraceous grey, followed by
subterminal and terminal lunular brown lines.
Lup. 3 9 74-92 mm. (2°9-3:°65").
Hab. Burma, extending to China.
122. Lethe yama, Moore (Zophoessa), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 221, d 2; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 169,
pl. 10, fig. 21 ¢; Moore (Patala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 306,
pl. 94, fic. 3d.
Patala la yamoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 307, pl. 94, fig. 43.
3 2. Hind wing: termen scal-
loped ; angles at apices of veins 2
and 4 more produced than the
others. Upperside pale to dark
vandyke-brown ;_ cilia conspicu-
ously white, the apices of the
veins brown. Fore wing with
discal and subterminal bands faintly
darker; an obscure postdiscal
row of two or three dark ocelli,
more numerous and better defined
in the 2; costa marked narrowly
with two white median and two
preapical short streaks. Hind
wing: a postdiscal series of dark
ocelli with their irides obscure
brown, and a subterminal faint
dark brown band. Underside paler ;
fore wing: the cell with four
narrow greyish-white transverse bars, a discal and a postdiscal
Fig. 23, iaiie yama, 3.
Underside.
104 NYMPHALIDA.
dark brown band, the former typically slightly oblique, submacular,
the latter parallel with termen, obscure, posteriorly bearing a
row of broadly pale-ringed ocelli, margined on both sides with
greyish-white irrorated with brown scales ; costa as on upperside,
posterior area of wing pale brown; subterminal and terminal lines
dark brown. Hind wing: basal half variegated by transverse
medially pale brown bands, bordered on both sides by slender
ochraceous lines; the whole area irrorated with brown scales ;
a discal transverse sinuous fascia followed by a curved row of
black ocelli, and dark brown subterminal and terminal lines.
Antenne ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen pale
brown. <o sex-mark, a short, broad, not very distinct, discal
band of dark brown specialized scales on fore wing.
Exp. 3 2 70-90 mm. (2°75-3°55"). |
Hab. The Himalayas, Kulu, Mussoorie, Bhutan; (not recorded
from Sikhim); Assam, the Khasi Hills; Burma, the Chin Hills
and the Ruby Mines district.
The Eastern form has been separated by Moore as “‘ yamoides” ;
it is larger, with all the markings richer and darker in colour.
Genus ZIPQTIS.
Zipeetis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i11, 1863, p. 100 (Satyridee : Hypocysta
& Zipoetis); M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 248; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 108.
Type, Z. satis, Hewitson, from the Nilgiris.
Range. Southern India; Sikhim and eastwards to the Khasi
and Naga Hills; Upper Burma, and as far south as Taungoo.
S$ 2. Wings comparatively broad. Fore wing: costa widely
arched, apex broadly rounded, termen very convex, dorsum
straight ; cell broad, in length very little over half length of wing ;
discocellulars: upper minute, middle slightly curved inwards,
lower oblique convex; vein 5 closer to 6 than to 4, 6 and 7 from a
point or very closely approximate, 10 and 11 from before apex of
cell, 12 inflated at base to nearly half its length. Hind wing
broadly pear-shaped; termen somewhat scalloped, perceptibly
angulated at apex of veins 2, 3, 4 and 6; dorsum comparatively
short, not emarginate, tornus rounded; cell comparatively both
broad and long, over half length of wing; discocellulars oblique ;
vein 3 from before apex of cell, vein 6 closer to 7 than to 5.
Antenne slender, less than half length of fore wing, club very
long and gradual; palpi moderately long, with stiff hairs anteriorly,
third joint short and stout ; eyes naked ; intermediate and posterior
femora scaled, not hairy.
Key to the forms of Zipeetis.
a. Upperside of fore and hind wings crossed by
broad awhite bands), Oe ejeeete-as ogee oe Z. saitis, p. 105.
b, Upperside of fore and hind wings not crossed or
marked with white bands .................. Z. scylax, p. 105.
ZIP@TIS, 105
123. Zipeetis saitis, Hewitson, Evot. Buit. iii, 1863, Satyride : Hypo-
cista & Zipeetis, pl. fig.6; MW. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 249,
pl. 17, fig. 58 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 108, pl. 119,
figs: Ula, 16,3 2.
3 2. Upperside in fresh specimens velvet-black, or brown to
light brown in the @. Fore wing with a
broad, oblique, snow-white band from
middle of costa to near apex of interspace
1, inwardly emarginate in its lower third.
Hind wing with a similar broad white post-
discal band parallel to the posterior two-
thirds of the terminal margin, the outer
margin of the band emarginate between the
veins. Underside similar, ground-colour
paler; the white bands as on the upperside;
both fore and hind wings with a subter-
minal sinuous pale line. Hind wing with
a row of five ocelli enclosed in a common
Fic. 2 silvery narrow band, on the inner side of
ig. 24, : : ome
Zipetis saitis, Q. the white band ; each ocellus with a white
Underside. centre, an inner ring of ochraceous, and an
outer ring of blackish brown; the ocelli at
each end of the row the smallest, the preapical very large and bi-
pupilled. Antenne ochraceous red; head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown.
Exp. 3 9 64-74 mm. (2°55-2:9").
Hab. Southern India; the Nilgiris, Anaimalais ; Cochin and
Travancore.
124. Zipetis scylax, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, Satyride :
Hypocista & Zipeetis, pl. fig. 7; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 249, pl. 17, fig. 62 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 109,
pl. 119, fies. 2, 2a, 28, 6.
3 2. Upperside dark velvety brown, paling towards apex and
terminal margins of wings. Fore and hind wings with very pale,
conspicuous, subterminal and terminal lines. Underside: ground-
colour similar, paler ; cilia very pale brownish white ; subterminal
and terminal lines as on upperside, only broader. Fore wing
with a postdiscal row of five more or less subequal, small,
fulvous-ringed, white-pupilled ocelli beginning in interspace 2,
bordered inwardly by a sinuous silvery line and outwardly by
a broader pale band. Hind wing with a row of ocelli enclosed
in a common silvery band very similar to that on the underside of
hind wing of Z. saitis. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as
in Z. satis.
Exp. 3 2 51-58 mm. (2-2°3"),.
Hab. Sikbim, through the hill-ranges of Assam to Upper Burma.
Recorded as far south as the hills west of Taungoo.
106 NYMPHALID#.
Genus ORINOMA.
Orinoma, Gn, Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, p. 14; M. § de N. Butt. Ind.
1, 1883, p. 173; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, pea,
Type, O. damaris, Gray, from India.
Range. The Himalayas, Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim.
3 2. Wings comparatively long and narrow. Fore wing:
costa widely arched; termen slightly convex, oblique; dorsum
straight; apex and tornus rounded; discoidal cell slightly over
half length of wing; upper and lower apices angulate; upper and
middle discocellulars short, inclined inwards, lower long, deeply
angulated inwards in the middle; veins 4 and 5 nearly parallel,
10 and 11 before apex of cell, 12 slightly inflated at base, median
vein normal. Hind wing pear-shaped ; termen strongly arched,
slightly scalloped; vein 3 from just before apex of cell, 4 from
apex, strongly arched upwards, 6 closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne
filiform, less than half length of fore wing, club long and gradual ;
palpi normal, third joint long, not fringed with porrect hairs
anteriorly ; eyes hairy ; femora and tibie slender, the former with
longish hair posteriorly.
125. Orinoma damaris, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. 1846, p. 14, pl. 7, figs. 2,
2a; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 174, My 13, fio. 32 8;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 1, pl. 95, fies. 1 SL Ge Ss ioe
3 9. Upperside dusky black. Fore wing: basal half of cell rich
ochreous red, with a spot of black in
the middle of its anterior and pos-
terior margins, apical half of cell
black, with a pale diffuse centre in
its anterior half and a broad greenish-
white streak in its lower half; inter-
space 1 greenish white, divided by
fine black oblique lines into three
short streaks and a terminal spot ;
interspaces 2-7 with two series of
discal short streaks and two series of
subterminal quadrate spots greenish
white. Hind wing: the cell with a
broad, transversely divided streak,
Fig. 25.—Orinoma damaris, $. the interspaces beyond with a series
of streaks and spots greenish white,
the outer subterminal row of spots obsolescent. Underside
similar, the markings more distinct. Cilia of both wings alter-
nately black and white. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen
above dark grey, the thorax in front with orange hairs ; abdomen
beneath white, with fine black lines.
Exp. 3 2 72-85 mm. (2°8-3°3").
_ Hab. The Himalayas from Kangra to Sikhim above 2000 feet ;
Bhutan; Assam, the Khdsi Hills; Upper Burma, Ruby Mines ;
Tenasserim.
—
RHAPHICERA. 107
Genus RHAPHICERA.
Lasiommata, pt., Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. 1851, p. 585.
Rhaphicera, Butler, A. M. N. H. (3) xix, 1867, p. 164.
Type, &. satricus, Doubleday, from Sikhim.
Range. The N.W. and E. Himalayas; East Tibet.
3 2. Wings comparatively short and broad. Fore wing tri-
angular, costa arched; termen convex; dorsum straight; apex
very slightly rounded; cell about half length of wing; disco-
cellulars oblique, in a line, upper and middle about equal; vein 3
shghtly bent upwards, 10 and 11 from before apex of cell,
12 inflated at base, subcostal and median normal. Hind wing
oval, costa slightly scalloped and perceptibly produced at apex of
vein 4; cell short, less than half length of wing; discocellulars
very oblique, lower and middle subequal, upper much shorter ;
~ vein 3 from before apex of cell. Antenne not half length of
fore wing, slender, club long and gradual; palpi with long porrect
hairs anteriorly; eyes very hairy; intermediate femora slightly
hairy posteriorly.
Key to the forms of Rhaphicera.
a, Hind wing posteriorly not irrorated with fuscous
Seales Oni TIPpPeRider rs. .LA Les ta ways R. satricus, p. 107.
6. Hind wing posteriorly strongly irrorated with
fuscous scales on upperside .............0.: R. mooret, p. 108.
126. Rhaphicera satricus (Pl. II, fig. 20), Doubleday (Lasiommata),
in Dbiday., Westw. & Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 387, pl. 64,
fie.4 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 175; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 3, pl. 95, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3 Q. Upperside dark orange-yellow; ciliafulvous. Fore wing:
dorsum and median vein bordered with black; two bands, the
outer the broader, across the cell, an oblique, irregular, still
broader band beyond the cell continued as a transverse line
widened at the veins to vein 2, quadrate spots in interspaces 2
and 5, a short oblique bar from the costa to the latter spot, the
apex and termen down to vein 3 broadly, thence narrowly to
tornus, black; costa dusky black. Hind wing: the dorsum
broadly dusky black; an oblique short bar from apex of cell
towards apex of wing, a postdiscal curved series of four large
spots and subterminal and terminal slender lines black. Under-
side paler, very similar. Fore wing: the black border to dorsum,
to termen and to apex replaced by an incomplete subterminal
and a complete terminal black line, the quadrate spots formed
into white-centred ocelli. Hind wing: the oblique black bar
absent ; a slender black line from costa curving round the apex
of the cell to vein 2, the black spots formed into white-centred
ocelli. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown.
Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°55-2°7").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; the Naga Hills.
108 NYMPHALIDZ.
127. Rhaphicera moorei, Butler, A. M. N. H. (8) xix, 1867, p. 164,
pl. 4, fig.49; UM. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 176, pl. 15,
tig, 838 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 4, pl. 95, figs. 3,
oa,3Q.
3 2. This form may be simply a local race of A. satricus,
which it resembles very closely. The differences
are the following :—Ground-colour: upperside
ochraceous dusky yellow, not rich orange, the
black markings proportionately more extensive,
giving the insect an appearance of being dusky
black spotted with yellow; bases of fore and
hind wings and the posterior half of the latter
thickly sprinkled with dusky brown scales.
Underside dull ochraceous yellow, the markings
as in R&R. satricus, but the cell of the hind wing
| crossed by two or three slender oblique black
Rhaphicera mooret. lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
dull brown.
Exp. 3 2? 48-60 mm. (1:9-2°35").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas to the borders of Sikhim.
Genus AGAPETES.
Arge, Hitibner (nec Schrank), Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 60.
Agapetes, Bilberg (teste Scudder), Enum. Ins. 1820, p. 78.
Melanargia, Meigen, Eur. Schmett. i, 1829, p. 97.
Type, A. galathea, from Britain and Europe generally.
Range. Palearctic Region. Within our limits the mountainous
country on the extreme western frontier of Burma.
36 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched; termen convex ;
dorsum straight ; apex distinct, not rounded ; cell over half length
of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower concave ;
vein 5 closer to 6 than to 4, 6 and 7 from a point or closely approxi-
mate, 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 inflated at base.
Hind wing broadly oval; cell short, less than half length of wing ;
discocellulars very oblique ; vein 3 from well before, 4 from apex
of cell, latter slightly curved upwards, 6 about equidistant from
Sand 7. Antenne stout, about half length of fore wing; club
eradual, slightly compressed; palpi porrect, fringed with hairs
anteriorly to apex, third joint long; intermediate femora scaled,
not hairy, grooved beneath.
128. Agapetes halimede, Ménétries (Arge), Bull. Acad. Petr. xvii,
1859, p. 216; Leech (Melanargia), Butt. China, i, 1892-94, p. 59,
pl. 11, fig. 7 ¢ (var. montana).
3 2. Upperside—fore wing: the cell, basal half of interspaces
2 and 3, two-thirds of the costa narrowly, a curved series of
elongate spots in the interspaces from costa beyond apex of cell
to near tornus, and three obliquely-placed preapical streaks
white; the dorsum, termen and apex broadly, and an irregular
oblique discal band black. Hind wing white; a short transverse
AGAPETES,—SATYRUS. 109
band above apex of cell, a large spot at apex of wing, a broad
postdiscal band from apex
of vein 1 to apex of vein 5,
and subterminal and _ ter-
minal lines black ; a zigzag
line joins the black apical
spot to the obliquely-placed
postdiscal band. Underside
somewhat similar. Fore
wing: the apex creamy
white, bordered internally
by a broad dusky black
oblique band; termen with
pre-subterminal, subter-
minal, and terminal black
lines. Hind wing creamy white, the black marks as on upperside,
_ but diffuse and dusky, the postdiscal oblique band with three or
four, the preapical spot with two lilac-centred, ochraceous-ringed,
dusky black ocelli, beyond a pre-subterminal series of white lunules
defined inwardly by a black line, and subterminal and terminal
black lines as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen dusky black ; abdomen whitish beneath.
Exp. 3 2 64-71 mm. (2°5-2°85"),
Hab. Recorded from Western China and Amurland. Occurs
in Eastern Tibet, and within our limits a few specimens were
procured by Mr. W. H. Craddock, of the Burma Forest Depart-
ment, on the extreme eastern frontier of Upper Burma.
Genus SATYRUS*.
Satyrus, Latr. Consid. Gén. 1810, pp. 355 & 440,
Lasiommata, Westwood, Brit. Butt. 1840, p. 65; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 5.
Amecera, Butler, A. M. N. H. (3) xix, 1867, p. 162; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 178; Moore (nec Butler), Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 12.
Type, S. mera, Linn., from Europe. S. megera and S. mera
are “‘les satyrs” of old French authors; these fix the type for
the genus.
Range. Palearctic Region. Within our limits the Himalayas
at high elevations.
$ 2. Fore wing subtriangular, costa strongly arched towards
apex ; apex broadly rounded; termen straight or slightly convex,
tornus rounded, dorsum straight ; median vein and vein 12 inflated
at base; cell less than half length of wing; upper discocellular short
but distinct, middle inclined obliquely inwards, lower twice length
of middle, inclined obliquely outwards; vein 10 from just before
* According to the strict rules of priority this name is preoccupied by
Satyra, Meigen (1803), for a genus of Diptera ; but the latter name is not, I
believe, now in use, so I have retained Satyrus as it is well-known.
110 NYMPHALIDA.
apex of cell. Hind wing oval, termen slightly scalloped; cell less
than half leneth of wing; discocellulars sinuous; veins 3 and 4
from or after apex of cell, vein 6 equally distant from 5 and 7.
Club of antenne spatulate, with two carine on the underside.
Eyes hairy ; palpi compressed, fringed with long porrect hairs to
apex, third joint moderately long; intermediate femora fringed
with hairbeneath. Male sex-mark, when present, consists of a more
or less conspicuous oblique band of raised, densely packed, specialized
scales on the upperside of the fore wing.
Key to the forms of Satyrus.
a. 3 with secondary sex-mark on fore wing.
a’. Fore wing with a broad postdiscal patch of
ochraceous orange on upperside .......... S. menava, p. 111.
b'. Fore wing with a postdiscal series of more or
less rectangular ochraceous orange spots on
Up PErsiderzrask HiEine Leen tein Peet, ee S. schakra, p. 110.
b. S$ without secondary sex-mark on fore wing .... S. merula, p. 111.
129. Satyrus schakra, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844, p. 446,
pl. 15, figs. 3, 4, ¢; Butler (Amecera), A. M. N. H. (8) xix, 1867,
p. 163; MW. & de N. (Amecera), Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 179, pl. 15,
figs. 45, 46, ¢ 2; Moore (Lasiommata), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96,
p. ¢, pl. 96, fies, Lola, Ge.
3 2. Sexes differing slightly. ¢. Upperside silky, pale
vandyke-brown ; cilia of both wings whitish. Fore wing with a
transverse row of four large orange spots, the apical one the largest,
bearing a black, white-pupilled ocellus ;
beyond the row of orange spots a sub-
terminal dark brown line. Hind wing
uniform, but bearing a postdiscal row
of from three to six black, white-pupilled,
orange-ringed ocelli. Underside very pale
greyish white; fore wing: disc orange,
outwardly defined by a dark line, two
lines across the discoidal cell, and a sinuous
discal oblique line beyond its apex not
extending to the tornus, orange-brown ;
lore subterminal and terminal dark lines; a
Fig. 28.—Satyrus schakra, Subapical ocellus, as on the upperside, but
Underside. with the outer ring paler, and a much
smaller ocellus beyond it towards apex of
wing. Hind wing: the basal half crossed by two sinuous curved
slender lines, a shorter line crossing the cell only, and another short
line defining the discocellular nervules, orange-brown; the curved
row of ocelli as on the upperside, but each ocellus with rings of pale
ochraceous and of brown, alternately two of each; lastly, a sub-
terminal and a terminal brown line. Antenne brown; head and
thorax studded with long dark grey pubescence; abdomen pale
brown. Sex-mark present.
Q. Similar. Upperside, the orange spot bearing the ocellus on
>
SATYRUS. 111
the fore wing inwardly bordered by a broad, pale, short line; the
raised band of specialized scales absent.
Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm, (2°25-2°3").
Hab. The Himalayas eastwards to Sikhim.
130. Satyrus merula, Felder (Lasiommata), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
1867, p. 496 d; M. & de N. (Amecera) Butt. Ind. 1, 1888,
p. 180; Moore (Lasiommata), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 8, pl. 96,
fis: 2, 2d, 20,04 2.
Lasiommata laurion, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1895), p. 15,
pl. R, figs. 5, 6, dQ.
$ @. Almost identical in ground-colour and markings with
S. schakra, but the ¢ entirely lacks the secondary sex-mark,
while the yellow on the disc of the fore wing on the underside is
slightly more extended, in both sexes encroaching on the dull pale
brown of the cell.
Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm. (2°25-2°3").
Hab. Kashmir; Dalhousie; Pangi; Gonas Pass, N.W.
Himalayas. — |
131. Satyrus menava, Moore (Lasiommata), P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 499,
pl. 80, fig. 3 g¢; Butler (Amecera), A. M. N. H. (8) xix, 1867,
p- 163; M. & de N. (Amecera) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 180; Moore
(Lasiommata), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 9, pl. 96, figs. 4,4a,5 9.
Lasiommata meeroides, Felder, Nov. Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 496,
pleco; tis. OF
3. Upperside very dark ochraceous brown, the dark bands or
lines on the underside showing through by transparency; cilia
white, black at the apices of the veins. ore wing with a sub-
apical black, white-centred, yellow-ringed ocellus, and a much
smaller but similar ocellus nearer the apex. Hind wing uniform,
the lower outer area near the tornus with two, sometimes three,
ocelli similar to those on the fore wing, the subtornal one the
largest, the next to it above, when present, minute.
Q. Upperside similar to the upperside in S. schakra, but the
transverse yellow postdiscal band on the fore wing much broader
above, more continuous, generally diminishing to a point to-
wards the dorsum, not broken into quadrate spots. Hind wing
with only two or three ocelli, similar to the ocelli on the hind
wing of the d. Underside of both sexes very similar to the
underside in the sexes of S. schakra, but the orange-yellow on the
disc of the fore wing spreads into the cell, the inner dark brown
line crossing the cell is bordered on both sides with white, and the
whole of the apex of the cell is white. Hind wing: ground-
colour more uniform all over, irrorated with greyish scales. An-
tenn, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown ; the antennz ringed
with white, the abdomen whitish below. Male sex-mark present.
Hep. 3 2 54-56 mm. (2°15-2°25").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; Chitral.
A. meroides, Felder, seems to me to be only a casual variety of
A. menava.
1a NYMPHALID &.
Genus PARARGE.
Pararge, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 59.
Type, P. egerva, Cramer, from Europe.
Range. Palearctic Region. In India, the Himalayas.
3 @. Fore wing triangular, the apex subtruncate, rounded ;
termen below apex slightly concave ; costa slightly arched ;
dorsum nearly straight; cell Jonger than half length of wing;
upper discocellular inclined obliquely outwards, middle twice as
long as upper, inclined obliquely inwards, lower very long,
inclined obliquely outwards; veins 1 to 5 nearly parallel. Hind
wing oval, termen scalloped; cell nearly half length of wing ;
discocellulars subequal, very oblique ; veins 3 and 4 from apex of
cell, latter arched upwards. Antenne not quite half length
of fore wing, club gradual, broadly grooved on underside ; palpi
porrect, compressed, third joint long, fringed with long hair
anteriorly ; eyes hairy ; intermediate femora with long hair
beneath.
132. Pararge cashmirensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 265, pl. 48,
fig. 39; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 177; Moore
(Amecera), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 12, pl. 97, figs. 1, la, dQ.
3. Upperside ochraceous yellow. Fore wing: a band along the
discocellulars, the apical third of the costa, and the termen broadly
dusky black ; a black spot towards apex of interspace 3, and one,
sometimes two, preapical spots or ill-formed ocelli joining the
black terminal border. Hind wing ochraceous brown, with the
apex and termen broadly dusky black; a postdiscal series of
three or four black spots or ccelli surrounded by rich ochraceous
yellow. Underside: fore wing pale yellow; cell crossed by three
sinuous lines, a band along the discocellulars, and a curved,
sinuous, short, discal transverse line dusky black; termen and
ocelli as on the upperside, but much paler; tornal area darker.
Hind wing: basal half thickly suffused with dark brown scales ;
a subbasal, sinuous, transverse, slender line; termen broadly pale
brown with a dark marginal line; area between dark base and
pale terminal border distinctly whitish, irrorated with greyish
scales and defined on both sides by dark sinuous lines ; a post-
discal curved series of six or seven black, white-centred, yellow-
ringed ecelli, the apical ocellus bordered inwardly with white, the
third shifted out of lme inwards. Cilia white alternated with
brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown,
paler beneath; the antenne annulated with white towards the
base.
®. Similar, the band along the discocellulars broader, and
beyond it the costa white for a short distance on both upper
and under sides.
Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°55-2-7"),
Hab. Kashmir.
A local race of P. eversmanni, Eversmann, from Central Asia.
NYTHA. 113
Genus NYTHA.
Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. 1820, p. 77 (teste Scudder).
Hipparchia, pt., JZ. § de N. (nec Fabr.) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 182.
Type, WV. hermione, Linn., from Central and Southern Europe.
Range. Palearctic Region. In India, the Himalayas, Kashmir,
Baluchistan.
$6 @. Fore wing broadly triangular, costa slightly arched,
termen and dorsum straight or very slightly convex, apex some-
what produced, tornus rounded; discoidal cell long, well over
half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle com-
paratively long, arched inwards, lower longest, outwardly convex ;
veins 10 and il from before apex of cell; vein 12 and median
vein greatly inflated at base. Hind wing broadly oval, termen
slightly scalloped; cell well over half length of wing; middle
_discocellular longest, curved inwards; vein 3 from well before apex of
cell, 4 from apex, 6 closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne comparatively
short, not half length of fore wing; club abrupt, broadly spatulate
(except in the aberrant form parysatis, Kollar); palpi with long
porrect hairs anteriorly to apex; third joint short; eyes naked ;
intermediate femora with long hair beneath.— ¢. Secondary sex-
marks present or absent; when present variable as to size and
position, but always of specialized, somewhat densely-packed
scales on the fore wing.
Nytha is very close to Satyrus, but can be distinguished from
that genus by the difference in neuration of the hind wing, by the
very broadly spatulate form of the club of the antennex, and by
the non-hairy eyes. The forms here enumerated under Wytha
cannot be placed under Hipparchia, as that genus has the antenne
pointed at apex according to Fabricius’ diagnosis.
Key to the forms of Nytha.
A. Club of antennz short, broad, spatulate, not
pointed at apex.
a. A broad, continuous, postdiscal ochraceous
band on upperside of fore wing.
a’. &. Secondary sex-mark of jet-black
specialized scales in a broad short
streak in middle of cell on upperside
OLMORE” WAN oy keratin se etree, eee N. thelephassa, p. 114.
b'. g. Secondary sex-marks of brown
specialized scales placed on both sides
of median vein on upperside of fore
wing.
a’. Ground-colour of wings dark brown ;
a subtornal round black spot on
Tan el swat Oe he es ee eb tensile A N. baldiva, p. 114.
b?, Ground-colour of wings paler brown ;
no subtornal black spot on hind
VATE? oti cAn sae ties napeme MN tor Ah. ar Race lehana, p. 115.
VOL. I. I
114 NYMPHALIDZ.
6, A more or less whitish or fulvous series
of postdiscal streaks or rectangular spots
on upperside of fore wing.
a’. Cell of fore wing on upperside wholly
brown.
a. Ocelli on upperside of fore wing of
CQIUAIYSIZE ens ke ci. ape at ee N. diffusa, p. 115.
b°. Ocelli on upperside of fore wing
unequal, lower ocellus much the
largest: .2228 2. at's Rahat Mee ye. Saba . NN. persephone, p. 115.
b'. Basal half of cell on upperside of fore
AWAITS: Wy IDES 5 5, ) Fis lo ciated ee ore RENE N. shandura, p. 116.
b. Club of antennz long, crescentic, some- a
what concave beneath and pointed at
2) OS. agi AMR Ae Sm WALA Mi ai a allot eed N. parisatis, p. 117.
133. Nytha thelephassa, Hiibner (Eumenis), Sammi. Ex. Schmett. ii,
1820-26, pl. 85, figs. 1-4, § 9; M. & de N. (Hipparchia) Butt.
ee 1883, p. 187; Moore (Eumenis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p. 20.
3. Upperside pale brown ; cilia white alternated with brown ;
wings crossed by a postdiscal broad ochraceous band, the outer
margin of which is defined by a dark line, inner margin on fore
wing indented at vein 4, on hind wing somewhat diffuse; within
the band there are two white-centred black ocelli, with two inter-
mediate white spots, on the fore wing, and a very small subtornal
white-centred black ocellus, with one or two white specks above it,
on the hind wing. Underside pale greyish white, irrorated with
numerous black and dark grey strie; inferior apical half of cell, -
the disc, and ocellar area on the fore wing ochraceous. Hind
wing: a postdiscal irregular, curved, transverse band, paler than
the rest of the wing, and more or less defined on both sides by
broken zigzag black lines. Ocelli on both fore and hind wing as
on the upperside. Sex-mark a conspicuous broad jet-black streak
about middle, rather towards apex of cell, on upperside of the
fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown ;
abdomen beneath white.
@. Very similar, the ochraceous transverse band crossing the
wings broader, the indentation of its inner margin at vein 4 on
the fore wing deeper.
Exp. & 2 62-68 mm. (2°45-2°7").
Hab. 8. Russia, through Persia to Afghanistan. Within our
limits recorded from Quetta in Baluchistan.
134. Nytha baldiva, Moore (Lasiommata), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 499,
pl. 30, fig. 4; WM. & de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 188 ; Moore (Kumenis), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 18, pl. 98,
figs. l,la, dQ.
face \ehana.
Hipparchia lehana, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) 1, 1878, p. 227; ad.
Yarkand Miss., Lep. 1879, p.1, pl i, fig. 4 do; M. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 188, pl. 16, fig. 48 9; Moore (EKumenis), Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 19, pl. 98, figs. 2, 2a, g 2
NYTHA. 115
3 9. This form so closely resembles 1. thelephassa that, but
for the remarkable difference in the ¢ secondary sex-mark, it
might be mistaken for a rather dark variety of that insect. The
eround-colour on the upperside and on the basal half of the hind
wing on the underside is much darker, and the two white dots
lying between the ocelli on the upperside of the fore wing are
rarely present. The secondary sex-mark in the g is a dark band
of scales concolorous with the ground-colour and placed on either
side of the median vein on the upperside of the fore wing.
Kap. S 2 60-65 mm. (2°4—2°6").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Spiti, Kunawar.
Race lehana, Moore.— Differs from typical WV. baldiva as
follows :—Ground-colour paler, the ochraceous postdiscal band
crossing the wings very much broader, and the black subtornal
spot within the ochraceous band on the upperside of the hind
_ wing absent. Male secondary sex-mark as in JW. baldiva.
Exp. 3 Q 62-68 mm. (2°45-2°7"),
Hab. Ladak, Hunza, Chitral.
185. Nytha diffusa, Butler (Hipparchia), P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 147 3;
M.& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1885, p. 186; Moore
(EKumenis), Zep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 18.
3. Upperside dusky-brown, a subterminal, indistinct, darker
line on both fore and hind wing; cilia white, brown at the apices
of the veins. Fore wing broad, dusky-fulvous, short streaks in
middle of interspaces 1 to 5, the streaks in second and fifth
bearing each a white-centred black ocellus. Hind wing with
postdiscal broad similar streaks not reaching termen in inter-
spaces 2 to 6, these streaks palest inwardly, that in 2 bearing a
small white-centred ocellus near its apex. Underside: fore wing—
basal portion to apex of cell ochraceous yellow; remainder not
reaching costa and termen paler ; costa, apex broadly and termen
irrorated with brown and white scales which extend into the cell ;
discocellulars defined by a short brown line; ocelli as on upper-
side. Hind wing: basal half darkened by a dense powdering of
ochraceous and black scales, the highly sinuous outer border of the
dark portion abruptly defined by a broad irregular white band,
beyond which the wing darkens to the termen. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen brown.
Exp. 3 54-64 mm. (2°1-2°51").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas.
Recorded from the basin of the Ravi by Mr. A. Graham-Young.
It is simply a rather dark form of the European “ grayling ”
(Nytha semele).
136. Nytha persephone, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. ii, 1805,
pl. 115, figs. 589, 590, & pl. 140, figs. 710,711; Moore (Philareta)
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 23.
Hipparchia anthe, MW. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 192.
3 2. Upperside greyish brown, paler towards the base of the
12
y)
116 NYMPHADLID A.
wings. Fore wing: apex of cell and the area a little beyond
it very dark brown; a discal series of broad streaks and spots
white, those in interspaces 2 and 5 medially interrupted by round
black spots, inner portion of upper streak prolonged to costa.
Hind wing: a broad discal, outwardly diffuse, curved band, not
extended to the dorsum, white, a black spot beyond it in inter-
space 2. Underside: fore wing—the series of white streaks and
the two round black spots as on the upperside, but the streaks
broader, forming a continuous band, bordered on each side by a
sinuous dark line; wing medially ochraceous, costa, apex and
termen mottled black and greyish white, dorsum broadly dark brown
except on the white band. Hind wing much mottled with grey
and black striz, some transverse black marks near base, followed
by two sinuous dark angulated lines. Both wings with terminal
dark lines and the cilia dusky greyish white and dark brown alter-
nately. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown ; club
of antenne black, abdomen beneath whitish. Male without any
secondary sex-mark.
Exp. 3 2 66-80 mm. (2°6-3:15").
Hab. Within our limits recorded from Chaman, in Baluchistan,
extending through Persia to Southern Russia.
137. Nytha shandura, Marshall (Hipparchia), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 38,
pl. 4, fig. 39; M. § de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 191; Moore (Chazara), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 21, pl. 98,
figs. 8,5a, dQ.
3 2. Upperside dusky black; cilia white, dusky black at the
apices of the veins. Fore wing: basal half of cell and an out-
wardly curved discal series of broad streaks in the interspaces
white, the streaks in interspaces 2 and 5 completely interrupted
in the middle by black, white-centred ocelli. Hind wing: apex
of cell and an outwardly curved, diffuse, broad, discal band white.
Underside: fore wing—cell white, crossed subapically by a black
bar ; discal series of streaks and the ocellias on the upperside, but
the former broader and longer, confluent ; a subterminal, somewhat
indistinct lunular, and a more distinct terminal black line; apex
and costa irrorated with greyish and black scales. Hind wing
dusky greyish brown, the apex of cell and discal band, as on
upperside, white, the greyish area much irrorated with brownish
scales and the white with dusky black scales, giving altogether
a mottled appearance. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
greyish brown; legs and abdomen beneath whitish. Male sex-mark
a broad band of specialized black scales from lower apex of cell to
dorsum.
Exp. 3 2 58-66 mm. (2°3-2°6").
Hab. Northern Kashmir.
This is simply a race of NV. heidenreichi, Lederer, from the Altai
Mountains in Central Asia.
NYTHA. july
138. Nytha parisatis, Kollar (Satyrus), Denkschr. Akad. Wien, Math.-
nat. Ch. i, 1849, p.52; M. §& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i,
1883, p. 184, pl. 16, fic. 47 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 24,
figs. 4, 4a, dQ.
3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; costa preapically, lower
half of termen on fore wing narrowly and termen of hind wing
more broadly bluish grey, crossed by the dark veins and touched
with brown at the apices of the latter; fore wing with a pre-
apical black spot pupilled with white, another plain black spot
in interspace 2, and two intermediate white dots; hind wing
with a subanal white-centred black spot. Underside pale sepia-
brown, irrorated with numerous white striz, the discal and tornal
area only of the fore wing without striz; both wings crossed
by a highly sinuous, broad, white discal band, inwardly defined
Fig. 29.—Nytha parisatis, 3.
by a dark brown line, subterminal and terminal narrow brown
bands; the round black spots as on the upperside, but more
distinct and ringed with yellow; hind wing with an additional
ocellus in interspace 5. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
concolorous with the wings above, paler below. Sex-mark a large
dark brown patch of specialized scales on basal half of fore
wing.
o Similar, the greyish-white marginal borders broader.
Exp. 3 2 76-82 mm. (3°02-3°25").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Baluchistan, extending into Afghanistan
and 8. Persia.
This form is somewhat aberrant : the club of the antenne is not
spatulate, but crescentic and concave beneath ; the colouring also
is of a different character from the rest of the group.
118 NYMPHALID&.
Genus MANIOLA.
Maniola, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, 1801 (1), pp. 152, 170.
Epinephele, Hiibner (nec Bloch- Schneid.), Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816,
59.
Pp:
Chortobius, een wn Dblday’s List of Brit. Butt. § Moths, ed. 2,
1859, p. 2
Type, WZ. jurtina, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Palearctic Region. In India, N.W. Himalayas, Ladak,
Kashmir, Baluchistan.
3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa arched, termen straight or
slightly convex, dorsum straight, apex distinct, tornus rounded ; cell
under half length of wing, broad; vein 1 thickened, median vein
and 12 greatly inflated at base; upper discocellular minute, middle
strongly curved inwards, lower outwardly oblique; veins 2-6
equidistant, subparaliel. Hind wing ovate, costa and termen in a
regular arch; dorsum very long, straight, slightly emarginate
towards apex; tornus well-marked ; cell elongate, well over half
length of wing; vein 3 from before apex of cell, 6 equidistant
from 5 and 7. Antenne about half length of fore wing, with a
long gradual club; palpi normal, third joint comparatively long,
hairy anteriorly to the apex ; eyes naked ; intermediate tarsi long,
hairy beneath. Male secondary sex-mark a band of specialized
dark scales placed obliquely below cell on upperside of fore wing,
in one section ; entirely absent in the other section.
Key to the forms of Maniola.
A. Males with secondary sex-mark of special-
ized scales on the fore wing.
a, Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside
ochraceous.
a’, Hind wing: underside with white-
ringed black spots or ocelli........ M. davendra, p. 119.
6’. Hind wing: underside without spots
Grvocelli tc ute ke Maes hla glen a M., narica, p. 120.
6. Fore wing: upperside ground-colour
ereyish brown.
a’. $. Fore wing: black preapical ocellus
on upperside with broad orange zone.
2. Basal area of fore wing and hind
wing outwardly not sharply defined. M. cheena, p. 120.
. g. Fore wing : black preapical ocellus
on upperside with a narrow pale ring.
©. Basal area of fore and hind wing
outwardly sharply defined ........ M, interposita, p. 121.
B. Males without secondary sex-mark of
pees ee scales on fore wing.
a. Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside
ochraceous.
a'. Ochraceous yellow on upperside of
fore wing not shaded or overlaid
With FOWL -../0-4 5 aereeee oon eae M. putchella, p. 121.
MANTOLA. 119
b'. Ochraceous yellow on upperside of
fore wing shaded or overlaid with
brown.
a>. Fore wing with a diffused trans-
verse discal brown band on upper-
STAAL ha A ey ea ee aera Race pulchra, p. 122.
6°. Fore wing without such band Var. neoza, p. 122.
b. Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside
greyish brown.
a’. Underside of fore wing without a
prominent transverse discal dark
[TT RENE ocien cht One ree oe em dee toro M. cenonympha, p. 122.
6’. Underside of fore wing with a more or
less distinct transverse discal dark , +, :
. Var. maiza, p. 123.
INDOLE. Ak Me ae SURE am TOM Seta lt Lie . 6
Var. goolmurga, p. 123.
139. Maniola davendra, Moore (Epinephele), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 502,
pl. 380, fig. 7, ¢ 2; M. & de N. (Hpinephele) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 201, pl. 15, fig. 39°9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 45,
pelOs ties ila go.
Epinephele roxane, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 491,
pl. 69, fies. 12, 13, 9; M. § de NW. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 202.
Maniola latistigma, brevistigma, et tenuistigma, Moore, Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, pp. 46, 47, & 48, pl. 103, figs. 2 & 24,3 & 8a,
and 4 &4a,3 9. —
3. Upperside: fore wing orange-yellow, margins somewhat
broadly greyish brown sharply defined ; the sex-mark brown, very
prominent ; a round, black preapical spot; cilia greyish. Hind
wing uniform greyish brown, with obscure subterminal dark line;
cilia white ; termen strongly scalloped. Underside similar to the
upperside, but on the fore wing the margins are paler brown and
not so sharply defined, the orange-yellow on the basal half is
bordered by a curved, transverse, somewhat obscure pale band,
and on the terminal half by a dark zigzag line, beyond which the
termen is narrowly pale; a preapical, white-centred, yellow-ringed,
black ocellus with a slender brown outer ring; finally an anticiliary
black line. Hind wing paler than on the upperside; a strongly
curved, median, narrow white band margined inwardly with
ferruginous; three black, white-ringed spots, first near apex of
interspace 1, second more inwards in interspace 2, third smaller
in interspace 5; beyond these an obscure subterminal, whitisn,
narrow band and an anticiliary black line. Antenne brown
ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown.
@. Upperside differs from the ¢ in having a curved dark
sinuous discal band crossing both wings, sometimes obscure on
the hind wing ; the basal area within this band is greyish brown
on the fore wing, with a shading of yellow outwardly. Underside
similar to that of the ¢, the transverse band more clearly defined.
Exp. 3 & 56-60 mm. (2:2-2°38"’).
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Spiti, Kunawar, Ladak; Dras and
Indus Valley; Baluchistan. Recorded also by Felder from
Kumaun.
120 NYMPHALIDA.,
Var. latistigma, Moore, has the secondary sex-mark in the ¢
very broad, and in typical specimens of the variety the underside
altogether paler; var. brevistigma, Moore, has the sex-mark very
short; and var. tenuistigma, Moore, the same very narrow. The
size of the insect, the shades of the ground-colour of the wings,
the distinctness of the transverse discal band, the presence or
absence of ocelli are all variable characters, as variable as the size
of the secondary sex-marks on the wings of the males.
140. Maniola narica, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. ii, 1805, pl. 139,
figs. 704-707; DM. & de N. (Epinephele), Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 204; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 48.
3 2. Very closely resembles on the upperside small specimens
of M. davendra, Moore; but on the underside there is no transverse
band on the fore wing ; the preapical ocellus is broadly bordered
with very pale yellow on the inner side, the colour being continued
to the costa in a short oblique streak; the costal and terminal
margins and apex of wing white, thickly irrorated with minute
brown scales. Hind wing pale greyish white, thickly irrorated
with reddish-brown scales that form irregular discal and sub-
terminal obscure bands, with the outer margins defined by curved,
highly sinuous dark lines ; ocelli entirely absent.
Kap. 3 Q 47-52 mm. (1°88-2:03").
Hab. Within our limits, taken at Chaman on the Afghan
frontier. Found in 8. Russia; W. Asia; Afghanistan.
141. Maniola cheena, Moore (Epinephele), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501,
pl. 30, fig. 6, 62 ; M. & de N. (Epinephele) Butt. Ind. i, 18883,
p- 205; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 50, pl. 104, figs. 1,
la :
Manjoln ene Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 51, pl. 104,
fies. 2,2a, ¢Q.
3. Upperside umber-brown; cilia brown, tipped with grey.
Fore wing with a preapical black ocellus having a minute fulvous
centre and broad orange zone; in some specimens a similar but
much smaller ocellus in interspace 2. Hind wing uniform.
Underside: fore wing dull orange, the costa, the apex broadly,
the terminal and dorsal margins greyish brown, a discal sinuous
and a subterminal straighter transverse dark line ; the preapical
ocellus as on the upperside, but ringed with yellow. Hind wing
greyish brown with delicate transverse brown striz, crossed by a
zigzag curved discal and an obscure subterminal sinuous dark line,
the tornal area with one or two minute black yellow-ringed ocelli.
2. Upperside similar, but fore wing with a large postdiscal
area orange, bearing a round black spot in interspace 2, a
smaller black spot in interspace 3, and a preapical ocellus as in
the g. Underside also similar to that in the 3, but on the fore
wing with the round black spot in interspace 2 as on the upper-
side, only with a zone of yellow.
Exp. 3 2 56-62 mm. (2°25-2°5").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir.
MANIOLA. ae
Var. kashmirica, Moore, differs only in both sexes being smaller
(cap. ¢ 2 44-54 mm.) and the zone round the preapica locellus
on the upperside of the fore wing in the ¢ being much narrower,
often ill-defined.
142. Maniola interposita, Eyschoff (Epinephele), Fedtschenko, Reise
Turkest., Lep. 1874, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 16 9; M. & de N. (Hpine-
phele), Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 206; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96,
p. 49.
3. Upperside greyish brown, with a powdering of glittering,
somewhat copper-coloured scales, visible only in certain lights ;
cilia silvery grey. Fore wing with a small round black preapical
spot surrounded by a pale ring. Hind wing uniform ; termen
somewhat prominently scalloped. Underside much as in MV. cheena,
_ but the ground-colour paler and the transverse sinuous lines crossing
the hind wing obscure.
Q. Upperside brown; basal half, or more, of both fore and
hind wing dark, this area with a curved angulated sinuous border
sharply defined, margined by a pale broken discal transverse
fascia ; preapical round black spot on the fore wing as in the 3
surrounded by a pale yellowish ring; and on both fore and
hind wing an obscure subterminal dark band. Underside as in
M. cheena, but paler.
Hap. 3 2 50-54 mm. (1°95-2°13").
Hab. Within our limits recorded from Chaman in Baluchistan.
Spread through Afghanistan and Turkestan.
143. Maniola pulchella, Felder (Epinephele), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
1867, p. 490, pl. 69, fig. 16 ¢; M. § de N. (Hpinephele) Lutt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 208, pl. 15, fig. 40 9 (left-hand half only) ;
Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 54, pl. 105, figs. 1,
ia, $8.
Race pulchra.
Epinephele pulchra, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 491 3;
M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 209 ; Moore (Chortobius), Lep.
Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 52, pl. 104, figs. 3, 3a, dQ.
Hpinephele neoza, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. 1868, p. 35; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 209; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 53, pl. 104, figs. 4, 4a, 2.
3. Upperside: fore wing ochraceous yellow; costa, termen
and dorsum broadly greyish brown ; a preapical round black spot
or non-pupilled ocellus. Hind wing uniform greyish brown ;
termen very slightly scalloped. Cilia of both fore and hind wing
paler greyish brown. Underside similar, the greyish-brown margins
of the fore and the ground-colour of the hind wing of a paler
tint than on the upperside and irrorated with dark brown specks
and strie, the latter forming on the disc of the hind wing a
transverse broken obscure zigzag angulated line; the preapical
ocellus on the fore wing white-centred and surrounded by a broad
zone of yellow paler than the ground-colour.
22 NYMPHALID A.
2. Similar, slightly larger; upperside of fore wing generally
with an additional round black spot near tornus. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown.
Exp. 3 2 42-48 mm. (1:75-1:9").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; Chitral; Ladak.
Race pulchra, Felder, is a larger insect. ¢. Upperside: the
ochre-yellow ground-colour of the fore wing overlaid with brown,
which forms a more or less diffuse dark band across the wing, the
preapical round black spot as in typical pulchella. Hind wing
similar to hind wing of pulchella. Underside as in pulchella, but
the greyish-brown colour darker and the margins formed by it on
the fore wing broader; obscure discal and subterminal brown
sinuous lines on the fore wing; the zone of yellow round the
preapical ocellus more distinct than in pulchella.— Q resembles
the g, but the ochraceous yellow on the upperside of fore wing
is of a brighter tint, and occasionally, as in pulchella, there is an
additional black spot. Underside: the transverse discal and
subterminal brown lines generally more distinct.
Lap. $ 2 46-51 mm. (1°8-2").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Chitral; Kashmir; Ladik; the
Ganges Valley, Dalhousie.
Var. neoza, Lang, has a larger extent of ochre-yellow on the
fore wing than typical pulchra, and the transverse discal line
is absent.
144. Maniola cenonympha, Felder (Epinephele), Novara Reise, Lep.
Rhop. 1867, p. 492, pl. 69, figs. 14, 15,9; M. & de N. (Kpinephele),
Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 210, ¢ 2; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 54, pl. 105, fig. 2 Q.
Hpinephele maiza, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. v, 1868, p.36 9; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 211, pl. 15, fig. 41 29; Moore (Chor-
tobius), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 55, pl. 105, figs.38, 5a, 36,9 9.
Epinephele goolmurga, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. v, 1868, p. 36 Q;
M.S de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 212; Moore (Chortobius), Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 56, pl. 105, figs. 4, 4a, dQ.
3. Upperside brown, uniform, with a powdering of shining
cupreous scales seen only in certain lights; cilia brown; in some
specimens a faintly indicated round black preapical spot on the
fore wing, surrounded by a narrow pale ring. Underside: fore
wing deep ochraceous orange, the costa, apex, termen and dorsum
broadly overlaid with brown, the discocellulars and a short streak
from the costa beyond brown, the preapical spot as on the upper-
side. Hind wing: basal half dark brown, apical half brown with
u deep ochraceous tint; a comparatively large ochraceous spot
near base; an angulated discal band of six or seven detached
whitish unequal spots, and beyond it two minute ochraceous-
ringed black ocelli, in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively.
2. Similar: wpperside paler brown, cilia whitish; fore wing
with two postdiscal broadly white- or ochraceous-ringed black
ocelli. Hind wing with the discal band of spots of the underside
showing through. Underside as in the ¢, but the ochraceous
MANIOLA.—KARANABA, 123.
colour on the fore wing paler, the ground-colour of the hind wing
brown, darker basally... Fore wing with a discal and a sub-
terminal dark brown line, the former bordered outwardly near
the costa by a short white streak, the ocelli as on the upperside.
Hind wing as in the g. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown.
Exp. & Q 39-46 mm. (1°53-1-7”).
Hab. Ladak; Kashmir. ;
Var. maiza, Lang, differs chiefly in both ¢ and 2 having a
transverse discal brown line on the underside of the fore wing.
Var. goolmurga, Lang, differs in the brown on the costa, termen
and dorsum being narrower. The shade of ground-colour, the
ocelli, and the spots composing the transverse discal band on the
hind wing are variable characters.
Genus KARANASA.
Karanasa, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 38.
Kanetisa, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 18938, p. 42.
Type, AK. huebnert, Felder, from Ladak.
_ Range. Kashmir, Baltistan, Ladak, N.W. Himalayas, Baluch-
stan.
3 2. Fore wing subtriangular, costa slightly arched, termen
straight or slightly convex, dorsum straight, tornus rounded ;
diseoidal cell long, over half length of wing; upper discocellular
minute, middle angulated inwards, lower outwardly convex; veins
2 to 6 parallel, equidistant, 10 and 11 from before upper apex
of cell; vein 12 inflated at base, median vein barely thickened.
Hind wing ovate, termen slightly scalloped, discoidal cell about
half length of wing; vein 3 from well before, 4 from apex of
cell, 6 slightly closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne slightly over halt
length of fore wing; club very long and gradual, deeply grooved
beneath ; palpi fringed with long hair, third joint short; eyes
naked ; intermediate femora longer than tibia, with long hair
beneath. Male sex-mark, an oblique, somewhat narrow and gene-
rally rather indistinct band of specialized scales, below median
nervure on upperside of fore wing.
Key to the forms of Karanasa.
a. Wings with a broad, transverse ochraceous or
orange band on upperside.
a’. Fore wing: termen strongly convex. Ex-
panse 48-55 mm. 5 ts 5
a”. Basal half of both fore and hind wing ies ene gee
3 vandyke-browm) 5 Wecahe kh os ono: vee | Var. aan tae ta, p. 124.
b*. Basal half of both fore and bind wing
ochraceous, more or less shaded with
[ORO atk Dees A fol Ce St Ae amin Var. leechi, p. 124.
b'. Fore wing: termen straight. Expanse 60-
GA sans, PME care es iste a chs Ea) cide NN K. digna, p. 125.
6. Wings uniform brown, without an ochraceous
or orange band on upperside ............ K. pimpla, p. 124.
124 NYMPHALID#.
145. Karanasa huebneri, Felder (Satyrus), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
1867, p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9,2: M.& de N. (Hipparchia)
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 39,
pl. 101, figs. 5,38a, dQ.
Hipparchia cadesia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7 3;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 190.
Karanasa leechii et modesta, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 41,
pl. 101, figs. 4,4 a, ¢ 9, and pl. 102, fies. 1,1 a, 5 Q.
3. Upperside pale vandyke-brown ; cilia white alternated with
brown ; a broad postdiscal bright ochraceous band not reaching
the costal or dorsal margin on either fore or hind wing; on the
fore wing this band bears an upper and a lower round black spot
and has its inner margin angulated ; ou the hind wings it is some-
what crescentic in shape, and on both fore and hind wing it is
outwardly defined by a zigzag dark line. Underside: fore wing
ochraceous, with the spots as on the upperside, the ground-colour
paler round the upper spot; a subterminal dark zigzag line and the
costal and terminal margins greyish brown. Hind wing thickly
irrorated with white, grey, and brown scales, the last forming a
broad, curved, median transverse band bordered inwardly by a
curved, outwardly by a zigzag, dark line; beyond this is a post-
discal zigzag, highly curved similar line ; veins conspicuously pale.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown.
@. Similar, but much paler. Upperside: the whole fore wing
up to the dark terminal margin suffused with ochraceous. Hind
wing: the ochraceous transverse band much broader, diffuse
inwardly.
Exp. 3 9 48-55 mm. (1°9-2°2").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Laddk; Kashmir.
Var. leechi, Moore, is paler on the upperside, and has com-
paratively longer wings. Var. modesta, Moore, on the contrary,
is a very dark form, the ochraceous band contrasting strongly with
the dark bases and margins of the wings; in many specimens
there is an additional spot on the upperside of the fore wing
joining on to the upper spot from the interspace below.
146. Karanasa pimpla, Felder (Satyrus), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867,
p- 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11, 9; M. § de N. (Hipparchia) Butt.
Ind, i, 1883, p. 185; Moore (Kanetisa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96,
p. 43, pl. 102, figs. 5, 3.a, SQ.
3 2. Upperside glossy dark brown, with, in some lights, a
reddish-bronze tint on the fore wing; cilia white alternated with
brown. Fore wing with a comparatively large preapical round
black spot, often minutely pupilled with white. Underside pale
greyish brown; fore wing with the spot as on the upperside, but
set in a broad pale zone; cell and disc ochraceous; costa and
termen thickly set with brown, white, and grey scales, dorsal
margin broadly dark brown. Hind wing: ground-colour as in
K. huebneri ; basal area with some short, transverse, dark brown
irregular lines; median and subterminal more continuous zigzag
KARANASA.—AULOCERA. 125
lines reddish brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown,
paler beneath.
Exp. & 2 58-62 mm. (2°38-2°45").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Baluchistan; Ladak.
147. Karanasa digna, Marshall (Hipparchia), J. A. S. B. 1882,
p. 67 9: M.& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189 ;
Moore (Kanetisa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 42, pl. 102, figs. 2,
Aang 2.
3 2. Resembles K. pimpla, Felder, but on the upperside both
fore and hind wings are crossed by a postdiscal broad orange band
which encircles anteriorly the preapical round black spot; the
lower spot is absent. On the underside there is a distinct median
sinuous band of dark scales, more or less defined inwardly and
- outwardly by dark brown lines, and a subterminal zigzag brown
_ line shaded inwardly with dark scales.
Kap. 3 2 60-64 mm. (2°38-2°52").
Hab. Kashmir ; Chitral.
Genus AULOCERA.
Oreas, Hiibner (nec Desmarest), Tentamen, 1816, p. 1.
Aulocera, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. iv, 1867, p. 121, fig. 1.
Type, A. brahninus, from Kashmir.
Range. The Himalayas; Tibet; Western China.
$6 2. Wings in the typical form rather narrow, in others
comparatively broad. Fore wing: costa arched; termen convex
or straight, never concave; dorsum straight; cell slightly over
half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle mode-
rately long, straight, lower twice length of middle, angulated
obtusely outwards; vein 4 from lower apex of cell, 5 and 6 apart,
subparallel, 10 from just before upper apex of cell ; vein 12 greatly,
median vein slightly swollen at base. Hind wing ovate; termen
moderately arched, scalloped; vein 3 from well before, 4 from
apex of cell, 5 and 6 well apart, 6 and 7 closely approximate.
Antenne under half length of fore wing; club gradual, slightly
flattened; eves naked; palpi strongly compressed, fringed with
long porrect hairs; intermediate femora longer than tibie, with
long hair at base ; tibie strongly spinose.
Key to the forms of Aulocera.
A. Termen of fore wing convex.
a. Expanse 64-67 mm. White transverse
band across wings narrow, of uneven
width, not reaching dorsal margin of
nwa iC WAtOt Ts, «wus ene Peete er ee eke he salesen A, brahminus, p. 126.
6. Expanse 68-75 mm. White transverse
band across wings very broad, of even
width, reaching dorsal margin of hind
AVATOP ED Waew saa canen Ons te RSA ia onal A, saraswati, p. 128.
126 NYMPHALIDA.
B. Termen of fore wing straight.
a. Expanse 80-87 mm. White transverse
band across wings very broad, of even
eee reaching dorsal margin of hind
DTPA Da hrate eaee ten coon Soe as naeersuone re eels ke A. padma, p. 127.
b. agare 72-76 mm. White transverse
band across wings comparatively narrow,
of uneven width, not reaching dorsal
maromvolhind jwith)...0.2 een. seeeos: A. swaha, p. 126.
148. Aulocera brahminus, Blanchard (Satyrus), Jacquemont, Voy.
dans V Inde, iv, 1844, Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 ¢ (nee figs. 5 & 6);
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 198, pl. 16, fig. 49 Ss Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 27, pl. 99, figs. 1, la, $9.
Aulocera brahminoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p: 29; pl: 29;
fi OSD 21 Or
Aulocera scylla, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. iv, 1867, p. 122.
3 2. Upperside black with, in certain lights, a bronzy sheen ;
a postdiscal oblique band of white spots in the interspaces
crossing both wings, slightly excurved on hind wing, interrupted
preapically on the fore wing by a large round black spot, this spot
with a white spot on its inner, upper, and outer margins; one or
two short white streaks continue the inner white spot to the
costa, prominently so in the 9; on the fore wing the upper three
or four spots of the band are well separated and are outwardly
conical ; on the hind wing the spots form a continuous band not
quite reaching the dorsum; cilia alternately black and white.
Underside fuscous bronzy brown ; costa and apex broadly, some-
times upper half of termen, also of fore wing and the whole of
the hind wing, irrorated with minute specks and strive of white ;
the lower basal half of hind wing darker; the white transverse
band of spots and black preapical spot as on the upperside ; one
or two minute white spots beyond the white band and a post-
discal lunular, somewhat irregularly curved black band on the
hind wing; the margins of both wings defined by a black line.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.
Exp. 3 Q 64-67 mm. (2°53-2°65").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kulu, Kashmir; Sikhim; Sylhet.
Var. brahminoides, Moore, is the deeper and richer coloured
Eastern form, found in Native Sikhim and the Chumbi Valley.
It is glossed with purple at the apex of the fore wing and apices
of the veins of the hind wing on the underside. Var. seylla,
Butler, differs from brahmina only in having the transverse band
on the wings much narrower and in some specimens obsolescent
towards the dorsal margin of the hind wing.
149. Aulocera swaha, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844,
2, p. 444, pl. 14, fies. 1&2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
Doe Moore, "Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 38, pl. 100, figs. 2,
2a, 39.
3 2. Differs from A. brahmina as foliows:—Upperside: discal
AULOCERA. oz
white band crossing both wings broader, not excurved on the hind
wing, tinged with creamy yellow; preapical black spot on fore
wing less distinct, the white spot on its
inner margin not continued to the costa.
Underside: the irrorations of transverse
ereyish-white striz less numerous on
the fore wing; the lower basal area of
the hind wing tinged with green: the
lunular black postdiscal band straighter,
somewhat diffuse; beyond it a broad
band of greyish-white striae; the mar-
ginal black lines obscure on both wings.
Exp. 3 2 72-76 mm. (2:9-3").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to
ze East Kumaun.
Fig. 30. Larva. There seems to be some doubt
Aulocera swaha, 3. as to the true larva of this, the com-
monest of the Auloceras. Mr. Grahame
Young (fide Moore) says, “‘ probably black, but so thickly covered
with bright yellow hairs that it is impossible to see what its
sround-colour really is.” Mr. Mackinnon, on the contrary
(Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1897-98, p. 218), says the larva is
brown, with ‘‘a rough hairless skin.” The food-plant is said
by Mr. Grahame Young to be the wild blue iris; by Mr. Mac-
kinnon, “ different grasses.”
150. Aulocera padma, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, 1844,
p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1&2 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 196; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p- 32, pl. 100, figs. 1, le, dg @.
Aulocera loha, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886,
p- 118; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p. 30, pl. 99, figs. 4, 4a, 5 Q.
Aulocera chumbica, Moore, Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 30, pl. 99, figs. 3,
BI rene o
& Q. Differs from A. brahminus as
follows :—Larger. Upperside black
or dark brown without any bronzy
sheen, the discal band crossing both
wings very much broader, not tinged
with cream-colour as in A. swaha;
E the free spots in the band on fore
ae wing more or less oval and pointed
Be le Anca ea fate adit: the black Sparel spot
not prominent, the white spot on the inner margin of the pre-
apical spot continued to the costa only in the Q. Underside
silky brown, the discal band sharply defined on its inner border,
diffuse outwardly; fore wing with a dark brown, broad, sub-
terminal band; the basal area of the hind wing very dark, the
128 NYMPHALIDA.
ereyish-white striz very delicate and fine; these strie tinged ~
with purplish beyond the discal band; the postdisca! black
transverse band broad, consisting of a series of irregular sub-
triangular blotches.
Exp. 3 9 80-87 mm. (3°2-3°45").
Hab. Himalayas; Kulu to Sikhim.
It is with some hesitation I identify -A. loha as only a variety
of A. padma, but the points of difference pointed out by
Mr. Doherty are eminently variable. Mr. Doherty says: “3
distinguished by the divergent white spots from the median band
to the costa; the @ by the band of the hind wing below being
narrow, well-defined, and ochreous. The insect is darker than
padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and the
base of the hind wing greenish.”
Var. chumbica, Moore, of which there is a series in the British
Museum Collection, is smaller than var. loha, with the band on
the hind wing narrower than in loha and still narrower than in
typical A. padma.
151. Aulocera saraswati, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv,
1844, 2, p. 445, pl. 14, fies. 3& 4°9 ; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i,
1883, p. 200; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 35, pl. 100, figs. 3,
Bly ee
g 2. Can be discriminated at a glance from A. brahminus,
swaha, padma, &e., by the proportionately much shorter and
broader wings, the fore wing having the costa more strongly
arched and the apex and tornus much more rounded. The discal
white band is very broad and of nearly even width throughout ;
in the @ the white spot on the mner margin of the black pre-
apical spot is elongate and large, in the g¢ minute. Underside
very strongly washed with ochraceous, and with numerous fine
black striz except on the discal and postdiscal bands, the former
inwardly margined by a slender dark brown line; the latter very
distinct, black, and somewhat diffuse at the edges, very broad
towards the dorsal margin of the fore wing.
Exp. 3 2 68-75 mm. (2°75-3").
Hab. Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal.
Genus (NEIS.
(Eneis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 58.
Chionobas, Boisduval, Icones Hist. Lép. i, 1832, p. 182.
Parceneis, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 36.
Type, @. norna, Thunberg, from Northern Europe.
Range. Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Within our limits at
high elevations in the Himalayas.
3g 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, termen
slightly convex, dorsum straight ; apex typically produced, in the
Indian forms rounded; tornus rounded; discoidal cell well over
(NEIS. 129°
half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate, upper
discocellular therefore minute, middle strongly concave, lower
oblique ; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 very slightly
swollen at base. Hind wing oval, costa somewhat straight ;
termen very slightly scalloped; dorsum long; apex and tornus
rounded ; discoidal cell well over half length of wing; disco-
cellulars long, middle discocellular concave in its upper portion ;
vein 3 from well before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 closer to 7
than to 5. Antenne short, less than half length of fore wing ;
club gradual, flattened on the underside, blunt at apex, proportion-
ately thicker and shorter in the Indian forms; palpi short, with
long hairs to apex; head and body very hairy ; eyes naked ; inter-
mediate femora with long floccus of hair posteriorly. Male sex-mark
an oblique broad streak of dark specialized scales below cell in the
fore wing. This mark is entirely absent in the Indian forms.
Key to the forms of Gneis.
a. Upperside ochraceous lightly shaded with
PSRONVAM PROT cue hte fecnseh y osine ce nels ais Gi. pumilus, p. 129.
b. Upperside ochraceous red deeply overlaid
WalbMidatla rows. F250. ks cian. alee on Race sekhimensis, p. 129.
152. Gneis pumilus, Felder (Chionobas), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
p. 490, pl, 69) fics. 6, 7) G; I. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883)
p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 57 ¢ ; Moore (Parceneis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-
96, p. 37, pl. 101, figs. 1, la, g 9.
Race sikhimensis. (PI. ITI, fig. 21.)
(Kneis paleearcticus, var. sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stettin ent. Zeit.
1889, p. 21.
Parceneis sikkimensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 38, pl. 101,
fies, 2,2a, 3.
3 Q. Upperside ochraceous, slightly shaded with brown darken-
ing towards termen ; fore and hind wings each with a curved discal
transverse band of yellow spots in the interspaces, broadening on
the fore wing round a preapical dusky spot, on the hind wing the
third spot shifted a little inwards. Cilia white, alternated with
brown. Underside: fore wing ochraceous, hoary along the costa
and on apex, with transverse dark strize which extend into the
cell; discal band as on the upperside, but with dark brownish-
orange borders to the spots. Hind wing with the discal band as
above but yellowish white, its inner margin zigzag; a pale sub-
basal patch near the costa and the veins hoary; rest of the wing
ereyish white, thickly set with dark brown specks and strie.
Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown.
Exp. & 2 42-52 mm. (1°68-2°15").
Hab. Tibet and, within our limits, high elevations in the
Himalayas.
Race sikhimensis, Staudinger, differs on the upperside by the
eround-colour being ochraceous red deeply overlaid with dark
VOL. I. K
130 NYMPHALIDA.
brown; the discal bands of spots are pale ochraceous with paler
centres, the band on the fore wing anteriorly widens as in the
typical form, surrounding a dusky spot, but the spot is often
white-centred. Undersideas in the typical form, but much darker,
especially the hind wing, more thickly irrorated with brown scales ;
these in the fore wing form irregular, short, narrow transverse
marks in the cell; the discal bands white on both fore and hind
wing.
ae 3 G 42-50 mm. (1°68-2°00").
Hab, Sikhim at high elevations ; the Chumbi Valley.
Genus YPTHIMA.
Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 63; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 212; Moore, pt., Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 75.
Thymipa, Kolasa, Nadiria, Pandima, Lohana, et Dallacha, Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 58, 82, 85, 86, 92, & 94.
Type, Y. philomela, Johannsen, from Java.
Range. Africa; the whole of the Indo-Malayan Region, extend-
ing to China and Australia.
3 ¢. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched ; apex rounded
or subacute; termen straight, tornus rounded, dorsum straight ;
cell comparatively very broad, of moderate length, about half length
of wing; upper discocellular about half length of middle, lower
longest, concave and oblique; veins 10 and 11 emitted after apex
of cell, 11 and median vein considerably inflated at base. Hind
wing ovate, costa and termen arched; dorsum straight, slightly
emarginate towards tornus; cell long, well over half length of
wing; discocellulars very oblique ; vein 8 bordering costa to apex
of wing. Antenne slender, short, less than half length of fore
wing, club very slight; palpi long, slender, oblique, with ante-
riorly a fringe of long hairs; eyes naked; intermediate and
posterior femora scaled, not hairy beneath, longer than tibie.
Male secondary sex-mark present in some of the forms in the shape
of a patch of specialized scales on the upperside of the fore wing
below and above the median nervure.
Key to the forms of Ypthima *.
A. Underside of hind wing with two subapical
ocelli.
a. The ocelli on underside of hind wing in
pairs in échelon.
a’, Expanse under 50 mm.
a”, Underside of fore wing without
subbasal transverse fascia.
a*, Two subapical ocelli on underside
of hind wing coalescent, anterior
oneminute. Expanse 32-35 mm. _ Y. philomela, p. 133.
* Does not nelude Y, megalia, de Nicéville (p. 146), which is unknown to me.
YPTHIMA.
6°. ‘lwo subapical ocelli on underside
of hind wing separate, sub-
equal.
Expanse over 40 mm.
a’, Termen of fore wing convex ..
b*. Termen of fore wing concave in
middle: ess salad he elle MO
b°. Underside of fore wing with a sub-
basal transverse fascia.
a’. $ with secondary sex-mark.
a‘. Underside of wings covered
densely with short, slender,
dark brown striz; ground-
colour scarcely showing through
6+, Underside of wings with coarser,
sparser, more open _ strie ;
eround-colour showing plainly
GOURDS eee mal ce Beet. a.
6°, § without a trace of a secondary
SOR SMIAE Laas cheetahs sem. « NT eh
b'. Expanse over 50 mm.
a, Underside of fore wing without a
subbasal transverse fascia.
a>, Paired ocelli on underside of hind
wing with narrow irides separate
one from the other, irides not
THOUCHING aes Hay OIE a bin
6°. Paired ocelli on underside of hind
wing with broad irides touching
OMe BNO UMEHE Lye vee Reeds. hs es
b°. Underside of fore wing with a promi-
nent subbasal transverse fascia ....
b. Ocelli on underside of hind wing not in
échelon, the posterior four in line.
a’, Expanse well over 50 mm. ..........
b'. Expanse well under 50 mm.
a, Discal and subterminal transverse
fascize on underside of fore wing
distinct, convergent, and broadening
posteriorly.
a’, Apical two ocelli on underside of
hind wing free, or, if touching,
posterior thejsmaller:. .. 0.1)... .
6°. Apical two ocelli on underside
of hind wing touching, always
Coal im SiZzeyy epee ay yay ate Shee:
6°. Discal and subterminal transverse
fascize on underside of fore wing
indistinct or wanting, when present
not convergent nor broadened pos-
teriorly.
a’, Apical ocellus on upperside of
fore wing in G6 ill-defined or
NVTLELISS ) co eerenseeeay eek ee atonss are, sae 8h
6°. Apical ocellus on upperside of
fore wing in ¢ always present,
well-defined na aan y. ale sa
131
Y. sobrina, p. 135.
Y. sumilas, p. 135.
Y. philomela,
race wndecora, p. 158.
Y. baldus, p. 134.
Y. affectata, p. 155.
Y. methora, p. 136.
Y. doherty, p. 187.
Y, savara, p. 137.
Y. sakra, p. 137.
Y. avanta, p. 140.
Race striata, p. 141.
Race singala, p. 141.
Race cerealis, p. 141.
K 2
ie? NYMPHALID&.
B. Underside of hind wing with three subapical
OCe UT cise wna Ais sae a RRA RIS crete tate
C. Underside of hind wing with one subapical
ocellus.
a. Underside of hind wing with three, rarely
four posterior ocelli; the tornal ocellus
geminate, sometimes single and bi-
pupilled.
a’. Posterior three ocelli not in a line, the
subtornal two in échelon with the
tornal bipupilled ocellus ..........
6’. Posterior three ocelli in a line.
a’. Ocelli on underside of hind wing
elongate, appearing compressed in
an antero-posterior direction......
6?. Ocelli on underside of hind wing
rounded, not compressed.
a’. Posterior three ocelli on underside
of hind wing placed on a dark
band, margined inwardly and
outwardly by irrorated whitish
bands a jic.ak gis tr en
6°. Posterior three ocelli on underside
of hind wing not placed on a dark
band.
a‘, Upperside of hind wing brown.
a. Underside of fore wing with
a more or less distinct discal
transverse dark fascia......
6°. Underside of fore wing with-
out any trace of a discal
transverse dark fascia......
6’. Upperside of hind wing partly
pureywihite ss oes seek a
b. Underside of hind wing with two pos-
terior ocelli, the tornal ocellus gemi-
nate.
a’. Underside of wings marked with trans-
verse dark fasciee.
a*, Underside of hind wing without a
transverse subbasal fascia.
a®. Underside of fore wing without a
discal but with a subterminal
transverse fascia.
a‘, Subterminal fascia on underside
of fore wing broadening towards
dorsal marca is,: sere tee
b+. Subterminal fascia on underside
of fore wing of even width....
6°. Underside of fore wing with discal
and subterminal transverse fasciee
meeting below ocellus and form-
Y. bolanica, p. 144.
Y. iarba, p. 138.
Y. chenui, p. 141.
Y. ypthimordes, p. 142.
Y. huebneri, p. 142.
Race kashmira, p. 148.
Race ceylonica, p. 144.
Y. nareda, p. 188.
Y. newara, p. 139.
Y. asterope, p. 145.
Y. watson, p. 139.
YPTHIMA. 133
6’. Underside of wings not marked with
transverse dark fasciz.
a, Apical and posterior ocelli on under-
side of hind wing inline ........ Y. lycus, p. 140.
6?. Apical and posterior ocelli on under
side of hind wing in échelon...... Y. inica, p. 145.
153. Ypthima philomela, Johannsen (Papilio), Amen. Acad. vi, 1764,
p- 404; Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, 1767, p. 768.
Ypthima tabella, Marshall, in M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 234; Moore (Thymipa),.Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 73, pl. 110,
figs. 2,2a, 3.
Ypthima baldus, Elwes § Edw. (nec Fabr.) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893.
p. 14, pl. i, figs. 15 & 16.
fiace indecora.
Ypthima indecora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 238, pl. 12, fig. 7; MM,
& de N. Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 218; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 63, pl. 107, figs. 1, la, 16, ¢.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside brown, terminal margins of
wings broadly darker. Fore wing with a slightly oblique bi-
pupilled, comparatively large, yellow-ringed, black ocellus near apex.
Hind wing with generally two similar but smaller postdiscal poste-
rior ocelli. Underside ochraceous white, closely irrorated witk
delicate slender transverse brown striz ; both fore and hind wing:
with obscure subterminal transverse brown fascize; sometimes
wanting. Fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside, but
with the yellow iris broader, surrounded by an obscure brown
ring. Hind wing with six unipupilled similar but smaller ocelli,
more or less in échelon in pairs; tornal ocellus geminate.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside similar to the wet-season
form but paler, subterminal bands less distinct. Underside also
similar, the ground-colour more dusky ochraceous, the brown
stris somewhat diffuse; oceili on wunGdersitie reduced To mere
specks.
Exp. 3 2 32-35 mm. (1:27-1°38").
Hab. 8. India, the Nilgiris and Wynaad. Described originally
from Java.
Race indecora, Moore, closely resembles the typical form both
in the wet- and dry-season varieties, but is constantly Jarger with
larger ocelli. On the upperside in the ¢ the secondary sex-mark
on the fore wing is far more clearly defined, and both the fore and
hind wings have more or less distinct transverse discal and sub-
terminal dark bands in both sexes. Underside: ground-colour from
dull ochraceous white in the wet-season form to almost dark
ochraceous brown in the dry-season form, both fore and hind
wings irrorated with transverse dark brown short strie# ; the ocelli
as In the typical form, but on the hind wing more distinctly in
échelon of twos ; in the dry-season variety these ocelli are reduced
134 NYMPHALIDZ.
to mere specks. Fore and hind wings with more or less distinct
subbasal, discal, and subterminal transverse brown bands.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.
Exp. 3 2 36-40 mm. (1°42-1°68").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas.
This is the North-Indian representative form of the Javan and
Southern Indian Y. philomela. In some respects, ¢. g. the trans-
verse subbasal, discal and subterminal brown bands on the wings,
the constantly larger size, and in the females often having more
than an indication of the pale transversely-irrorated ocellar area,
it approaches Y. baldus.
154, Ypthima baldus, Fadr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. App. 1775, p. 829;
Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 58, pl. 106, figs. 1,
1 a—12, larva & pupa. '
Ypthima philomela, M. § de N. (nec Johannsen) Butt. Ind. 1,
1883, p. 216.
Ypthima marshalli, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) x, 1882, p. 373; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 217 ; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc.
1893, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 1, La, & 11.
Wet-season form.— 3 . Upperside brown, both fore and hind wing
with terminal margins much darker, and generally with more or
less distinct subbasal and discal dark bands. Fore wing with a
large, slightly oblique, oval, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black, pre-
apical ocellus. Hind wing with two postdiscal, round, uni-
pupilled, similar but smaller ocelli, and very often one or two
minute tornal ocelli also. Underside similar to the underside in
Y. philomela, but the ochraceous-white ground-colour paler, the
transverse brown striz coarser, the ocelli on the hind wing more
distinctly in échelon, two tornal, two median, and two pre-
apical, and on both fore and hind wing more or less distinctly
defined, subbasal, discal and subterminal brown transversé
bands.— 2. Differs on the upperside in having the area surround-
ing or bordering the ocelli on both fore and hind wing paler, closely
irrorated with brown striz, the discal transverse band generally
clearly defined, and very often both the tornal, and at least one of
the apical, ocelli distinct. On the wnderside it is paler than the
male, and has the subbasal, discal and subterminal transverse dark
bands more clearly defined.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside very similar to the above,
paler; in the @ often the ground-colour ochraceous white, closely
irrorated with brown striz ; ocelli as in the wet-season form, but
those on the hind wing often non-pupilled. Underside also paler
than in the wet-season form, the subbasal, discal and subterminal
bands on the whole more prominent; ocelli on the hind wing
reduced to mere specks.
Kap. 3 2 38-46 mm. (1°5-1°3"').
Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim and Bhutan.
Bengal; Central, Western, and Southern India; Assam; Cachar
Burma and Tenasserim.
YPTHIMA. 135
155. Ypthima sobrina, Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Sov. 1893, p. 29,
pl. i, figs. 17, 18.
3. Upperside pale greyish brown, terminal margins convex and
broadly darker brown. Fore wing with a moderately large, round,
bipupilled, yellow-ringed, preapical black ocellus ; hind wing with
two subtornal similar, smaller ocelli, also a minute tornal ocellus.
Underside greyish, covered rather closely with delicate transverse
brown striz ; a postdiscal oblique, somewhat faintly-marked trans-
verse dark fascia, and a more distinct subterminal fascia on
_ both fore and hind wing; six ocelli in pairs in échelon on the
hind wing, the apical pair separate and subequal, a single pre-
apical ocellus on the fore wing as on the upperside. Antenne,
head and abdomen pale grey-brown, paler beneath ; thorax darker
above. No visible secondary sex-mark.— @. Similar, larger ; the
ocelli on both fore and hind wing placed on a pale broad band
- irrorated with transverse short dark striz, defined inwardly by a
dark continuous transverse band, outwardly by the brown terminal
margins. Hind wing on both upper and underside with six com-
plete ocelli in pairs in échelon.
Exp. 3 2 48-50 mm. (1:9-2°0").
flab. Recorded hitherto only from the hills north and east of
Taungoo in Lower Burma.
156. Ypthima similis, Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 30,
mane 19)
S. Closely resembles Y. baldus, but the secondary sex-mark so
distinct generally in the ¢ of that species entirely absent. As in
some males and the generality of females of Y. baldus, the ocelli
on the upperside in similis are placed on a pale broad irrorate
band crossing both fore and hind wing. ‘This pale area bordered
inwardly by a narrow, very much darker band. Underside very
similar to the underside in Y. baldus, but the transverse short
striz more delicate and regular, and the subbasal dark transverse
band that is more or less conspicuous in Y. baldus entirely wanting.
Male unknown.
Exp. 3 45-50 mm. (1°75-2").
Hab. Recorded hitherto only from the hills north of Taungoo
in Lower Burma.
157. Ypthima affectata, Eves § Edw. Trans. Ent.- Soc. 1893, p. 30,
pl. i, fig. 30.
3 2. Upperside umber-brown, darker than in Y. baldus,
sobrina, similis, &e. Both fore and hind wing crossed by distinct
postdiscal and subtermina: dark bands, the space between the
bands paler, more or less irrorated with dark brown, short, trans -
verse strie, bearing on the fore wing a large preapical ocellus,
136 NYMPHALID#.
and on the hind wing two minute tornal and two median ocelli
similar to those in Y. baldus and other forms; termen of hind
wing generally defined by a pale line. Underside as in many
dark specimens of Y. baldus, with the transverse striz more dense,
delicate and uniform; the subbasal and discal transverse fascice
similar, but the terminal fascia more diffuse; the ocelli as in
Y. baldus. Male without secondary sex-marks.
Exp. & Q 44-48 mm. (1°73-1:9").
Hab. Assam, Khasi Hills.
158, Ypthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 291,
pl. 18, figs. 20, 21, 9: M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 215;
Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 64, pl. 107, figs. 2,
2a,2b, 6 2; Hlwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 37.
Ypthima persimilis, Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 39.
Wet-season form.— $. Upperside dark vandyke-brown, the ter-
minal margins somewhat narrowly and evenly darker. Fore wing
with a very large preapical bipupilled yellow-ringed black ocellus ;
hind wing with from three to five similar but smaller unipupilled
postdiscal ocelli; ocellar area on both fore and hind wings in
many specimens distinctly paler, irrorated with pale transverse
strie. Hind wing with an indistinct discal transverse band,
the termen defined outwardly by a pale somewhat obscure yellow
line. Underside pale yellowish brown, closely and evenly covered
with delicate transverse dark brown striz. Fore wing: the ocellus
as on the upperside; hind wing with six ocelli in pairs in échelon ;
obscure discal and terminal dark brown bands. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown. No secondary sex-mark.—
@. Similar, larger, paler; the upperside as well as the underside
more or less irrorated with transverse strie.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Similar on the upperside to the wet-
season form. Underside paler, the discal and terminal dark trans-
verse fascize more distinct, with indications in some specimens of
a subbasal fascia. The ocelli on the hind wing much reduced in
size.
Exp. 3 2 62-66 mm. (2°45-2°6").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam.
Var. persimilis, Elwes and Edwards, shortly diagnosed from a
pair of specimens procured at Mao, Manipur, 7000 feet, is
apparently a link between Y. methora and Y. doherty. Like the
former, the ¢ is without any secondary sex-mark on the fore wing,
while in the shape of the clasp, and by the tornal ocellus on the
underside of the hind wing not being divided but simply bipupilled,
it resembles the latter.
The two forms next described may be merely Hastern races of
Y. methora, but following Messrs. Elwes and Edwards I have pro-
visionally kept them separate. I would, however, draw attention
to Mr. Elwes’s remarks at page 40 of the paper quoted.
YPTHIMA. LS
159. Ypthima dohertyi, Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 65,
pl. 108, figs. 1, la, 5; Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 31.
3 2. Closely resembles Y. methora, but in the ¢ the secondary
sex-mark is prominent. In colour and markings Y. dohertyi
differs from Y. methora as follows :—Upperside a paler brown, the
pupils to the ocelli less prominent, often wanting, the tornal ocelli
on the hind wing present and geminate. Underside very much
paler, dull white with dark brown short striz ; the transverse dark
fascize sometimes wanting, generally ill-defined ; five (not six)
ocelli on the hind wing; the tornal two ocelli confluent, having
the appearance of one bipupilled ocellus; the yellow irides to the
ocelli very broad.
Exp. 3 2 62-64 mm. (2°45-2°51").
Hab. Hills north of Taungoo, Lower Burma.
160. Ypthima savara, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 267 ;
Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 66, pl. 108, figs. 2,
2a, 3; Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 37, pl. 2,
fie. 30; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1895-1897, p. 645.
3 2. This, like Y. doherty:, resembles Y. methora in both
seasonal forms, but the ¢ has a prominent secondary sex-mark,
more marked even than in Y. dohertyz; and both sexes are on the
upper and under sides very much paler than Y. methora, the
ground-colour being a dull white; while, on the underside,
Y. savara differs also in having well-defined subbasal, discal and
subterminal dark transverse fascie.
Exp. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°12-2°28").
Hab. Hills of Upper and Lower Burma, and Tenasserim.
161. Ypthima sakra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EI. C.i, 1857, p. 236;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 232; Moore (Thymipa), Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 69, pl. 109, figs. 2, 2a, 26, $2; Hiwes §
Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 40.
Ypthima nikea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 567; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 232; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 68, pl. 109, fies. 1,
UGE?
Thymipa austeni, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 69, pl. 109, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ 9:
Elwes §& Edw. (Ypthima) Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1893, p. 51.
3S Q. Upperside umber-brown,
fi (>) terminal margins of the wings dis-
NSaase tinctly darker. Fore wing with a
Bie 32) Sy dha sala. a large, slightly oval, bipupilled, yellow-
Wndexside: ringed, black ocellus, very slightly
oblique, and with a dark brown outer
ring. Hind wing with four similar unipupilled round ocelli,
‘.
& a
WS uO ts
138 NYMPHALIDA.
the preapical and tornal ocelli frequently absent or faintly marked,
the last when present always minute. Underside ochraceous
brown, thickly irrorated by transverse, short, dark brown. strie.
Fore wing with the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, but the
encircling yellow ring broader and the outer brown ring more
clearly defined. Some specimens, both from the N.W. Himalayas
and from Assam, have a second very much smaller obscure
median ocellus, and others have dark discal and subterminal broad
brown transverse bands. Hind wing with five prominent similar
ocelli; the preapical two large, geminate, encircled in a common
yellow ring; the posterior three in échelon with them, with dis-
tinct irides ; the tornal ocellus bipupilled; the ocelli on the hind
wing typically bordered with a narrow brown line on both sides ;
the surrounding area is concolorous with the rest of the wing, but
in very many specimens more or less pale, and forms in the variety
austent a broad transverse pale band which extends on to the fore
wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown, paler
beneath.
Exp. & 2 50-54 mm. (2-2°13”).
Hab. The Himalayas, from Kulu to Sikhim; Assam, the
Khasi Hills to Upper Burma.
162. Ypthima iarba, de Micéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1895, p. 18,
pl. R, figs. 7, 8, ¢ 2 (Sumatra variety); Watson, Jour. Bomb.
NV. H. Soc. x, 1895, p. 651, pl. A, fig. 5 g (Manipur variety).
3 2. Closely resembles Y. baldus, but on the upperside a _
very pale vandyke-brown, not greyish sepia-brown ; ocelli, dusky
transverse bands, and in @ pale ocellar area on fore wing as in
Y. baldus but much less distinctly marked ; terminal slender
line pale yellow. Underside as in Y. baldus, but the transverse
short. striz irrorating the wings finer and more delicate, the
transverse continuous dark bands very faint. Hind wing with
only one subapical ocellus. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown ; the head and thorax somewhat greyish. Male secondary
sex-mark present, but very obscure.
Exp. & 2 43-50 mm. (1°7-1:95").
Hab. Recorded from Manipur.
Notwithstanding that the type specimen (from Sumatra), kindly
lent to me by the authorities of the Indian Museum, has only one
preapical ocellus on the underside of the hind wing, the form it
most closely resembles seems to be Y. baldus. In fact, in describing
Y.iarba, de Nicéville seemed to be in doubt whether the Manipur
specimen, not the Sumatran, was not a mere aberrational form of
Y. baldus.
163. Ypthima nareda, Kollar (Satyrus) in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844,
2,p. 451; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 221, pl. 17, fig. 63
3; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 86, pl. 115,
fies. 1, la, o; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 20, pl. 1,
fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 40.
3 2. Upperside pale vandyke-brown; cilia whitish brown,
YPTHIMA. 139
with an anticiliary dark line on both fore and hind wings; the
broad subterminal fascie on the underside showing through.
Fore wing with the usual subapical ocellus. Hind wing with a
subtornal and sometimes a minute tornal ocellus. Underside pale
ochraceous, thickly irrorated with transverse short dark brown
strie, evenly and uniformly spread; ocelli as on the upperside,
but the tornal ocelius bipupilled and always present; in addition,
a larger preapical ocellus on the hind wing; both fore and hind
wings with somewhat obscure, broad, dark subterminal bands, that
on the fore wing broadening posteriorly. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown; the abdomen paler beneath.
Eup. 3 2 42-46 mm. (1:65-1-83").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun.
___ The succeeding two forms are so similar in outward appearance
that, without comparing their genitalia, they might be taken for
_ mere varieties of Y. nareda. The form of the clasp, however, is
very different in all three.
164. Ypthima newara, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1874,
p. 567; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 222; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii,
1898-96, p. 87, pl. 113, figs. 2, 2a, 5 Q;
Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 21,
pl. 2, fig. 42.
3 2. Very closely resembling M. nareda,
but the subterminal fascia on the underside of
the fore wing is of even width throughout,
and the striation is slightly coarser and less
Vothi ee 3 uniform
newara, o. .
eee deride, Hep. 6 9 44550mm,. (1-71-1:95'.
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, Khasi hills.
165. Ypthima watsoni, Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p- 89, pl. 118, figs. 4, 4a-c, § 2; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc.
1895, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 25.
3 @. In the wet-season form this closely resembles Y. nareda,
from which it differs chiefly on the underside in the very much
sparser striation, in the presence and prominence of a discal,
and on the hind wing of a subbasal, transverse fascia. These
fasciz are particularly well-defined in the dry-season form of this
insect ; the ground-colour of the underside of the wings in this
latter form varies from greyish white in the Lower Burma speci-
mens to ochraceous white in specimens collected in the Karen
Hills. The form of the clasp in the male is, as already noted,
widely different from that of Y. nareda or Y. newara.
Exp. & Q 44-48 mm. (1°72-1°9").
Hab. Burma.
140 NYMPHALID&.
166. Ypthima lycus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb, N. H. Soc. iv, 1889,
p. 165, pl. A, fig. 2 ¢; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p- 88, pl. 118, fig. 3 ¢; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893,
p- 19, pl. 2, fig. 39.
Ypthima motschulzku, M. § de N. (nec Bremer) Butt. Ind. i. 1883,
p. 214.
3 2. Upperside glossy brown, perceptibly darker on the basal
area inthe $. Fore wing with a comparatively large, obliquely-
placed, oval, bipupilled, pale-ringed, black subapical ocellus; hind
wing with a similar but much smaller round unipupilled subtornal
ocellus. Underside: ground-colour similar, covered with the most
delicate fine transverse short ochraceous strie except on the
dorsal margin of the fore wing. Fore wing with one subapical
ocellus ; hind wing with three ocelli—a large preapical, a smaller
subtornal, and a tornal bipupilled ocellus similar to the ocelli on
the upperside, but the encircling rings yellow and broad. An-
tenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, slightly paler beneath.
Exp. & 2 40-42 mm. (1°58-1°68"),
Hab. Assam, the Khasi Hills.
167. Ypthima avanta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 567; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 218, pl. 17, fig. 66 ¢; Moore ('‘Thymipa),
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 70, pl. 109, figs. 4,4a, d 29; Elwes &
Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 27.
Race striata.
Ypthima striata, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 349; Moore
(Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 73, pl. 110, figs. 3, 34,
36, 69; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 34, pl. 1,
fios. 28, 24.
Race singala.
Ypthima singala, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1868, p. 283;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, g; M. § de
N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 230; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 72, pl. 110, figs. 1,1a,16,3 2; Elwes § Edw. Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 31, figs. 26, 26 a.
Ypthima thora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a:
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 231.
Race cerealis.
Ypthima cerealis, Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 646,
pl. A, figs. 3, 4, d.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside umber-brown, with faint
darker subterminal narrow bands. Fore wing with the usual
bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black preapical ocellus, in the 2 always
present, in the ¢ faint or entirely wanting. Hind wing with two
postdiscal ocelli in the g, generaily four in the 2. Underside
dull brownish white, very closely covered with dark brown trans-
verse delicate strie; distinct discal and subterminal dark fascize
crossing both wings; in the 9 an additional subbasal fascia. Fore
wing with the ocellus perfect. Hind wing with six ocelli in a
YPTHIMA. 141
curve, or anterior two slightly in échelon with the rest. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male secondary sex-mark
generally prominent. |
Dry-season form.— 3 9. Upperside differs only in being suffused
with dull plumbeous. Underside paler; transverse fasciz more
distinct ; o¢elli on hind wing reduced in size.
Exp. & 2 42-46 mm. (1°65-1°88”").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir, Kulu, Simla to Kumaun ;
Bengal, Orissa ; Burma and Tenasserim.
Race striata, Hampson, differs from the typical form: on the
upperside the ocellus on the fore wing is always present in
both sexes ; on the underside the ground-colour is a purer white,
the striation more open, slender and delicate, the discal and sub-
terminal transverse fascie darker and more clearly defined, and
the yellow irides to the ocelli broader. Male secondary sex-mark
_ obscure.
Kap. $ 2 36-42 mm. (1°4-1°62").
Hab. The Nilgiris. A local race.
Race singala, Felder, differs from the typical form on the upper-
side in being slightly darker with a purplish tinge; in the ¢
uniform or with a single small postdiscal ocellus on the hind
wing; in the 2 with the usual preapical ocellus on the fore and
from two to four smaller ocelli on the hind wing. Underside:
ground-colour whiter than in Y. avanta; the strize and transverse
dark fasciz less distinct in the wet-season, more prominent in the
dry-season form. Male secondary sex-mark present.
Eap. 3 2 35-44 mm. (1°-4-1°7").
Hab. Cevlon Hills. An insular form.
Race cerealis, Watson. “This is a well-defined local race of
Y. avanta, Moore, from a treeless district ...... differs in its
smaller size, in the constant presence of the ocellus on the upper-
side of the fore wing, in the white tone and less prominent fascize
on the underside, and in the almost entire absence of androconita on
the fore wing in the male...... In some ways Y. cereals seems to
bear the same relation to Y. avanta that Y. philomela (= tabella)
does to Y, baldus.” (Watson, 1. ¢.)
Exp. & Q 33-36 mm, (1:3-1:45"),
Hab. Recorded from Myingyan, in the dry zone of Upper
Burma.
168. Ypthima chenui, Guérin-Méneville.
Satyrus chenu, Gwérin-Méneville in Delessert, Voy. dans Inde, ii,
1843, p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2; Westw.(Ypthima) in Débleday, Westw.
&§ Hew. Gen. Di, Lep. 1851, p. 396; Butl. (Ypthima) Cat. Satyr.
Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 151.
Ypthima chenui, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 228; Moore
(Kolasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 88, pl. 112, figs. 3, 3a, 5 2.
3S 2. Upperside vandyke-brown. Fore wing with the usual
preapical, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, large ocellus, and a more
142 NYMPHALID A.
or less obscure transverse subterminal fascia. Hind wing with
two small submedian unipupilled black ocelli; no indications of a
tornal ocellus. Underside: fore wing—ground-colour dusky greyish
brown, covered with short transverse brown strie, very prominent
discal and subterminal broad transverse dark brown posteriorly
convergent fascize ; the subterminal fascia bordered with whitish
on both sides, and a preapical ocellus as on upperside. Hiud wing:
ground-colour white, with striz# as on the fore wing; subbasal,
discal and subterminal broad transverse brown fasciz, also one apical
and three postdiscal, laterally elongate, ocelli in a curve. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen dull greyish brown; abdomen paler
beneath. Male without any secondary sex-mark.
In the dry-season form the fasciz on the underside of hind wing
are still more prominent, the ocelli smaller.
Eep. § 9 44-50 mm. (1°73-1:98"),
Hab, 8. India, the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills.
169. Ypthima ypthimoides, Moore (Callerebia), Trans. Ent. Soc.
1881, p. 307; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 230; Moore
(Kolasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 84, pl. 112, figs. 4, 4a, g@.
Ypthima robinsoni, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) x, 1882, p. 406; MW.
§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 229.
36 2. Resembles VY. chenui, Guér.; differs, however, on the
upperside by being slightly darker; on the underside by the
ground-colour being brown, or in some specimens very dull brownish
white, especially on the hind wing. Very often the transverse
short striz are entirely wanting. In the majority of specimens
there is no trace of a fascia on the fore wing, and on the hind wing
only obscure discal and subterminal broad transverse dark fascie ;
the subterminal fascia is bordered with obscure irrorated whitish
bands on either side and bears posteriorly three ocelli. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male without secondary sex-
mark.
Exp. 3 Q 46-54 mm. (1°8-2°13"),
Hab. Extreme south of India in the Travancore and Cochin
hills,
(170. Ypthima huebneri, Kirby, Cat. Di. Lep. 1871, p. 95; M. & de
N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 653; de Micéville, J. A.
S. B. 1886, p. 281, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, 6, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 77, pl. 111, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1 a-le,
3 2; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 5,
genitalia.
Ypthima howra, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 17.
Ypthima apicalis, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 17; zd. Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 76.
Ypthima catharina, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 183.
Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 896; Elwes & Edw.
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 50.
YPTHIMA, 148
Race kashmira.
Ypthima kasmira, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p.17; ad. Lep. Ind.
1, 1893-96, p. 76, pl. 112, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2; Hlwes §& Edw. Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Race ceylonica.
Ypthima ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) 11, 1864, p. 288,
pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, g; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 25, pl. 12,
figs. 5, 5a, 9; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 228; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 81, pl. 112, figs. 2,2a, g 9; Elwes § Edw.
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 8.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside greyish brown. Fore wing
with the usual comparatively large, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black
preapical ocellus. Hind wing usually with two, sometimes with
three, very rarely without any, smaller similar unipupilled post-
discal ocelli. Underside greyish white, not very densely covered
- with transverse short brown strie. Fore wing with the preapical
ocellus as on the upperside, obscure discal and subterminal dull
brown transverse fascize and a narrow brown ring round the
ocellus diffusely produced posteriorly. Hind wing with one
apical and typically three postdiscal posterior ocelli placed in a
curve ; traces of transverse brown discal and subterminal fascize in
most specimens. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish
brown, the abdomen paler beneath. Male without secondary
sex-mark.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Similar, somewhat paler on both upper
and under sides ; the discal and subterminal transverse fasci# more
pronounced ; the ocelli on the underside of the hind wing minute
or absent.
Exp. 3 2 40-44 mm. (1°58-1°72"),
Hab. Throughout peninsular India, Assam and Burma.
Larva. About one inch in length, with two divergent processes
from the anal segment pointing backwards. “Colour entirely
ereen with a dorsal line somewhat darker green, which becomes
white at the fourth segment, and extends right through the crown
of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line below the
spiracles ” (de Nicéville).
Pupa. “Green or brown, with the head rounded, the edges of
the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly; the thorax humped
and marked like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown
waved lines and spots ” (de Micéville).
Ypthima howra, Moore, was founded on a specimen of the dry-
season form. i
Var. jocularia, Swinhoe, is the pale form from Western India
said by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards to be nearest to kashmira,
Moore.
Race kashmira, Moore, differs from the typical form in the
darker and more uniform colour of the upperside, in the ground-
colour on the underside being dull brownish not white. and the
144 NYMPHALID A.
wings non-fasciated in most specimens, or with only the sub-
terminal fascia on the fore wing. The clasp in the male differs,
however, considerably from that of Y. huebneri.
Exp. 3 ¢ 33-39 mm. (1°25-1°50").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; 8. India, Mysore and the
Anaimalai Hills (fide Awes).
Race ceylonica, Hewitson.— ¢ 2. Upperside vandyke-brown to
dark sepia-brown. Fore wing uniform,
with the usual single preapical ocellus.
Hind wing: posterior half, sometimes
less than half, pure white, with two
or three small posterior ocelli, a
lunular incomplete subterminal and
an even slender terminal brown line.
Underside white, withsomewhat sparse,
2 ioe short, delicate, fine transverse brown
Se BBEOE) strie, getting denser towards the apex
ace cerylonicu, Hew., 3. © the £ e Ror : th
Upper and under sides. oe dina yey Memes se EE
the ocellus, a brown ring surrounding
it very broad and very broadly and diffusely produced downwards,
discal and subterminal transverse fascize obscure. Hind wing with
four ocelli in a curve, the anal bipupilled ; traces of a discal trans-
verse brown fascia and of a lunular subterminal brown line.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen white
beneath.
Kap. 3 Q 34-40 mm. (1°34-1°58”").
Hab. Bengal, Orissa; S. India, the Nilgiris, Travancore ;
Ceylon.
171. Ypthima bolanica, Marshall, P. Z. 8.1882, p.759 g; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 231; Moore (Nadiria), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-
96, p. 85, pl. 112, figs. 5, 5a, 5 Q.
3 9. Upperside umber-brown. Fore wing with a single,
slightly oval, oblique, bipupilled, fulvous-ringed, large, black
ocellus placed in a paler ocellar area; the ocellus and the sur-
rounding area both defined outwardly by a broad darker brown
line. Hind wing uniform, with a very much smaller but similar
unipupilled ocellus. Cilia brown, with a distinct interior whitish
line. Underside brown, irrorated with minute, short, transverse,
delicate white striz, the dorsal margin broadly of the fore wing,
a curved discal band crossing both fore and hind wings, and some
very obscure transverse basal, subbasal and terminal narrow bands
free from the white stria; ocelli as on the upperside, but on the
hind wing, in addition to the subtornal ocellus, a single smaller
geminate tornal and three anterior similar ocelli. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antenne annulated with
white, ochraceous towards apex.
Exp. 3 Q 44-48 mm. (1°73-1°9").
Hab. Baluchistan.
YPTHIMA. 145
172. Ypthima inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 284,
pl 17, fig. 3; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 225; Moore
(Lohana), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 93, pl. 114, fies. 2, 2a-2 Bie) DQ
Ypthima ariaspa, Moore, P. Z. 8 1874, Pp: 568 ; “MM. § de N. Butt.
Ind. 1883, 1, p. 224.
Ypthima dedalia, alkibie, et complexiva, hae P. Z. S. 1886,
pp. 422, 423, pl. 40, fig. 2 (complexiva).
Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside uniform dark brown. Fore
wing with one comparatively large rounded preapical black ocellus,
bipupilled, with usual yellow iris. Hind wing with a single
similar smaller unipupilled subtornal ocellus. Underside light
erey, very evenly and closely striated. Fore wing with the
ocellus as above. Hind wing with an apical and two posterior
similar but smaller ocelli, the apical slightly in échelon with the
other two. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler
beneath.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside as in the wet-season form.
Underside pale grey, transverse brown strize very numerous and
fine, evenly spread. Fore wing with a subterminal, ochraceous,
broad, somewhat broken fascia. Hind wing crossed in most
specimens by four similar fasciz ; ocelli reduced to mere specks
or obsolete. Rest similar to the wet-season form.
Exp. 3 Q 38-44 mm. (1°51-1-7").
Hab. Recorded from Upper Bengal; Punjab; Central India.
173. Ypthima asterope, K/ug (Hipparchia), Symb. Phys. 1832, pl. xxix,
figs. 11-14; UW. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 224; Elwes &
Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 1], pl. i fig. 4, ‘Dl. 3, fic. 44 b.
Ypthima mahratta, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 16; id. (Pandima)
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 90, pl. 114, figs. ie la-le, Ge Qe
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside somewhat dull brown; cilia
brownish white. Fore wing with the usual subapical ocellus ; in
most specimens a pale ocellar area and a subterminal dark brown
band. Hind wing uniform, with a single small subtornal ocellus.
Underside greyish white, covered with very delicate minute trans-
verse striz. Fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside,
discal and subterminal dark brown bands converging and meeting
below the ocellus to form a loop. Hind wing more uniform, with
a preapical, a subtornal and a tornal comparatively small ocellus.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; abdomen
greyish white beneath.
Dry-season form.—S 2 similar. Upperside slightly paler.
Underside differs only in the ocelli on the hind wing being reduced
to mere points or altogether absent. In some specimens an obscure
discal sinuous transverse dark fascia on the hind wing ; and in all,
the dark brown loop round the lower side of the ocellus as in the
wet-season form.
Exp. 3 2 36-44 mm. (1°43-1°7").
Hab. Within our limits in the N.W. Himalayas; Punjab ;
VOL. I. Ii
146 NYMPHALIDA,
Western and Central India; the Deccan; Burma; extending to
China on the east, and to Arabia, Aden, Nubia and Abyssinia on
the west.
174. Ypthima megalia, de Micéville, J. A. 8. B. 1897, p. 546, pl. 1,
fic. 5 ¢.
3. ‘ Upperside : both wings shining hair-brown, with an in-
distinct submarginal fuscous fascia; cilia cinereous. Fore wing
with the usual subapical deep black ocellus bipupilled with silver,
outwardly defined by a dull yellow ring. Hind wing with a
similar unipupilled subanal small ocellus. Underside: fore wing
pale brown, finely and evenly striolated throughout (except
narrowly along the inner margin) with white and ochreous of a
curious shade; the ocellus as above but larger, with the pupils
metallic blue and the outer yellow ring wider than on the upper-
side. Hind wing with no trace of ocelli, striolated as on the fore
wing, but the white and yellow striole not so much intermixed,
there being an ill-defined broad yellow fascia across the dise from
middle of costa to middle of abdominal margin, followed by a still
broader but equally ill-defined whitish fascia, which is broken
into broadly in the middle of the outer margin by a large tri-
angular patch of the yellow striolation.”
Hap. Gilsd inches ” (49 mm.).
Hab. Northern Shan States, Upper Burma.
‘“* Described from a single example ” (de Nicéville).
Unknown to me.
Genus EREBIA.
Erebia, Dalm. Kong. Vet.-Akad, Handl. xxxvii, 1816, p. 58; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p, 239, pt.
Callerebia, Butler, A. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1867, p. 217 5 Ue deo
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 248, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p- 96, pt.
Paralasa, pt., Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 108.
Type, H. ligea, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Palearctic Region, and in India the Himalayas at high
elevations.
Most of the Indian forms have been arranged under Butler’s
genus Callerebia, but the structural differences between Callerebia
and Erebia are very slight, and the chief differential characters,
viz., the shape of the hind wing and of the antenne, are bridged
over by the Siberian H. parmenis, Boeb., on the one han and the
Indian forms #. mani, H. kalinda and E. shallada on the other.
It seems therefore to me that no good purpose can be served by
separating the Indian and European forms under different genera.
The characters given below have been drawn up from the Indian
forms.
3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular or narrow; costa strongly
EREBIA. 147
arched ; apex generally broadly rounded ; termen convex or
straight, dorsum straight; cell long, over half length of wing;
veins 6 and 7 approximate at base, consequently upper disco-
cellular short, middle strongly curved inwards, lower long, oblique ;
veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 inflated at base,
subcostal and median normal. Hind wing ovate; costa and
termen widely arched (the latter in forms mam, kalinda and
shallada strongly arched and rounded); dorsum very long, straight,
emarginate towards tornus ; tornus angulate, almost lobed (rounded
in mant, kalinda and shallada) ; cell over half length of wing ;
discocellulars oblique; vein 3 from well before, vein 4 from apex
of cell, vein 6 slightly closer to 7 than to 5 at base. Antenne
about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual (short and
flattened in mani, kalinda and shallada); palpi comparatively
short with porrect hairs anteriorly ; eyes naked ; intermediate and
_ posterior femora scaled, not hairy beneath.
Key to the forms of Erebia.
A. Males with secondary sex-mark of specialized
SCAlESVOMMOTe, WIMDRT 2. <b. ve cree oe we et 06 E. narasingha, p. 148.
B. Males without secondary sex-marks.
a. Club of antennz spatulate as in European
forms.
a’. With a large subtriangular yellow patch
on upperside of fore wing............ E. mani, p. 148.
b'. Without such patch.
a>, Ochraceous-red patch on vpperside of
fore wing large; preapical ocellus
with a comparatively broad yellow
TD ote A A A aN me ees, A 5 Pee ae E. kalinda, p. 149.
6?. Ochraceous-red patch on upperside of
fore wing small; preapical ocellus
without, or with only an obscure,
reddish-yellow narrow ring........ E. shallada, p. 149.
6. Club of antennz not spatulate, subcylin-
drical and gradual.
a’. Ground-colour of fore and hind wings on
underside not alike, or if alike then
hind wing irrorated more or less with
greyish scales or short transverse dark
strie.
a’. Two large preapical and two tornal
ocelli on underside of hind wing.... £. hyagriva, p. 150.
6. No preapical ocelli, or ocelli in a con-
tinuous series of five or six, on under-
side of hind wing.
a°®, Underside of hind wing with sinuous,
transyerse, postdiscal and sub-
terminal dark bands, sometimes
obscure but always traceable.
a*, Underside of hind wing without,
or with feeble, grey irrorations,
and from two to six ocelli .... . nirmaia, p. 150.
hy 2)
148 NYMPHALIDA.
. Underside of hind wing with
thick-set grey irrorations, never
more than two ocelli.
5 = a ino
a°. Preapical ocellus on fore wing
with narrow obscure ring on
upperside.
a, Termen of fore wing nearly
Straight a. i senha Gah ick E. annada, p. 150.
O°. Termen of fore wing strongly
COUVEX rc acer ya aed os Race hybrida, p. 151.
b°, Preapical ocellus on fore wing
with a very broad conspicuous
outer ring on upperside...... Race orzva, p. 151.
6°, Underside of hind wing with no
trace of sinuous, transverse, post-
discal and subterminal dark bands. . scanda, p. 151.
6’. Ground-colour of fore and hind wings on
underside alike; no trace of greyish
UTPOPAUUONS Fc fen pre se eee eee er E. daksha, p. 162.
175. Erebia narasingha, Moore (Ypthima), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
i, 1857, p. 236; M. & de N. (Ypthima) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
. 225; Moore (Hemadara), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 107,
pl ATS ties. aod, 1:
3 Q. Upperside greyish brown; fore wing with a very large
preapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and ringed with pale
olivascent ochraceous, and a faint subterminal incomplete dark
band. Hind wing with a curved series of obscure, very minute
pale ocelli, and a broad, more or less distinct, terminal band.
Underside: fore wing brown, all except the dorsal margin
thickly sprinkled with olivascent scales; preapical ocellus as on
the upperside, the surrounding ring broader, bordered above,
below, and on the inner side by a margin of brown ; obscure, very
short, discal and subterminal dark bands. Hind wing olivascent
grey, thickly irrorated with short dark brown transverse strie ;
a curved obscure postdiscal series of whitish dots. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown, paler beneath.
Male with a secondary sex-mark of dark brown, densely set,
specialized scales in a band below the median vein and extending
into the cell.
Exp. 3 2 55-62 mm. (2:2-2°48").
Hab. Recorded only so far from Sikhim and Upper Bae
This is a somewhat aberrant form, having in the ¢ a secondary
sex-mark, but the neuration is that of Erebia.
176. Erebia mani, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247; M.S de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 242, pl. 15, fig. 48 3 5 Moore (Paralasa),
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 106, pl. 118, figs. 2 2a, 2b, Gree
3 2. Upperside brown; cilia white alternated with brown.
Fore wing with a very large subtriangular yellow patch, larger in
the ¢ than in the 9, extending from apex of cell to a narrow
EREBIA. 149
terminal brown border, and from a narrow costal brown border
to vein la, enclosing a black preapical ocellus with a minute
white centre and a much paler yellow ring. Hind wing uniform.
Underside : fore wing—basal area to apex of cell brown tinged with
ochraceous red; the yellow patch, ocellus, narrow costal and
terminal brown border above and beyond it, as on the upperside,
but the ocellus with a broader pale yellow ring, and the costa, apex
and termen sprinkled with scales. Hind wing: ground-colour,
postdiscal series of white dots, and irrorations of white scales
much as in & shallada. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown.
Exp. 3 2 48-55 mm. (1°9-2°25").
Hab. Kashmir, Ladak.
177. Erebia kalinda (Pl. III, fig. 22), Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501,
pl. 30, fig.5 9: M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 241; Moore
(Paralasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 104, pl. 117, figs. 3, 3 a, 3d,
20
3 2. Upperside rich brown; fore wing with a unipupilled,
black, preapical ocellus surrounded by a yellow ring, the centre of
the wing above vein 1 below the ocellus, and between the apex of
the ceil and narrow terminal border, deep ochraceous red. Hind
wing without ocelli; a small patch of deep ochraceous red subter-
minally in the middle line of the wing. Cilia of both wings white
alternated with brown. Underside: fore wing ochraceous red,
the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, the costa, apex broadly,
termen and dorsal margin, brown, sprinkled with greyish scales.
Hind wing very dark blackish brown, thickly irrorated with
greyish-white scales; a postdiscal strongly arched series of seven
white spots. Antenne brown ringed with white; head, thorax
and abdomen brown.
Exp. 3 2 50-54 mm. (2-2°18").
Hab. Western Himalayas at high elevations, Kumaun, Kulu,
Ulwas, Pangi, the basin of the Ravi.
178. Erebia shallada, Zang, M. § de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247;
ud. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 241, pl. 15, fig. 42 $; Moore (Paralasa),
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 105, pl. 118, figs. 1, la, 1b, dQ.
3 9. This form, which is found in places together with
EH. kalinda, closely resembles it, but the wings are much broader
in proportion to length, the ocellus on the fore wing is without,
or with only a very obscure, reddish-yellow ring and much larger,
the ochraceous-red patch is of a darker colour and much smaller.
Underside: fore wing similar to the fore wing in &. kalinda, but
the red of a darker shade. Hind wing similar, with a similar
curved series of white dots, but the ground-colour very much
paler, irrorated with minute white scales. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen as in #. kalinda.
Exp. & 2 58-62 mm. (2°3-2°43"),.
Hab. Western Himalayas.
150 NYMPHALIDA.
179. Erebia hyagriva, Moore (Ypthima), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i,
1857, p. 936; I. & de N. (Vpthima) Butt, Ind. i, 1888, p. 226,
pl dies 64 0: Moore (Dallacha) Zep Ind. i 1698 Oana
pl. 115, figs. lla, 3 9.
3 Q. Upperside rich dark brown, of a paler more umber-brown
tint than in EL. daksha. Fore wing with a well-defined sub-
terminal darker band and a single bipupilled, black, yellow-ringed
preapical ocellus. Hind wing with a similar but less well-defined
subterminal dark band and a single unipupilled but similar smaller
tornal ocellus. Underside ochraceous brown, the dark sub-
terminal bands on the wings as on the upperside but better
defined and with a slender terminal dark line. Fore wing
uniform, the costal and terminal margins only with brown
mottlings, the ocellus as on the upperside. Hind wing covered
with short dark transverse strie, with a postdiscal series of four
large, black, white-pupilled, yellow-ringed ocelli, two subapical,
two subanal, somewhat as in VYpthima. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown.
Exp. 3 2 50-62 mm. (1:98-2°45").
Hab. 'The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kulu.
180. Erebia nirmala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501; M. & de N.
(Callerebia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. mae Moore (Callerebia), Lep.
Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 100, pl. 116, figs. 2, 2a-2e, 5 Q.
Callerebia intermedia et cashapa, ‘Moor 60P OZ. 8. 1882, p. 236.
3 9. Resembles #. scanda, Kollar, but on the upperside the
hind wing, in most of the specimens I have seen, has, besides the
subtornal ocellus, one or more similar postdiscal ocelli. On the
underside the central area of the fore wing is deep ochraceous
red; the postdiscal and subterminal dark bands are present and
arranged as in H#. annada. Hind wing without, or in some
specimens with only traces of, the irroration of grey scales ; there
is instead a powdering of minute yellow scales on the posterior area
of the wing; the ocelli are as on the upperside, but range up to
six in number, varying in size; there are always faint postdiscal
and subterminal sinuous dark incomplete bands as in /. annada.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Exp. S$ 2 51-60 mm. (2-2°38").
Hab. Western Himalayas, Kunawar to Kumaun.
Vars. intermedia and cashapa, Moore, were founded on specimens
having a varying number of ocelli on the hind wing, with the
underside of that wing “uniformly sprinkled with grey scales.”
181. eke annada, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 226 ;
M. § de N. (Callerebia) Batt. ind. i, 1883, p. 245; ese
(Callerebia), Zep. Ind. i, 1893-96, p. 97, pl. 116, figs. 3,
35 oF
EREBIA. (5)
Race orixa.
Callerebia orixa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 555 ¢ ; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 245; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 96,
pl. 115, figs. 2 2a, dQ.
Race hybrida.
Callerebia hybrida, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 147; MW. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 246, pl. 15, fig. 44 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 98, pl. 116, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q.
3 2. Upperside: ground-colour and ocelli as in E. scanda,
but the latter ringed with deep brownish orange, not pale fulvous ;
both fore and hind wing with an obscure subterminal dark brown
band. Underside: fore wing—a shade of deep ochraceous red-
brown, the dorsal margin broadly brown, the apex and the ter-
minal margin just below it irrorated with some greyish scales ; the
ocellus and subterminal band as on the upperside, the latter joining
-an oblique postdiscal dark band below the ocellus. Hind wing
dark umber-brown, thickly irrorated with greyish scales and
transverse umber-brown strie, the irroration getting denser
towards the costa; two subtornal fulvous-ringed blind ocelli;
postdiscal and subterminal more or less incomplete umber-brown
sinuous transverse bands. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown.
Exp. S 2 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°75"').
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Bhutan.
Race orixa, Moore, differs only in the brownish-orange ring
surrounding the ocelli on both upper and under sides being very
much broader, especially on the fore wing; the ocelli on the hind
wing are on the underside less distinct as a rule. ‘The sub-
terminal band on the upperside and the postdiscal and sub-
terminal bands on the underside of the fore wing are entirely
wanting in the majority of the specimens I have examined.
Exp. 3 2 56-72 mm. (2°23-2°85").
Hab. Assam, the Khasi Hills; Manipur.
Race hybrida, Butler, is more distinct, the fore wing being
narrower and much more rounded at apex. Upperside: ground-
colour slightly paler brown, the ocelli ringed with yellow. Under-
side also paler, the irrorations on the hind wing yellowish not
grey, and the postdiscal and subterminal sinuous bands more
complete.
Exp. 3 9 62-64 mm. (2°45-2°53"),
Hab. The Western Himalayas to Mussoorie and Kumaun.
182. Erebia scanda, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, 2, p. 452,
pl. 17, figs. 3,4, ¢ ; M. & de N. (Callerebia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 244; Moore (Callerebia), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 101,
Dietl7 ess lar Worcs. Or
3 2. Upperside dark velvety brown, broadly paler towards
152 NYMPHALID ZA.
apex and termen; fore wing with a bipupilled, very pale fulvous-
ringed, oval, dark brown preapical ocellus. Underside uniform
brown; fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside and
beyond it a faint subterminal transverse darker brown band.
Hind wing more or less irrorated with white scales on the posterior
two-thirds; two small subbasal, fulveus-ringed, white-pupilled black
ocelli, and in a curve in the interspaces above them four minute
white dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Kap. 3 2 52-72 mm. (2°05-2°85").
Hab. Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun.
183. Erebia daksha, Moore (Callerebia), P. Z. S. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43,
fig. 1 g¢; M. § de N. (Callerebia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 248;
Moore (Callerebia), Lev. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 102, pl. 117,
figs. 2, 2a, ¢.
3 2. Upperside dark brown, paling very slightly towards the
terminal margin and apex of fore wing. Fore wing with a
bipupilled black preapical ocellus ; hind wing with a unipupilled
subtornal similar ocellus. Underside similar; the ocelli encircled
with dark ferruginous rings; on the fore wing sometimes an
additional small ocellus below the preapical ocellus. Hind wing
with a curved subterminal series of white spots above the sub-
tornal ocellus, one or two of these sometimes form centres to
minute ocelii. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Exp. 3 & 50-52 mm. (2-2°1").
Hab. Kashmir.
Genus ERITES.
Erites, Westw. Gen. Di. Lep. 11, 1851, p. 392; M. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 235; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 118.
Type, #. madura, Horsf., from Java.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, termen
oblique; dorsum straight, apex rounded, slightly produced ; the
Fig. 35.—Hrites angularis, Moore, d. }.
termen just below apex in one species angulate; cell long, well
over half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle a
little more than half longer, the two together forming a single
ERITES. 153
concave line; veins 4, 5 and 6 parallel, 10 and 11 from before
apex of cell, 12 inflated at base, subcostal and median normal.
Hind wing pear-shaped, costa and dorsum nearly straight ; termen
deeply scalloped, more or less produced at apex of vein 4, cell
about half length of wing; discocellulars oblique, middle concave ;
vein 3 from before apex of cell, vein 6 closer to 7 than to 5.
Antenne slender, about half length of fore wing, club very
gradual; palpi erect, fringed with long porrect hairs anteriorly,
third joint moderately long; eyes naked; intermediate femora
longer than tibiz, scaled not hairy.
The forms of Hrites all have more or less transparent delicate
wings.
Key to the forms of Erites.
Apex of fore wing rounded.
a’. Fore wing: all the ocelli of underside show-
ing through by transparency on upperside.
Underside ground-colour rich purplish.... £. argentina, p. 198.
b'. Fore wing: only the large ocellus on under-
side at tornus showing through by trans-
parency on upperside. Underside ground-
colour pale grey or pale ochraceous.
a>. Ochraceous rings surrounding postdiscal
series of black spots on upperside of hind
wing narrow, well separated.......... LE. angularis, p. 154.
6°. Ochraceous rings surrounding postdiscal
series of black spots on upperside of hind
SS
a.
WAM NOLOAMs COMMUCIIB. 5 aici hc cs sats) ce eens? LE. rotundata, p. 154.
6. Apex of fore wing truncate, termen just below
PuIncaMOnANoWAte? Vaccwe, |. Se ste wens E, faleipennis, p. 155.
184. Erites argentina, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 188,
pl. 5, fig. 8 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 118, pl. 121,
neo ao oS.
¢ 2. Upperside ferruginous brown, the median and discal
transverse bands and the ocelli on the underside of both fore and
hind wing showing through by transparency; a _ subtornal
ochraceous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2 and pale sinuous,
slender, subterminal and terminal lines on the hind wing being the
only definite markings. The ocellar ring in the 9 broader than
inthe g$. Underside rich purplish; basal half of both fore and
hind wing irrorated with short, transverse, delicate, brown striz
and crossed by broad transverse dark bands as follows—an obscure
short band at extreme base of wings, a median and a discal band ;
the latter two with a stripe of ochraceous down the middle,
in @ on both fore and hind wing, in ¢ only on the hind wing.
In both sexes the discal dark band strongly angulated outwards on
vein 4 of the hind wing and there bordered externally with
ochraceous. Beyond on the fore wing there is an anterior series,
margined with dark brown on both sides, of four or five, small,
silvery-centred, purple-ringed, black ocelli, and a very large similar
154 NYMPHALIDZ.
ocellus at the tornus only encircled with a very broad ochraceous
ring. Hind wing: a slightly enrved series of five similar ocelli,
the posterior two ringed with ochraceous, the anterior three with
purplish. Both fore and hind wing with very slender sinuous
subterminal and terminal dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen pale brown, whitish beneath; the antenne annulated
with white and ochraceous, on the club.
Kap. 3 2 54-60 mm. (2°13-2°38"),
Hab. Tenasserim ; and Malayan Subregion to Borneo.
185. Erites angularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 825 6; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 236, pl. 16, fig. 50 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 115, pl. 121, figs. 2, 2a, 26, dQ.
3 2. Resembles /. argentina, but differs as follows :—Fore wing
comparatively longer and narrower, the apex more produced, the
termen more oblique. Hind wing: the termen more deeply
scalloped, decidedly caudate at apex of vein 4. Upperside: the
ocelli on the hind wing better defined. Underside: ground-colour
much paler. Fore wing: the dark discal and postdiscal bands
and the series of small anterior ocelli ill-defined, the tornal large
ocellus elongate with a large blue centre. Hind wing: the
transverse discal bands outwardly angulate in the middle, not
straight ; discal and submedian bands more ochraceous, the curved
series of ocelli much smaller.
Exp. 3 2 62-64 mm. (2°44-2°5”).
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim.
186. Erites rotundata, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1893, pt. 2, p. 4.
Erites beelinga, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 114.
3 2. Differs from H. angularis on the upperside in the tornal
ocellus on the fore wing and all the ocelli on the hind wing being
clearly defined and encircled with very broad ochraceous rings ;
there is also a short postdiscal transverse, ochraceous, medially
angulated band on the hind wing. Underside much paler, more
ochraceous than in F#. angularis; the whole of the wings, not only
the basal half as in #. argentina, with short transverse brown
striz ; no transverse dark bands on the hind wing; the ocelli on
both fore and hind wing, with the exception of the tornal ocellus
on the fore, minute, sometimes reduced to mere specks, or alto-
gether obsolete. For the rest, shape of the wings, &c., this form
is very close to H. angularis.
Exp. 3 9 58-62 mm. (2°27-2°43").
Hab. Recorded from the hills between Burma and Tenasserim.
According to Mr. Doherty the genitalia of H. angularis and
E. rotundata are structurally different. I have therefore kept the
forms separate. In any case, HL. angularis, rotundata and the
form next described, falcipennis, are very closely allied to each
other.
ERITES.—RAGADIA. 155
187. Erites falcipennis, W.-M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 237 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 116, pl. 121, figs. 3, 3a, 5 Q.
3. ‘Nearest allied to HZ. angularis, Moore, but differs from
that species in the coloration of the upperside being dark
fuliginous throughout, in the fore wing being distinctly falcate,
the ocellus round and prominently white-pupilled with a very
narrow pale iris. Hind wing with the outer fascia and series of
blind ocelli hardly defined with ochreous, the outer margin
(termen) less waved, especially at the third median nervule, where
in L. angularis the wing is produced into a short tail; the
marginal lines obsolete. UNDERsIDE: all the markings duller and
less ochreous. Fore wing with a small round central pure white
pupil to the posterior ocellus, not large, silvery and eccentric as
in #. angularis; the iris narrow. On the hind wing the ocelli
are small, the two discal fascia wider and of a deeper ochreous,
the strize on both wings shorter and more thickly disposed,
forming on the hind wing a submarginal purplish band.”
“¢ Hep. 2°1—-2°3 mm.” (Butt. Ind.)
Hab. Cachar.
I quote the original description as I have seen only a single
broken specimen, a @ of this form, captured by the late Capt.
Watson in the Chin Hills, Upper Burma.
This specimen agrees fairly well with the description above of
the ¢, but on the underside it more closely resembles L. rotundata
in tiie absence of the discal and postdiscal transverse bands on
the hind wing and in the minuteness of the ocelli.
Genus RAGADIA.
Ragadia, Westw. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 376; M. & de N. Butt.
Ind. 1, 1888, p. 234; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 110.
Type, &. crisia, Hubner, from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. Malayan Subregion, extending into China; Burma
Assam and Eastern Himalayas.
3d 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched, termen straight, in the
@ slightly convex, dorsum straight, apex and tornus distinct but
more or less rounded; discoidal cell long, over half length of
wing; upper and middle discocellulars inclined very obliquely
inwards, lower discocellular strongly bent inwards, concave ; vein 5
closer to 6 than to 4 at base, 10 emitted well beyond apex of cell,
11 from just before apex, 12 greatly inflated at base, median vein
normal. Hind wing pear-shaped; termen strongly arched, entire ;
discoidal cell very short, much less than half length of wing, very
narrow, acute at apex; veins 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 stalked far
beyond apex of cell. Antenne short, about half length of fore
wing, club gradually formed, long and slender ; palpi moderately
long, third joint slender; eyes very slightly hairy ; intermediate
femora and tibize subequal, not hairy. The male secondary sex-
156 NYMPHALIDSZ,
mark consists of the discocellulars of the hind wing inflated,
covered by a tuft of long hairs on the upperside.
The forms of Ragadia constitute a well-marked and homo-
geneous group very closely allied to each other. In fact, they are
all really slightly differentiated races of one form. Three are
found within our limits.
Key to the forms of Ragadia.
a. Veins crossing the discal transverse white band
on both fore and hind wing not margined with
black.
a’. Discal and postdiscal white bands far apart,
intervening dark area broader than discal
Nveunn diy’, eee Hee Dis nt Deke ee Pan ee R. crisilda, p. 156.
6’. Discal and postdiscal white bands closer,
intervening dark area narrower than discal
GT MTR Daye a marae ee Aa Ny i lear ue R. critolaus, p. 157.
6. Veins crossing the discal transverse white band
on both fore and hind wing margined with
blacks S22 we ie eee eee ea ee R. crito, p. 156.
188. Ragadia crisilda (Pl. ILI, fig. 23), Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii,
1862, Ragadia, pl., figs. 5, 6, 9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883,
p. 255, pl. 15, fig. 86 29 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 110,
pls 20 figs: 1, Wa, los GQ
3 2. Upperside dull brownish black. Fore and hind wings
crossed by a white oblique discal band attenuate at apex, broader
in the @ than in the ¢; the white bands of the underside in-
dicated by transparency above; hind wing in addition with a
curved narrow postdiscal white band. Underside similar, but
both fore and hind wing crossed by five white bands, the post-
discal and subterminal bands on the hind wing curved ; between the
discal and postdiscal bands there is, on both fore and hind wing,
an oblique series of silvery-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocelli,
eight on fore, seven on hind wing ; three of the median ocelli on
the hind wing encircled by the same fulvous ring. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brownish, antenne ringed with white ;
club of antenne and the body beneath more or less ochraceous.
Exp. 3 Q 45-48 mm. (1°78-1°9").
Hab. Assam, Sylhet, Shillong ; Cachar ; Arakan, Tenasserim.
189. Ragadia crito, de Micéville, Jow. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890,
p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, ¢ 2 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96,
p- 111, pl. 120, figs. 2,24, 26, dQ. !
3 2. Upperside dusky black ; cilia blackish. Fore and hind
wings crossed obliquely by four white bands, the basal two narrow
and less distinct ; the discal band the broadest, broader on the
hind wing than on the fore wing; on the latter broken by the
veins, which are margined with dusky black, into subquadrate
spots decreasing in size towards costa. Beyond this the post-
RAGADIA.—MELANITIS, L5G
discal white band straight on fore, curved on hind wing, the
intervening black space with the ocelli of the underside showing
through. Lastly, a faint dusky pale subterminal band on both
fore and hind wing. Underside similar, the transverse bands
pure white and more clearly defined, the ocelli precisely as in
R. crisilda. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in R&R.
crisilda.
Exp. 3 Q 50-60 mm. (2-2°38").
Hab. Bhutan; Upper Assam.
190. Ragadia critolaus, de Nicéville, Jou. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii,
1893, pl. H, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 112.
3 2. This local form, apparently confined to Tenasserim,
resembles #. crito, from which it can be distinguished as follows :—
Upperside: discal white band crossing both wings very much
broader than in R. erisilda, postdiscal white band also slightly
broader; both much more sharply and clearly defined. Underside
similar to the upperside ; all the bands pure white.
Exp. 3 Q 42-44 mm. (1°68-1°75").
Hab. Tenasserim.
Genus MELANITIS.
Melanitis, Fabr. Lihg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 282; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1880, p. 14; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1888, p. 250; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 117.
Type, MJ. leda, Linn., from Amboina.
Range. Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; throughout the Indo-
Malayan Region to Australia.
3S 9. Fore wing short, broad, triangular, costa very strongly
arched; apex obtuse, acute or falcate, in the dry-seasonal
form very falcate ; the termen below the falcation straight, very
slightly scalloped ; tornus distinct but rounded, dorsum straight ;
cell rather long, well over half length of wing; discocellulars,
upper and middle subequal, very short, veins 5, 6 and 7 therefore
closely approximate at base ; lower discocellular strongly concave,
veins 10 and 11 from well before apex; vein 12, subcostal and
median normal. Hind wing irregularly oval, costa arched ; termen
straight to vein 4, thence to tornus produced, scalloped, dorsum
straight ; cell short, much under half length of wing; disco-
cellulars oblique, upper and middle subequal, vein 3 from well
before apex of cell; costal margin very broad at base of wing;
vein 8 produced along costa to apex. Antenne about half leneth
of fore wing, slender, club very gradual, blunt at apex; palpi
compressed, long, but with no fringe of long hairs ; eyes naked;
intermediate and posterior femora long, not hairy beneath.
On the upperside the Indian forms of Melanitis resemble each
other a good deal; on the underside they differ remarkably, not so
much form from form as individually, and the so-called wet and
dry seasonal varieties one from the other. Broadly speaking, the
158 NYMPHALID&.
wet season produces an ocellated form, the wings covered with
numerous short transverse strie; the dry season a form in which
the striz are not so prominent and the ocelli are often reduced to
mere specks; but the ocellated and non-ocellated varieties are
often captured together. It is impossible within any reasonable
limits to give a detailed description of the variations in the colour
of the underside of the wings, especially in the dry-weather
forms of this genus. Every shade and gradation of ochraceous
brown, yellow, grey-black and ochraceous red occur and are
arranged in spots, blotches, lines and striz in an endless variety
of patterns, but in all specimens closely approximating in shade
and markings to the dead and dying leaves among which they are
found.
Key to the forms of Melanitis.
a. Upperside of fore wing without, or with
comparatively small narrow markings of
ferruginous or ochraceous near apex.
a’. The markings bordering a large subapical
black spot inwardly and above, but not
Extending LOMOSac). 2c: mmo leiaeeeS M. ismene, p. 158.
6’. The markings extending to costa in a
short oblique bar 22-42 seme eee M. bela and races, p. 159.
b. Upperside of fore wing with a large patch of
or ange-yellow near apex.
'. Subapical black spots on upperside of
fore wing large, confluent, extending
inwards and j joining black patch beyond
EUS RAOUL ICON dey. bbe itei ays toe ames ached NLA MM. zitenius, p. 161.
b'. Subapical black spots on upperside of
fore wing small, in rare cases wanting,
never extended inwards, surrounded by
Oramge pave sie Reis stasis oeemeye te M, bethami, p. 162.
191. Melanitis ismene, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1775, pl. 26,
figs. A,B; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 14, pl.10, figs. 2, 2 a, 24,
$2; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 256, pl. 12, fig. 28 ¢ ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 118, pls. 122, 128, figs. 1 a—le,
d
Papilio leda, Drury (nec Iinn.*), Exot. Ins. 1, 1778, pl. 15, figs. 5
SOMONE Moore (Melanitis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 105 , 1857, p. 922 «
td. (Melanitis) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 15, pl. 10, figs. 1, La, 16,
$2; mM. & de. N. (Melanitis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 252.
Wet-season form.— 3 9. Fore wing: apex subacute ; termen
slightly angulated just below apex, or straight. Upperside brown.
Fore wing with two large subapical black spots, each with a smaller
spot outwardly of pure white inwardly bordered by a ferruginous
interrupted lunule ; costal margin narrowly pale. Hind wing with
a dark, white-centred, fulvous-ringed ocellus subterminally in inter-
space 2, and the apical ocellus, sometimes also others of the ocelli,
* The true /eda, Linn., is the Amboina form of which the Indian form
“ismene,’ Cramer, is only a race. Drury’s figures represent this dark Indian
race, for which, foliowing Moore, I have retained Cramer’s name.
MELANITIS, 159
on the underside, showing through. Underside paler, densely
covered with transverse dark brown
strie ; a discal curved dark brown
narrow band on fore wing; a_ post-
discal similar oblique band, followed
by a series of ocelli: four on the fore
wing, that in interspace 3 the largest;
six on the hind wing, the apical and
subtornal the largest.
Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Fore
wing: apex obtuse and more or less
falcate ; termen posterior to falcation
straight or sinuous. Upperside:
ground-colour similar to that in the
wet-season form, the markings,
especially the ferruginous lunules
inwardly bordering the black sub-
apical spots on fore wing, larger,
more extended below and above the
black costa. Hind wing: the ocellus in interspace 2 absent, pos-
teriorly replaced by three or four minute white subterminal spots.
Underside varies in colour greatly, as noted above in the remarks
under generic characters. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
in both seasonal forms brown or greyish brown; the antenne
annulated with white, ochraceous at apex.
Exp. & Q 70-80 mm. (2°78-3-15").
Hab. Has an immense range. Found in Africa from south of a
line between Ashanti on the West coast to Abyssinia on the Hast.
It occurs also in Madagascar, Mauritius and Bourbon; while from
all over the Indo-Malayan Region down to Australia one or other
of the local races of this insect has been recorded.
Larva. “ Long, slender, somewhat fusiform, rough; terminal
segment armed with two divergent setose fleshy processes ”
(Moore). ‘* Colour grass-green with a yellow lateral line and many
rows of small white spots, with the horn and a continuing cheek-
stripe red, and three black spots on the face, but sometimes the
head and horns are dark brown with three white spots on the
face’? (Aitken). ‘‘ Feeds on grasses ” (Moore).
Pupa. “Thick, smooth, abdomen dorsally convex; head-case
terminating in an obtuse point in front; colour pale watery green
without markings ” (Moore).
Fig. 36.
Melanitis ismene, $. 7-
192. Melanitis bela, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 228;
M.§& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 254; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1293-96, p. 128, pl. 126, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
Cyllo aswa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 769 $; M.& de N. (Melanitis)
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 253 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 329.
Race varaha.
Melanitis varaha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 224;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 256: Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 181, pl. 127, figs. 1, 1 a-ld, & pl. 128, figs. 1 a-1f,
3.
160 NYMPHALIDA.
Melanitis gokala, Moore. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 224 ;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 256; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 133, pl. 129, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 351.
Melanitis ampa, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 353.
Race tambra.
Melanitis tambra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 2,
2a-2c, 3 Q, larva & pupa; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p. 255; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 125, pl. 124, fig. 1, larva
& pupa, la-lf, dQ.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Costa more strongly arched ; apex and
termen of fore wing as in WM. ismene. Upperside closely resembles
M. ismene, but the ferruginous markings near apex of fore wing
are entirely wanting, the black subapical spots smaller and very
obscure, the smaller white spot absent. Hind wing uniform,
without ocelli ; in a few specimens the mere trace of a subterminal
ocellus in interspace 2. Underside similar to the underside in
M. ismene, but the ground-colour darker and the transverse striz
not so clear and well-defined, the transverse brown lines also more
obscure.
Dry-season form.— $ 9 . Costa of fore wing very strongly arched,
apex more falcate thanin M.ismene. Upperside: ground-colour as
in M. ismene but often pale purplish towards the terminal margins ;
markings near apex ferruginous, very often ochraceous or merely
pale, much less definite and more limited in extent than in
M. ismene, when present confined to the area inwards from and
above the black subapical spots, not extended beyond towards the
termen, but generally prolonged to the costa as an oblique short
broad stripe. Underside as in M. ismene. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown; the antenne annulated and tipped with
ochraceous.
Exp. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°83-3°38").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam, Naga,
and Khasi Hills; Burma, and Tenasserim.
Race varaha, Moore.—This, the southern form of M. bela,
differs in being smaller and much darker, with the ferruginous or
ochraceous markings on the upperside near the apex of the fore
wing still more obsolete than they are in typical M/. bela. In the
wet-season form the subapical large black spots on the upperside of
fore wing are very obscure and want the smaller white spots. In
the dry-season form the terminal margins on the upperside of fore
and hind wings are always purplish, and in the females the ochra-
ceous markings are similar to the markings in J. bela and tolerably
distinct, the ground-colour being much paler than in the male.
Exp. 3 9 68-70 mm. (2°68-2°75").
Hab. Southern India.
Var. gokala, Moore, is a form intermediate between typical
M. bela and typical MW. varaha. 3 Q. Upperside umber-brown,
the black subapical spots diffuse and generally in both wet-season
MELANITIS. 161
and dry-season forms without the white smaller spot; the black
costal patch beyond apex of cell, more or less obscure in typical
M. bela, is prominent in var. gokala and is extended to the upper
subapical spot.
Race tambra, Moore.—An insular form closely resembling the
Southern Indian race varaha, Moore, from which it differs in
being slightly larger, and in the ground-colour of the underside in
the wet-season form being always a rich dark purplish brown ; in
varaha it is dark blackish brown. The ocelli, too, in this form are
much more obsolescent than they are in the wet-season form of
varaha.
Exp. 3 2 70-78 mm. (2°75-3:1").
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva. “‘ Klongated, thickened in the middle; head with two
long pubescent red processes; anal segment also with two processes ;
colour green with longitudinal and transverse darker lines; face
striped with red.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “Green. Head and thorax flattened.” (Moore.)
193. Melanitis zitenius (PI. III, fig. 24), Herbst (Papilio), Natwrsyst.
Schmett. viii, 1796, p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2; M.S de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 258, pl. xii, fig. 29 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i,
1893-96, p. 135, pl. 180, figs. 1, la-ld, 6 9, & pl. 1381, figs. 1,
lale oQ.
Cyllo duryodana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 464 ;
“M. & dé N. (Melanitis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 257.
Melanitis kalinga, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1894, p. 187, pl. 181,
figs. 2,2a, 3.
Wet-season form.— ¢ 9. Fore wing : costa strongly arched, apex
acute ; termen immediately below apex in ¢ angulate, in 9 falcate.
Upperside resembles M. ismene, but ground-colour on the whole
somewhat warmer brown, a very broad patch of ochraceous yellow,
above and beyond the subapical black spots, larger in the Q than
inthe g. Underside closely irrorated with dark brown striz ; the
ocelli subequal, very much smaller and less clearly defined than in
iM. asmene. |
Dry-season form.— g ¢ . Costa of fore wing less strongly arched ;
apex in both sexes very falcate. From the wet-season form it
differs in the greater amount of ochraceous yellow on the apex of
fore wing. This forms a very broad band passing from costa above
and beyond the subapical black spots, spreading below and encircling
them except for a narrow band which joins the spots to a large
black mark beyond apex of cell. Hind wing with two or three
white subterminal spots posteriorly. Underside as in MM. ismene
but not quite so variable, the ocelli often entirely obsolete.
Exp. 3 2 82-90 mm. (3°25-3°5").
Hab. Sikhim ; S. India; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Andamans ; extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Var. kalinga, Moore-—A specimen from Moore’s own col-
lection, now in the British Museum, is the onl; one I have seen.
VOL, I. M
162 NYMPHALID A.
Except that it is slightly smaller it is absolutely indistinguishable
from many Sikhim and Burmese specimens of M. zitenius.
Two female specimens of M. zitenius in the British Museum,
collected by me years ago in Tenasserim, show markings approach-
ing those of the doubtfully distinct MW. ambasara, Moore (J.
gnaphodes, Butler), from Java. In these two specimens the black
subapical spots on the upperside of the fore wing are wanting; the
ochraceous-yellow colour forms a very broad, prominent, oblique
subapical bar from costa to termen.
194. Melanitis bethami, de Micéville, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 451; Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 127, pl. 125, figs. 1, la-le, g Q.
Wet-season form.— 5 2. Shape of the wings as in WM. zitenius.
Upperside very dark blackish brown, paler along the terminal
margins, the subapical black spots wanting; a tolerably large patch,
orange-yellow preapically, on the fore wing, larger and generally
extended to the termen in the 9, bearing in interspace 3 a round
white central black ocellus. Underside purplish brown, somewhat
closely and evenly irrorated with short transverse dark brown strie ;
fore wing with four obscure, hind wing with six postdiscal small
ocelli.
Dry-season form.— ¢ 9. Fore wing more falcate than in the wet-
season form. Upperside: ground-colour a warmer richer brown,
the terminal margins broadly ashy ; the orange-yellow patch on fore
wing much larger, subtriangular, inwardly extending aimost to the
apex of the cell, outwardly sometimes to apex and termen of wing;
subapical black spots bearing a white spot on their outer margins,
small but always present, completely surrounded by the orange-
yellow. Hind wing with one or two white spots near tornus.
Underside very variable, as in all the forms of Melanitis. Antenne
brown, marked with ochraceous yellow in the ¢ ; head, thorax
and abdomen dull brown.
Exp. & Q 72-84 mm. (2°8-3'3").
Hab. Recorded only as yet from Pachmari in Central India.
Genus CYLLOGENES.
Cyllogenes, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p.6; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 260; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 137.
Type, C. suradeva, Moore, from Sikhim.
Range. Recorded only from Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Naga
Hills.
3 ©. Allied to Melanitis. Differs in having comparatively
broader wings with much broader discocellular cells. Typically
the apex of the fore wing is acute, never rounded or falcate as in
Melanitis. Vein 1 of the fore wing is remarkably short in the
males, terminating on the dorsal margin at a distance of less than
half the length of the latter from base. Hind wing broadly
caudate at vein 4; vein 7, and not vein 8, produced to apex of
wing, vein 8 terminating on the basal half of the costa. The rest
CYLLOGENES. 163
of the venation similar to that of Melanitis. Antenne less than
half the length of fore wing, with a shorter and broader club;
palpi as in Melanitis; eyes naked ; femora of intermediate and
posterior legs scaled, slightly longer than the tibia. So far as is
known, there is no seasonal dimorphism ; typically the male is
furnished with a very large and conspicuous sex-mark of specialized
scales, lying on both sides of the median vein on the upperside of
the fore wing.
Key to the forms of Cyllogenes.
a. Termen of fore wing in both males and females
straight, not angulated below apex.......... C. suradeva, p. 165.
6. Termen of fore wing in both males and females
distinctly angulated below apex ............ C. janete, p. 163.
195. Cyllogenes suradeva, Moore (Melanitis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.
i, 1857, p. 225; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 260, pl. 18,
fio, 30, ¢ 9; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 830; Moore, Lep.
Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 138, pl. 132, figs. 1, 1a, 16, 5 Q.
3 Q. Upperside vandyke-brown with in some lights a purplish
gloss. Fore wing: a preapical curved broad yellow fascia from costa
to a little below vein 5, but not reaching the termen. Hind wing
uniform. Underside dull ochraceous white, somewhat closely
irrorated with fine short transverse brown strie ; both fore and hind
wing with a dark, transverse, slightly diffuse discal band, and an
obscure, very incomplete postdiscal series of small white ocellar
spots. The discal band broader in the 9 than in the ¢ ; in the
latter bordered outwardly by a broad diffuse purplish band.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown, dull ochraceous
white beneath; the antenue bright ochraceous at apex. Male
sex-mark as described under generic characters.
Exp. 3 2 82-88 mm. (3°25-3-47").
Hab. Recorded hitherto only from Sikhim.
196. Cyllogenes janet, de Micéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 453; Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 189, pl. 182, figs. 2, 2a, g.
¢ 2. Very closely resembles C. swradeva in colour, but the out-
line of the fore wing in both ¢ and @ is different, as noted in the
Key to the forms; the preapical yellow band on the upperside of
the fore wing is broader, more curved and reaches the termen,
along which it is continued narrowly to the tornus ; the termen of
the hind wing is broadly, but very obscurely, also yellow; and the
3 is entirely without the conspicuous sex-patch on the fore
wing. Underside very much darker than in C. swradeva, the striz
coalescing in places and shading the whole area of the wings
irregularly with brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as
in C. suradeva, but much darker.
Exp. 3 2 96-98 mm. (3°8-3°85").
Hab. Bhutan; the Naga Hills.
M2
164 NYMPHALID&.
Genus PARANTIRRH@A.
Parantirrheea, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 248; M. & de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 261; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 139.
Type, P. marshalli, Wood-Mason, from Travancore.
Range. Only known from Southern India, Travancore.
“ Male. Fore wing triangular; costal margin moderately and
regularly arched ; apex acute ; outer margin almost straight, being
only just perceptibly convex; inner angle rounded ; inner margin
sinuous, being lobed at the base much as in the males of Clerome
and 4imona, genera of Morphine ; subcostal nervure four-branched,
the first branch given off before, and the second beyond the end of
the discoidal cell, the first, second and third coalescing, successively
and respectively, with the costal nervure, the first and the second
and ali three in turn becoming free and running off at a tangent
like the costal nervure to the anterior margin, the fourth being
perfectly free from its origin and running to the apical angle ; lower
discocellular nervule long, very slightly concave outwards, almost
straight; middle one not quite half the length of the lower one,
upper one rudimentary; submedian nervure sinuous, short, termi-
nating near the inner margin at about the level of the junction of the
basal and second fourth of the length of that margin, being in fact
hardly more developed than is the internal nervure of the Papilio-
nine, as compared with that of many Heterocerous Lepidoptera ;
the first median nervure directed straight outwards and backwards,
out of its normal course, to the inner angle and supplying the place
of the rudimentary submedian nervure. On turning to the under-
side, it is seen that a narrow rounded lobe of the functional sutural
area (inner margin), about six times as long as it is broad, is folded
back upon the under surface to which it is firmly adherent. The
lobe occupies the middle twa-fourths of the length of the inner
margin, and is thickly clothed on its surface and fringed at its free
edge with firmly attached long and somewhat raised modified scales,
rendered conspicuous by their rich dark brown colour and satiny
lustre. The outline of this turned-up lobe is marked out on the
upperside by a curvilinear groove. Hind wing tailed, subquadrate,
with four distinct margins ; viz., a strongly and irregularly-arched
costal margin, nearly straight external and hind margins, and an
inner or abdominal margin marked out by the obtuse-angled apex ;
the tail and the well-rounded anal angle with a black oval sexual
mark divided by the submedian nervure near the anal angle ; costal
nervure short and straight, terminating before, and the first branch
of the subcostal which originates close to the base of its nervure
ending beyond the middle of the length of the costal margin, the
second branch being given off before the middle of the discoidal
cell and extending into the apical angle; the discoidal nervule in
the same straight or slightly curved line with the subcostal ; the
discocellular nervule sinuous; the third median nervule produced
PARANTIRRH@A.—ANADEBIS. 165
to a conspicuous tail. Antenne fine and distinctly clubbed. ... . i
( Wood-Mason. )
A single species only is known, constituting the type of the
genus.
197. Parantirrhea marshalli, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 250;
M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 262; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 140, pl. 182, fio. 3, 3 a, 3.
3. * Upperside, both wings dark fuscous suffused with rich deep
violet. Fore wing with an outwardly and forwardly arched sub-
crescentic pale violet or mauve band, commencing beyond the middle
of the wing at the costal nervure, terminating at the inner angle,
and crossed obliquely by a series of three small white spots disposed
in a straight line parallel to the outer margin, and placed upon
folds of as many consecutive interspaces, the last being between
the second and third median nervules. Hind wing relatively
longer tailed than in Melanitis ismene, Cramer, with the mem-
branous parts of the divergent tail almost wholly formed by the
produced wing-membrane of the interspace between the second and
third median nervules, a very narrow anterior membranous edging
being contributed by the interspace next in front; and with
rather more than the basal two-thirds of its length in front of the
discoidal nervure and subcostal nervure ochreous. Underside :
both wings ochreous, obscurely striated with a deeper shade of
the same colour, and marked with a submarginal series of incon-
spicuous brown specks, the probable rudiments of ocelli.” ( Wood-
Mason.)
Exp. 2°4 inches (61 mm.).
Hab. Trevandrum, Travancore.
Genus ANADEBIS.
qreoPS: Moore (nec Doubleday), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
234.
Anadebis, Butler, A. M. N. H. (3) xx, 1867, p. 50.
Zethera, M. & de N. (nec Felder) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 97.
Kupleamima, Holl. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 115; Moore, Lep.
Ind. i, 1890-1892, p. 155.
Type, A. himachala, Butler, from the N.E. Himalayas.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa arched from
base, termen convex or straight, dorsum slightly sinuous, apex and
tornus well-marked ; discoidal cell very broad and short, not half
the length of wing; discocellulars oblique, upper and middle sub-
equal, lower very long; vein 12 and median vein scarcely thickened
towards base, subcostal strongly arched, veins 10 and 11 free.
Hind wing broadly ovate; cell short, not half length of wing ;
veins 3 and 4 emitted close together, but 3a little before apex of
166 NYMPHALID A,
cell, 4 at apex, 6 closer to 5 than to 7. Antenne filiform, about
half length of fore wing ; club indistinct, very gradual ; palpi long,
subporrect, third joint long, distinct; eyes naked ; intermediate
and posterior femora long, not hairy beneath. Sexes alike; male
with no secondary sexual characters.
Key to the forms of Anadebis.
a. Upperside: both wings with postdiscal row
of black, white-centred ocelli .......... A. himachalu, p. 166.
6. Upperside: both wings with rows of white
spots, not ocelli, subterminal and terminal
on fore, postdiscal, subterminal and ter-
mma lronvhind wlll ey cece oe eee aren A, diademoides, p. 166.
198. Anadebis himachala, Moore (Mycalesis?, Theope), Cat. Lep.
Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 234; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882,
p. 99, pl. 14, fie. 35 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 157, pl. 54,
figs. 2,2a, dQ.
Neorina sita, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iii, 1859, p. 403.
3 2. Upperside dark umber-brown, somewhat paler in the 2;
termen broadly paler, the paler shade on the fore wing being
produced angularly inwards along the costa. On this pale portion
there is on the fore wing a row of seven (occasionally only six)
white-pupilled black ocelli, each surrounded by a ring of pale
fulvous and an outer ring of brown, these latter rings touching
each other on the veins; beyond this, two somewhat waved lines
parallel to the termen and curving inwards opposite the apex ; the
termen and cilia brown, touched with pale fulvous. Hind wing
similar, with similar ocelli and subterminal lines; ocelli six; the
apical ocellus very large but obscure and faintly marked, the middle
one of the five distinct ocelli the largest, the anal one bipupilled.
Underside similar, the ground-colour on each side of the internal
subterminal brown line pinkish, the apical ocellus on the hind
wing distinct, very large. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown.
Exp. 3 Q 84-98 mm. (3°3-3°85").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam, Sylhet, Khasi Hills, Cachar; Upper
Burma.
199. Anadebis diademoides, Moore (Zethera), P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 824,
pl. 51, fig.3 g¢; WM. & de N. (Zethera) Butt. Ind. i. 1882, p. 98,
pl. 14, fig. 33 $; Moore (Kuploamima), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92,
p. 156, pl. 54, figs. 1, la, S.
3 2. Upperside sepia-brown to dark blackish brown. Fore wing
with a subterminal row of white spots decreasing in size towards
the costa, a terminal row of smaller, more or less obscure white
spots, and between the two series a faintly-white row of lunules.
Hind wing with three rows of white spots along the termen: the
innermost row of spots very large, broadly oval, decreasing in size
ANADEBIS.—NEORINA. 167
towards the apex; the outer two rows much smaller, subequal in
size. Underside rather pale vandyke-brown, the white spots on
both wings as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and
Fig. 37.—Anadebis diademoides, S. 1.
abdomen brown, the sides of the palpi and of the abdomen beneath
streaked with white.
Exp. 3 29 74-90 mm. (2°9-3°55").
Hab. Upper Burma, Shan States, Ruby Mines, Karen Hills;
Lower Burma, Pegu Yoma; throughout Tenasserim. Recorded
from Hainan.
Genus NEORINA.
Neorina, Westw., Doblday., Westw. § Hewits. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851,
p. 369.
Type, NV. hilda, Westw.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Wings comparatively very broad. Fore wing: costa
strongly arched, termen and dorsum nearly straight, apex and
tornus slightly rounded but distinct. Hind wing oval; costa and
termen strongly arched, the latter scalloped, sometimes produced
at apex of vein 4; cell in both wings not half length of wing;
upper and middle discocellulars in fore wing very short, lower
bent inwards near base, then straight; veins 10 and 11 from before
apex of cell, vein 12 not at all, or very slightly, swollen at base.
Hind wing: discocellulars short, oblique, curved outwards ; veins 3
and 4 from extreme apex of cell, 4,5, 6 and 7 subequally distant
from each other. Antenne about half length of fore wing,
slender, gradually thickening to apex, but without a distinct club ;
eyes naked ; palpi somewhat broad, third joint short ; intermediate
femora longer than tibiz, scaled not hairy.
168 NYMPHALIDA.
Key to the forms of Neorina.
a. Termen of hind wing not produced at apex of
WEEE VR Naren ce ae ne ete CER aie as N. hilda, p. 168.
6. Termen of hind wing produced, caudate at apex
Of VOU A 7... SE eee cas Sse ici ane NV. westwoodt, p. 168.
200. Neorina westwoodi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1892, p. 226, pl. 74,
figs. 2, 2a, g Q.
Neorina. chrishna, M. & de N. (nec Westw.) Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p. 135, pl. 14, fig. 34 2.
3 9. Closely resembles WV. hilda, but differs chiefly as follows :—
Upperside: ground-colour darker ; fore wing with the oblique band
whiter, much broader, extending into the upper third of the cell,
and narrowing towards the tornus; discocellulars marked with
brown. Hind wing broadly caudate at apex of vein 4; apex and
cilia white not yellow. Underside: the disc and posterior portion
of hind wing powdered with lilacine grey not yellow scales, the
ocellus in interspace 2 larger and more distinct.
Exp. S 2 114-128 mm. (4°5-5:05").
Hab. Sikhim ? (Brit. Mus.); Assara, Cachar, Burma.
This insect was confounded with a Javan species JV. chrishna,
Westw., from which it can be distinguished at once by being
larger and by the very much broader tail to the hind wing.
201. Neorina hilda, Westw. m Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
1851, p. 370, pl. 65, fig. 2.65 ML. & de N. Butt, Ind. i, 1883,
p- 184; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 225, pl. 74, figs. 1, la, $ @.
3 2. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown. Fore wing with an
oblique yellow band, with irregular margins, reaching from the costa
above apex of cell, nearly to the tornus ; a large black ocellus, faintly
centred paler, in interspace 5; a white spot above and another
smaller one below it. Hind wing: the terminal and costal
margins near the apex somewhat narrowly yellow; cilia yellow.
Both wings with faint, somewhat broad, pale subterminal and
terminal incomplete lines. Underside: ground-colour similar, with
a powdering of yellowish scales towards the dorsal margin of the
hind wing. Fore wing with the yellow oblique band, black ocellus,
and white spots as on the upperside; the ocellus white-centred
and fulvous-ringed, with an outer ring of black. Hind wing with
yellow markings as on the upperside, a preapical ocellus similar to
the ocellus on the fore wing, and very much smaller, similar,
somewhat obsolescent ocelli in interspaces 2,3, and 4. Both wings
with two subterminal lunular dark lines, bordered by lilacine on
the inner side and between the lines towards the tornus of the
hind wing. Antenne rufescent brown ; palpi with a yellow stripe
on the sides ; head, thorax and abdomen dark vandyke-brown.
Hep. 3 2 96-104 mm. (3°75-4°1").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam.
ELYMNIAS, 169
Genus ELYMNIAS.
Elymnias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 37; M.& de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 264.
FElymnias, Melynias, Bruasa, Mimadelias, et Agrusia, Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1894, p. 144.
Type, #. undularis, from India.
Range. Africa and the Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Wings ample; terminal margins uneven, generally
scalloped; entire only in afew forms. Fore wing short and broad
or elongate, moderately narrow; cell broad, short, well under halt
length of wing; upper discocellular very short, outwardly oblique ;
middle discocellular vertical, not half length of lower, lower
strongly concave; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, vein 4
curved strongly upwards; veins 10 and 11 from before upper apex
of cell; vein 12 swollen at base. Hind wing short and broad,
oval, generally more or less caudate at apex of vein 4, sometimes
also shortly caudate at the apices of veins 1 to 3; cell very short
and broad ; upper discocellular nearly horizontal], middle vertical,
lower concave ; a well-marked prediscoidal cell; veins 3 and 4 from
lower apex of cell; vein 8 very short. Antenne short, less than
half length of fore wing, club gradual; palpi obliquely porrect,
tufted posteriorly, with somewhat thickset,adpressed hairs in front ;
eyes naked and prominent; intermediate and posterior femora
longer than the tibiz, scaled not hairy. Males with secondary
sex-mark of specialized scales covered by a tuft of long hair, placed
below vein 1 when present on the fore wing, and near the base
within the cell on the hind wing. These sex-marks are, in the
majority of the Indian forms, present only on the hind wing.
I have taken the genus Hlymnias in the wide sense, distinguished
from the rest of the Satyrine by the possession of a prediscoidal
cell in the hind wing. The Indian forms can, however, be divided
into three fairly well-marked groups:—I. True Hlymmnias, com-
prising the forms arranged under Elymnias and Melymas by
Moore; II. Bruasa, Moore, with one form from within our
limits ; III. Forms comprised in Moore’s genera Mimadelias and
Agrusia. Bruasa differs from Elymnias in the shape of the wings,
and Mimadelias and Agrusia in the character of the secondary
sex-mark in the male.
Key to the forms of Elymnias.
A. Basal area up to apex of cell on upperside of
wings uniform, without markings.
a. Markings when present on upperside of
wings terminal.
a’. Underside of hind wing not ocellated.
a’, Upperside: ¢, wings brown, terminal
margin of hind wing only chestnut-
red or ochraceous; 9, wings tawny,
170 NYMPHALIDZ.
terminal margins black with white
spots, or wings more or less con-
colorous with those of ¢.
a’, Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of
fore wing with blue spots; , black
on terminal margin of hind wing
not extending inwards along veins.
a*, Upperside: 3, terminal margin of
hind wing chestnut-red; Q,
oblique preapical white band on
fore wing broad, its margins
RIGO VOD: | Uh eA i a sanuele logs teres ae
b*. Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of
hind wing not chestnut -red,
ochraceous ; 2, oblique preapical
white band on fore wing narrow,
Ibs MATSIMS"EVEM eh. WAG ae He
6°. Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of
fore wing with white spots; Q,
black on terminal margin of hind
wing extending inwards along
VOUNGh core Giese at aes eis
b*. Upperside: ¢ , wings brown, terminal
margins of both fore and hind wing
chestnut-red; 2, wings more or less
concolorous with those of the 3.
a°®. T1ind wing in both sexes dentate at
apex of vein 4; chestnut -red
margins of wings narrow, occupying
scarcely one-fourth of wing......
6°. Hind wing in both sexes distinctly
caudate at apex of vein 4; chestnut-
red margins of wings broad, occu-
pying more than one-third of wing.
c’. Upperside: g brown, terminal margins
of both fore and hind wing with large
blue or greenish spots ............
b'. Underside of hind wing ocellated......
6. Markings when present on upperside of
wings subterminal.
a’. Upperside of hind wing with a sub-
terminal broad band greenish white,
irrorated, broken and interrupted by
patches of transverse brown strie.
Dex eS MMe une Teta imine ae
b'. Upperside of hind wing: ¢ with sub-
terminal narrow incomplete band blue;
© with a diffuse anterior pale area and
a conspicuous red quadrate tornal spot.
c. Markings when present on upperside of wing's
discal and postdiscal.
a’. Apex of fore wing not acute; terminal
margins of wings more or less scalloped,
uneven.
a, Upperside of both fore and hind wing
with obliquely transverse broad white
discal bands
eee ee ee see eee ee ee ew oe
E. undularis, p. 171.
Race fraterna, p. 172.
E. caudata, p. 178.
LEE. cottonis, p. 173.
Race obnubila, p. 173.
E. esaca 3, p. 179.
EE. numus, p. 178.
E. singhala, p. 174.
EE. peal, p. 175.
Hoderd, p. 177.
- BELYMNIAS. ube
4°, Upperside of both fore and hind wing
with discal or postdiscal blue spots,
no white bands.
a®. Upperside of hind wing uniform,
without white spots. Sexes not
alike.
a’, Underside of wing's brown without
any reddish or ferruginous tint
Or suffustomot lilac) ii. osnaies E. malelus 3, p. 175.
b'. Underside of wings more richly
coloured with a reddish or ferru-
ginous tint; apical half of fore
wing suffused with lilac ...... Race sauert, p. 176.
b°. Upperside of fore wing with a curved
postdiscal series of small white
spotsei Sexesialike, G45). .0. fee. E. patna, p. 177.
b'. Apex of fore wing acute; terminal margins ;
of wings not ” scalloped, straight ‘and
CLS Ss Sanh Ge et et a REA Ee orgs E. penanga, p. 180.
B. Basal area of wings not uniform, more or less
streaked.
a. Underside of hind wing ocellated ........ E, esaca 2, p. 179.
b. ee of hind wing not ocellated.
. Underside of hind wing with posterior
half more or less canary-yellow, without
Sa Rea es iene te =. eR «Asia qsbdies Sh. dade Ei. vasudeva, p. 178.
', Underside of hind wing brown or purplish
ra with transverse dark striz.
>. Upperside : fore wing more or less
suffused with blue; hind wing with
white streaks in the interspaces .... L. malelas 3, p. 175.
b>. Upperside: fore wing not suffused
with blue; hind wing with bluish-
green streaks in the interspaces .... LE. timandra, p. 177.
202. Elymnias undularis, Drury (Papilio), Il. Evot. Ins. ii, 1773,
wl 10; ties: U2, Sy; u.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 266, pl. iy
fic. 59, ee ’ Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 145, pl. 133, figs. 1,
la-le, 6
Elymnias tinctoria, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 826; M. § de N. Butt.
Ind. i, 1883, p. 267 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 148, pl. 133,
HOS. eo G0, oO Le
Race fraterna.
Elymnias fraterna, Butler, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3 3;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, 14, ¢ QO; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 268 ; Moor e, Lep. Ind. i, 1893-96,
p. 149, pl. 184, figs. 1, 1a-le, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
3. Upperside blackish brown. Fore wing with a subterminal
series of blue or sometimes slightly green elongate spots, curving
strongly inwards and getting more elongate opposite apex, forming
almost an oblique bar up to the costa. Hind wing: the terminal
margin broadly bright chestnut, sometimes with a subterminal
paler spot in two or more of the interspaces. Underside pale
brown, the basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing densely,
U2 NYMPHALIDA,
the outer third more sparsely covered with dark ferruginous,
somewhat broad, transverse strie. Fore wing with a broadly
triangular pale purplish-white preapical mark; both fore and
hind wings with a broad subterminal area purplish white. Hind
wing with a small white spot opposite middle of the costa and a
more or less complete series of more obscure whitish subterminal
spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen
beneath paler.—?. Upperside tawny, veins black. Fore wing:
the dorsal margin broadly black; the apical area beyond a line
curving from the tornus, round apex of the cell and a little beyond
it, to the base of the costa also black, the wing crossed preapically
by a conspicuous, broad, oblique white bar, and three subterminal
white spots. Hind wing: dorsal margin dusky ; terminal broadly,
costal margin more narrowly black ; a subterminal series of four
white spots. Underside tawny, with markings similar to those in
the ¢; the pale whitish markings more extensive; the dorsal
margin broadly without strie.
Lep. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°85-3°4").
Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Bhutan; Lower Bengal;
Central India; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the
Malayan Subregion.
The Burmese variety has been separated as H. tanctoria by
Moore. ‘The differences, however, are very slight and very
variable, consisting chiefly in the size of the subterminal blue
markings on the upperside of the fore wing in the d, and in the
extent of black on the upperside of both fore and hind wing in
the @.
Larva. ‘ Elongate, fusiform, setose; green with longitudinal
dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow
elongated spots, which are centred with red and posteriorly edged
with blue; head brownish, armed with two erect brownish setose
processes; anal segment also with two red slender hindward-
projecting processes.”
Pupa. “Similar to £. fraterna and EL. caudata.” (Moore.)
Race fraterna, Butler, is an insular representative of
E. undularis. The ¢ differs on the upperside in the more or less
complete absence of the subterminal and preapical blue markings
on the fore wing; and in the broad terminal border of the hind
wing being of a much brighter, almost ochraceous chestnut. On
the underside the pale markings are somewhat restricted. The
male very closely resembles, both on the upper and under side,
the male of £. undularis.
Exp. 3 2 70-82 mm. (2°75-3:2").
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva. Very similar to the larva of E£. undularis, head more
yellowish than brown.
Pupa. “Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by
red streaks or spots; head and thorax truncate in front, with
three short tubercles.” (Moore.)
ELYMNIAS., 173
203. Elymnias cottonis, Hewitson (Melanitis), A.M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874,
p. 358; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 268; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 151, pl. 186, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
Race obnubila. (Pl. ITI, fig. 26.)
Elymnias obnubila, Marshall, in M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 272; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 1538, pl. 187, figs. 1, la,
We; oi) Qe:
3. Upperside rich velvety black; both fore and hind wing
with the terminal margins broadly chestnut-red. Underside dull
brown, thickly overlaid with transverse striz and blotches of very
dark ferruginous, which on the basal two-thirds of the wings are
almost continuous; on the terminal third the striz are more
scattered and delicate, and the ground-colour in certain lights has
a suffusion of minute silvery scales; a prominent subtriangular
pale preapical patch on the fore wing and white subcostal spot
- on the hind wing. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen
darker velvety brown.—@. Similar. Upperside: ground-colour
fuscous dark brown; terminal margins paler chestnut-red with a
series of diffuse white spots, sometimes more or less obsolescent.
Underside: similar to that in the 3, but the transverse ferruginous
strie more scattered and open over the whole area of the wings.
Exp. 3 2 72-78 mm. (2°85-3°1").
Hab. The Andamans.
Race obnubila, Marshall.—Closely resembles the typical form,
but the hind wing is more prominently caudate at apex of vein 4,
Upperside: ground-colour slightly paler, the terminal margins of
both fore and hind wing much more broadly chestnut-red and
paler; on the fore wing the apex is brown, the chestnut-red of the
terminal margin below the apex being continued as an oblique
preapical band to the costa. Underside similar to that in cottonis,
but the preapical patch on the fore and both fore and hind wing
outwardly paler with a pinkish tint. Hind wing with a curved
postdiscal series of six black dots with inward specks of diffuse
white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form.
Male with sex-mark on the hind wing. The female is larger and
paler, the terminal chestnut-red area much broader; hind wing
with two or three postdiscal black spots on the upperside.
Exp. 3 9 62-72 mm. (2°:22-2°85").
Hab. Middle and South Tenasserim.
204. Elymnias caudata (PI. III, fig. 25), Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871,
p. 620, pl. 42, fig. 4; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 270;
Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 150, pl. 135, figs. 1, 1 a, larva &
pupa, 1b-ld, § 2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
v, 1890, p. 268, pl. A, figs. 2, 2a, larva & pupa.
3 @. Resembles #. undularis, Drury, but both sexes have the
wings longer, proportionately to their breadth, and the tail at
apex of vein 4 on the hind wing longer. Upperside: ¢ differs
from £. undularis as follows:—the subterminal and preapical
174 NYMPHALIDA.
spots on the fore wing white suffused slightly with dark scales ;
the terminal half of the hind wing tawny, more or less suffused
with dusky black, which in some specimens forms a distinct border
along the termen. 9 similar to the 2 of EH. undularis, but the
black more extended; veins 2, 3, and 4 on the hind wing
broadly bordered with black. Underside: 6 differs from Z£.
undularis in the more conspicuous broadly triangular white pre-
apical patch on the fore wing, and in the prominence of the broad
tawny terminal half of the upperside of the hind wing, which
shows through a pale, sometimes pinkish-brown on the underside.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath and
much paler in the 9 than in the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 86-88 mm. (3°4-3°5").
Hab. South India from Travancore to Mysore and the Nilgiris.
“Larva: spindle-shaped, slender, transversely rugose and clothed
with short stout bristles ......; head large, surmounted by two
stout horns, sloping backwards, slightly branched at the ends; a
pair of long straight caudal spines setose like the body; colour
bright green with longitudinal yellow lines more or less distinct
and two rows of large yellow spots tinged with green and some-
times tipped with black on the back; head dark brown, with a
yellow cheek-stripe and frontal-line.
‘“* Pupa: suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal
position, regular with the exception of two small pointed processes
from the head and an acute thoracic projection above them ; colour
bright green, beautifully ornamented with four irregular rows of
large yellow spots bordered with red.” (Davidson & Atticen.)
205. Elymnias singhala, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 568; zd. Lep. Ceyi.
i, 1880, p. 26, pl. 13, figs. 2, 22, ¢ 9; M. & de N. (Dyctis)
Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 277 ; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-
96, p. 156, pl. 138, figs. 1, la, 1b, g @.
Fig. 38.—Hlymnias singhala, 3. }.
¢. Hind wing: a long narrow tail at apex of vein 4, dentate
at apices of veins 1, 2, and 3. Upperside purpurescent dark
brown. Fore wing with the terminal margin broadly speckled
ELYMNIAS. 175
with greenish white, the specks confluent and prominent on its
posterior half; costa also with a few like-coloured spots and
specks. Hind wing with a broad subterminal irregular band
composed of strize and blotches of the same colour. Underside
light brown, irrorated with transverse strie and specks of very
dark brown, most dense on the basal halves of the wings; a
very broad pinkish-brown irregular subterminal band, on which
the dark strie and irrorations are more scattered, followed by a
terminal more or less darker border to both fore and hind wing ;
the latter with a conspicuous subcostal white spot and a curved
series of six or seven small black spots surrounded by white areas.
Antenne brown ; head, thorax and abdomen velvety dark brown ;
abdomen paler beneath. @ similar, brighter and paler in
colour.
Exp. 3 2 70-90 mm. (2°8-3°6"),
Hab. Ceylon.
206. Elymnias peali, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. H. (5) xi, 1888, p. 62,
pl. 2, figs. A, B, od ; UM. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 276; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 157, pl. 188,
fies, 2,2a,26, SQ.
3 2. Shape of wings as in EL. singhala. <&. Upperside deep
velvety purpurescent black ; fore wing: terminal margin broadly
suffused with pale blue, costa with transverse flecks of the same
colour. Hind wing: apex and terminal margin anteriorly with a
faint suffusion of pale blue darkening to a postdiscal short
transverse band posteriorly ; a red spot at tornus. Underside rich
dark ferruginous brown; costa, a large preapical patch, terminal
half of fore and of the hind wing with purplish lilacine
diffuse transverse striae; a prominent white subcostal and
a tornal reddish spot on the latter wing. Antenna, head,
thorax and abdomen velvety brown. Male sex-mark on hind
wing only.— 2. Upperside pale purpurescent brown; fore wing,
cell-area much darker; hind wing, cell-area and posterior half
of wing much darker; tornal red spot quadrate, larger than
in the ¢. Underside similar to that of the g but very much
paler, the rich dark ferruginous-brown colour restricted to the
cell in the fore wing, to the basal third, the disc posteriorly and
the terminal margin in the hind wing; the rest of the wings dull
white, crossed by numerous transverse purplish-brown strie.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the g.
Exp. 3 2 75-86 mm. (2°98-3°4"),.
Hab. Assam, Sibsigar, Margherita.
207. Elymnias malelas (Pl. III, fig. 27), Hewitson (Melanitis),
Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, Melanitis, pl. i, figs. 6,7, ; Moore (Melynias),
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 159, pl. 140, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
Elymnias leucocyma, M. § de N. (nec Bovsduval) Butt. Ind. i,
1883, p. 273, pl. 17, fig. 60, 5 Q.
176 NYMPHALID®.
Race saueri.
Elymnias saueri, Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1882, p. 65, pl. 9, fig. 3 ¢ 3
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 274 gi Moore (Melynias), Zep.
Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 161, pl. 140, figs. 2, 2a, dQ.
$. Upperside dark brown: fore wing suffused with iridescent
purple; a spot beyond apex of cell, two discal spots, and a curved
series of larger postdiscal spots glistening light purplish blue. Hind
wing very dark chestnut-brown suffused with fuscous, uniform
or sometimes with a postdiscal series of obscure pale purplish-
white spots. Underside dark chestnut-brown; both fore and hind
wing irrorated with delicate white transverse strie towards the
terminal half; the usual pale preapical patch on fore wing and
subcostal white on hind wing absent. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen fuscous black, paler beneath.— 9 similar, but the
iridescent purple restricted to the apical half of the fore wing ; the
spots asin the ¢ but almost white. Fore wing in addition with
an obscure white streak along the dorsum and a broader streak
from base in interspace 1. Hind wing with similar whitish streaks
in the interspaces not reaching the terminal margin, somewhat
broken and interrupted in interspaces 2 to 5, and crossed preapi-
cally by a very incomplete row of round black spots; terminal
margin broadly and evenly dark brown. Underside much paler
than in the 6, far more closely irrorated with the white transverse
stria. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown; thorax
and abdomen suffused with whitish beneath. Male sex-mark on
hind wing only.
Exp. 3 2 94-98 mm. (3°7-3:88").
Hab. Common at low elevations from Kumaun to Bhutan, and
spread through the hill-region of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim.
Race saueri, Distant.—Closely resembles the typical form. On
the upperside it is identical in ground-colour and markings with many
Sikhim specimens of the latter. Underside: ground-colour brown,
with more or less of a ferruginous or reddish tint on the anterior
half of the fore and on the whole of the hind wing. Fore wing
suffused on the anterior half with pale lilacine blue, costa flecked
and blotched with a paler shade of the same. Both fore and hind
wing covered with mottlings, striz and specks of dark velvety
brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.
Exp. S 81 mm. (3° 29""),
Hab. The Malay Peninsula, extending into our limits in Southern
and Middle Tenasserim.
The @ is, I believe, still unknown. Moore assigns L. kunstleri,
Honrath, as the 9, but, judging from the shape of the wings and the
colour of the latter and from the analogy of the typical form, the
3 and 2 of which are certainly known, I should think it quite
improbable that Z. sawert and E. kunstlert are sexes of the same
insect.
ELYMNIAS., Lit
208. Elymnias timandra (Pl. IJ, fig. 27), Wallace, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1869, p. 326; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 275; Moore
(Melynias), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 158, pl. 189, figs. 1, 1 a—
ee hy te
3. Upperside black. Forewing: a series of long streaks in the
interspaces up to 5, the posterior half of the cell, some transverse
short striz on the basal half of the costa, and four or five spots
on its apical half bluish green: the streaks cut off short before
the terminal margin, that in interspace 4 clavate inwardly, in
interspace 5 clavate outwardly. Hind wing with similar streaks
and in the posterior interspaces with lunate, white, subterminal
markings beyond. Underside purplish white, profusely and some-
what irregularly covered with blotches, strie, spots and irrorations
of rich dark brown scales, more scattered, with the pale ground-
colour showing through broadly, along the costal margin of the
fore wing and on the median area posteriorly on the hind wing.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the antenne
somewhat ochraceous towards apex, the thorax streaked and mottled
with greenish white above, the abdomen beneath suffused with
greenish white.—@Q. Differs on the upperside in the streaks,
especially on the hind wing, being suffused with ochraceous and
on the underside in the mottlings being more uniform.
Exp. & 2 80-9) mm. (3°15-3:6").
Hab. Sikhim; Sylhet; Burma; Tenasserim.
209. Elymnias patna, Westwood (Melanitis), i Dbdiday., Westw. §
Hewits. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 405, pl. 68, fig. 2; I. §& de N.
(Dyctis) Butt. Ind. i, 18838, p. 277 ; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 162, pl. 141, figs. 1, la, ¢.
Melynias patnoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 163, pl. 141,
figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3. Upperside dark velvety brown, paler towards the terminal
margins. Fore wing with a series of three discal streaks, increasing
in length towards the costa, and a very oblique preapical band,
glistening blue. Hind wing with a postdiscal curved series of
four to seven small white spots. Underside umber-brown ; fore wing
with three, hind wing with seven bluish-white postdiscal spots ;
the posterior half of the terminal margin of the hind wing broadly,
and the disc of the fore wing occasionally, with short, transverse,
pinkish-white strie and minute spots. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen brown.— 2. Similar, larger; sometimes an obscure
blue streak beyond apex of cell on upperside of fore wing.
Exp. 3 Q 96-104 mm. (3°78-41”").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam; Burma.
Var. patnoides, Moore, can barely be separated even as a variety,
its chief difference lying, to judge from the only two specimens
I have seen, in the termen of the hind wing being !ess convex than
in the typical form, the apex more acute.
VOL. I. N
178 NYMPHALID&.
210. Elymnias dara, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) xix, 1887, p. 50.
Elymnias albofasciata, Stdgr. Deutsche ent. Zeit., Lep. 1889, p. 39.
Elymnias deedalion, de Nicéville, Jow. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890,
p- 202, pl. D, fig. 4 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 154, pl. 1387,
figs. 2, 2a, 2.
3 . Upperside purplish black; fore and hind wings with a broad
postdiscal white band, oblique on the fore wing, not reaching the
dorsum or termen, posteriorly continued by one or two ill-defined
separate streaks, curved outwards; the band is complete on the hind
wing from costa to dorsum, with two or three diffuse black spots
along its outer margin. Underside: basal half of both fore and
hind wing dark purplish brown, crossed by obscure transverse pale
short striz; outer half of both wings white suffused with a very
pale lavender tint, and crossed by transverse dark purple-brown
strie, getting closer and denser towards the termen ; an ill-defined
narrow discal band on the fore wing, and a broader better-defined
crescentic discal band on the hind wing without the transverse
dark striz. The band on the hind wing bears along its outer margin
a curved series of purple-black blue-centred spots. Antenne ochra-
ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-mark on hind
wing only.— 2. Very similar but larger, very much paler on both
upper and under sides, the transverse bands broader and pure white.
Exp. $ 2 64-70 mm. (2°52-2°8"),
Hab. Recorded from Burma from within our limits, extending
to the Malayan Subregion.
211. Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason § de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1881,
p. 230; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 271; Moore, Lep. Ind.
4, 1893-96, p. 152, pl. 136, figs. 2, 2a, 28, o 9.
3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown, terminal margins paler ;
hind wing with one or two postdiscal dusky black spots. Underside
brighter ; basal two-thirds or more of both fore and hind wing
covered with transverse, rather coarse brown stric; hind wing with
the usual subcostal prominent white spot but placed on a black
background, and an incomplete series of six oval, lilac-centred,
pale-ringed black ocelli, the subapical and subtornal two the
largest. — 9. Similar, but very much paler on both upper and under
sides, the terminal margins of both fore and hind wing very broadly
dusky white ; on the fore wing the whitish marginal band is bent
inwards opposite the apex and crosses to the costa as a compara-
tively narrow preapical band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
in both sexes brown. Male sex-mark on the hind wing only.
Exp. 3 2 70-76 mm. (2°8-3").
Hab. The Nicobars and Nias Island.
212. Elymnias vasudeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 288; M. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind.i, 1883, p. 278, pl. 17,
fig, 61 ¢; Moore (Mimadelias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 166,
pl. 142, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
Elymnias thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 523, ¢ Q.
Mimadelias deva et burmensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. i1, 1893-96, pp. 167,
168, pl. 142, figs. 2,2.a, ¢ Q, & pl. 143, figs. 1, la-le, g 9.
ELYMNIAS. 179
3 2. Upperside black; fore wing with broad bluish-grey streaks in
the cell and in the interspaces; costa flecked with transverse spots
of the same. Hind wing white, the costa] margin and apex broadly,
the terminal margin more narrowly and decreasingly towards the
tornus black ; the cell with a bluish-grey streak in its lower half
and vein 4 broadly lined with black on both sides. Underside
transversely mottled with black and white; the markings on the
posterior half of the fore wing diffuse. Hind wing: a conspicuous
red spot at base of interspaces la and 1, followed in those inter-
spaces and in 2 by uniform chrome-yellow not extending to the
terminal margin; anteriorly the wing is mottled as on the fore
wing, crossed at bases of interspaces 3-6 by elongate inwardly
rounded white spots; beyond these the mottled area on the apex
and termen decreases gradually in width to the tornus. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown, suffused on the abdomen above
with bluish grey, paler beneath. Male sex-mark on both fore and
hind wing.
Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°2-3°58").
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim.
The Eastern forms thycana, Wallace, vel deva, Moore, and burmensis,
Moore, are good varieties, scarcely more, as they are not differ-
entiated enough to form races. Both differ in being paler on both
upper and undersides, the mottlings of the underside showing
through above on the bluish-grey streaks ; the extent of the black
on the upperside of the hind wing is much restricted, and on the
underside there is a larger extent of yellow; the mottlings on the
underside show larger interspaces of white, and the black transverse
strie in var. burmensis are finer, more slender.
213. Elymnias esaca, Westwood (Melanitis), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 405 6 ; M. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind.
i, 1883, p. 278.
Dyctis andersonil, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc, 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 5
d ; td. (Agrusia) Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 169, pl. 143, figs. 2,
2 a,
3. Upperside velvety black, in certain lights tinged with
olive-green ; a curved series of large bluish-green spots in the inter-
spaces of both fore and hind wing, separate one from the other,
subterminal and curved inwards opposite the apex on the fore wing,
broader, continuous and terminal on the hind wing. Underside
fuscous brown, irrorated with pale strie, these strie wider and
closer at apex of fore wing, giving it a distinctly white or lilacine-
white appearance ; fore wing with one, hind wing with five or six
minute white-centred black subapical ocelli ; a comparatively large
red spot near base of hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown, slightly paler beneath. Sex-mark on hind
wing only.
2. Upperside dull black, base of both fore and hind wing bluish.
Fore wing with obscure diffuse broad whitish streaks in interspaces
la to 3, and a series of discal similar spots beyond. Hind wing: a
large white patch posteriorly filling all but the bases and apices of
Nn 2
180 NYMPHALIDA.
interspaces l1a—4. Underside fore wing: ground-colour white,
densely covered with fuscous transverse strive, getting sparser
posteriorly. Hind wing: a large red spot near base ; basal third fus-
cous brown ; a large posterior white patch as on the upperside, but
suffused with chrome-yellow from dorsum to vein 3, and extending
nearly to costa, followed by a curved series of six minute ocelli
as on the upperside; beyond, the apex and termen broadly and
closely irrorated with fuscous transverse strize. Antenne ochra-
ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown, abdomen paler
beneath.
Hap. 3 2 65-76 mm. (2°55-3").
Hab. Within our limits recorded from Mergui in Southern
Tenasserim. Found in Malacca, Sumatra and Borneo.
Judging from descriptions and figures, Distant’s HZ. godferyi and
de Nicéville’s HE. esacoides are both identical with HE. esaca,
Westwood.
214. Elymnias penanga, Westwood (Melanitis), in Dblday., Westw. §
Hew. Gen. Dn, Lep. 1851, p. 405 9 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 3,
1883, p. 269.
Melanitis mehida, Hewrtson, Exot. Butt. ii, 1863, Melanitis, pl.
fies. 2,5, ¢.
Elymnias chelensis, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 200,
pl. D, fig. 3 ¢ ; Moore (Bruasa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 164,
pl. 141, figs. 3, 3.4, gd.
3S. Upperside dark chocolate-brown. ore wing richly glossed
with dark purple and with postdiscal broad streaks of glistening
silvery purple in the interspaces. Hind wing uniform. Underside
purplish brown, irrorated with diffuse white striz, which become
concentrated into an irregular, very broad postdiscal band from
below vein 4 on the fore wing and across the whole width of the
hind wing. Fore wing with the costa preapically closely marked
with purer white striz, continued as an ill-defined, inwardly oblique
band. Hind wing with a white subcostal spot and a postdiscal
series of minute white dots in the interspaces. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen brown. Sex-mark on hind wing only.
Q . Uppersideplumbeous blue. Fore wing with abroad white oblique
postdiscal band not quite reaching the termen. Underside similar
to that in the male but fuscous brown, very finely irrorated with
pale whitish striz, which are more dense and somewhat broader on
the apical half of the fore wing, giving it a whitish appearance ;
subcostal spot and postdiscal series of dots on the hind wing as
in the male.
Exp. & 2 72-80 mm. (2°85-3°15").
Hab. Malacca; Sumatra, and within our limits recorded from
Tenasserim, the Shan States, Upper Burma, and the Khasi Hills,
Assam.
I have compared the type of E. chelensis, de Nicéville, kindly
lent to me by the Authorities of the Indian Museum, with the type of
i. penanga in the Brit. Mus. collection ; it scarcely differs enough
to reckon it even as a varietal form.
MORPHINE. 181
Subfamily MORPHIN A.
Egg. Somewhat similar to that of the Satyrine, but com-
paratively flat, not so high in proportion to width, “ translucent,
hard, smooth (Discophora, Thaumantis), or obscurely facetted
(Clerome) ” (Doherty).
Larva. So far as known, not fusiform, cylindrical, hairy, with
two setose processes on the anal segment directed backwards.
In the genus Amathusia with a pair of palmated lateral processes
on the head. (After Moore.)
Imago. Wings proportionately to length very broad; cell of
fore wing closed, of hind wing open, or at most partially closed
by a fold in the membrane only. Fore wing: vein 11 free;
vein 10 out of 7 well beyond apex of cell, sometimes entirely
absent ; vein 11 very commonly anastomosing with 12, 10 with 11.
In all the genera there is a tendency in the fore wing to a
crowding of the veins towards the costal margin. Palpi com-
paratively short, with densely-set short hairs, more or less
convergent towards the middle line of each palpus. Looked at
from the front, the palpi often have the appearance of being
longitudinally ridged.
The distinctive characters of the Eastern Morphine as sepa-
rating them from the Nymphaline are of somewhat doubtful value.
It is convenient, however, to keep them as a separate group, in
some respects intermediate between the Satyrine and the Mym-
phaline. The shape of the larve, so far as known, recalls that of
the Satyrine, and the forms in the genus Clerome, all of which
have vein 12 in the fore wing inflated at base, bear a close
resemblance in appearance, mode of flight, and habits to forms of
the Mycalesis group. On the other hand, in the Morphine the
cell of the hind wing is open, as it is in the bulk of the
Nymnphaline.
Key to the Indian Genera of Morphine.
A. Vein 10 in fore wing present.
a. Vein 12 in fore wing swollen at base.. CLEROME, p. 182,
6. Vein 12 in fore wing not swollen at
base.
a’. Cell of hind wing partially closed by
a fold in membrane of wing ...... AMATHUSIA, p. 187.
b'. Cell of hind wing entirely open.
a. Vein 4 in both fore and hind wing
with an upward directed spur .. ZEvxipi4, p. 186.
b>. Vein 4 without such spur in either
fore or hind wing.
a. Vein 11 in fore wing anasto-
mosed with vein 12.
a‘, Vein 10 in fore wing anasto-
mosed with vein 1]........ DiscoPHoRA, p. 199.
182 NYMPHALIDA,
6*. Vein 10 in fore wing not anas-
tomosed with vein 11.
a. Apex of fore wing acute,
produced ; forms of com-
paratively small size: ex-
panse under 100 mm..... /EMONA, p. 196.
6°. Apex of fore wing rounded,
not produced ; of compara-
tively large size: expanse
well over 100 mm. ...... THAUMANTIS, p. 189.
6°. Vein 11 in fore wing running
close to, sometimes touching,
but not anastomosed with
vein 12.
a*, Vein 7 of fore wing emitted
from before apex of cell.... THaurta, p. 195.
64. Vein 7 of fore wing emitted
fromapex. on eclle sain are XANTHOTANIA, p. 185.
B. Vein 10 in fore wing absent.
a. Veins 5 and 6 of fore wing from a point
and closely approximate at base .... HNuIspEx, p. 197.
6. Veins 5 and 6 of fore wing well separated.
a’. § with one secondary sex-mark on
hind wing; ¢ and Q, apical half of
dorsum of hind wing slightly and
widely emarginate, tcrnus pro-
HUDDEOLELIUI Ey 5 CEB aes are Une aE STICHOPHTHALMA, p. 191.
6’. $ with two secondary sex-marks on
hind wing; ¢ and 2, dorsum of
hind wing entirely rounded, tornus
NOL’ PLOMMMECME see hc es oi aioe oe MELANocYMA, p. 184.
Genus CLEROME.
Faunis, Hiibner (nee Montf.), Verz. Schmett. 1816, p. 55.
Clerome, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
1851, p. 883: M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 312; Moore, Lep.
Ind, 11, 1893-96, p. 206.
Type, C. arcesilaus, Westw., from Assam.
Range. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending eastward to
China and Siam ; southward to the Malayan Subregion.
3 2. Wings rounded, broad. Fore wing: costa strongly arched,
termen slightly convex; dorsum in ¢ concave, in 9 nearly straight,
slightly convex; cell moderately broad, rather short, not half length
of fore wing, upper apex rounded, lower considerably produced ;
upper and middle discocellulars equal, short, lower very long,
concave anteriorly, then abruptly and strongly produced towards
termen; vein 10 from just before apex of cell, 11 from one-third
before apex, vein 12 swollen at base. Hind wing broadly oval;
cell entirely open ; veins 3 and 4 from a point, vein 8 terminating
before apex of wing. Antenne more than half length of fore
wing, filiform, club not at all or very little thicker than shaft ; eyes
naked ; palpi obliquely porrect, clothed with dense short hairs in
front, longer posteriorly, third joint long; anterior legs in. 2 with
the tarsi clavate.
CLEROME. 183
Key to the forms of Clerome.
a. Upperside of wings uniform ochraceous.
a’. Underside of wings with ground-colour
uniform, not paler towards apex of fore
US ETA yest. us baronies cichede Bue ei slotan C, arcesilaus, p. 183.
b'. Underside of wings with ground-colour not
uniform, distinctly paler on terminal half
ROMS UU eer eek eye of c, « Sele’ c. ott ck sats C. assama 3, p. 184.
6. Upperside not uniform. Fore wing with a
broad, oblique, preapical bright ochraceous
band.
a’. Upperside: ground-colour maroon........ C. eumeus, p. 185.
b'. Upperside: ground-colour ochraceous
SIO MRT A oeia clta, veBeey a Sov cadet e teat ARO C. assama 2, p. 184.
215. Clerome arcesilaus, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 28;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 3138; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 207, pl. 162, figs. 1, la-le, o 9.
3 2. Upperside ochraceous, uniform in ¢; apex of fore wing
and termen in fore and hind wings in @ slightly darker. Under-
side slightly ochraceous brown; subbasal and discal narrow dark
fascize crossing both fore and hind wing, strongly curved on the
latter ; followed by a postdiscal line of minute yellow spots, six
on the fore, seven on the hind wing, on the latter posteriorly
abruptly curved ; lastly, a subterminal dark sinuous line. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the upperside of the
wings.
Exp. 3 2 72-82 mm. (2°85-3°23").
Hab. The hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to
Siam and the Malay Peninsula.
216. Clerome eumeus, Drury (Papilio), Ill. Exot. Ent. i, 1773, pl. 2,
fig. 3; Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. ii, 1777, pl. 183, figs. C, D.
Clerome rope, Leech, Ent. xxiii, 1890, p. 31; 2d. Butt. China,
1892, p. 112, pl. 1, fig. 4 g.
3 2. Upperside: fore wing maroon, with a very broad, oblique,
preapical, somewhat diffuse, bright ochraceous band extending
from costa to termen and along latter almost to the tornus; this
band broader in the 2 than in the ¢. Hind wing brown,
shading to dark maroon anteriorly. Underside maroon-brown ;
apex of fore wing broadly paler, dorsal margin of same dull brown ;
subbasal, discal and postdiscal dark, sinuous, continuous lines
crossing both wings; between the latter two a series of prominent
round white spots, five or six on the fore wing (straight in ¢,
slightly incurved in @ ), six or seven on the hind wing, arched in
both sexes. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.
Exp. 6 2 70-86 mm. (2°8-3'37").
Hab. Recorded within our limits from the Southern Shan
States, Upper Burma; China; Borneo,
184 NYMPHALID2.
217. Clerome assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856,
p. 185; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 314, fig. 2; Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 208, pl. 163, figs. 1, 1 a-le, g Q.
3 2. Closely allied to and resembling C. eumeus, but larger ;
the ground-colour on the upperside in the ¢ uniform ochraceous,
without a preapical oblique band on the fore wing; the ? is more
ochraceous brown than maroon, with a preapical bright ochraceous
oblique band on the fore wing, broader and more diffuse than in
C. eumeus. Underside similar to the underside in C. ewmeus, with
the sinuous transverse dark lines and spots much as in that form,
but the ground-colour is slightly darker and more uniform.
Exp. 3 2 88-102 mm. (3:48-4").
Hab. Hill-ranges of Assam.
Genus MELANOCYMA.
Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 186;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 210.
Type, VM. faunula, Westw., from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region, but not recorded from beyond
the Chin Hills in Upper Burma.
3 @. Fore wing broadly triangular, costa with a regular arch,
apex rounded, termen straight, tornus rounded, dorsum slightly
sinuous; cell longer than half fore wing, moderately broad ;
upper and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower long,
oblique, S-shaped; vein 10 absent, 11 from one-third before
upper apex of cell, free. Hind wing broadly pear-shaped ; costa,
termen and dorsum all slightly arched; apex rounded; tornus
more broadly rounded ; cell open ; veins 5 and 6 shortly stalked,
vein 7 terminating at apex, vein 8 on costal margin. Antenne
moderately long, about half length of fore wing; club long, very
gradual ; palpi compressed, obliquely porrect, third joint short;
eyes naked; posterior tibize longer than the tarsi. Male secondary
sex-mark a patch of specialized scales at base of vein 8 on upper-
side of hind wing, overlapped by a tuft of long hairs; a second
similar elongate sex-mark between veins 1 a and 1 near the tornal
angle.
218. Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soe.
ix, 1895, p. 259, pl. N, tig. 2 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p- 210, pl. 167, figs. 1, la, .
2. Upperside very pale brownish grey, the dark markings of
the underside showing through; hind wing posteriorly canary-
yellow, the brownish-grey colour fading to white along the inner
margins of the yellow. Underside: fore wing, a spot in the cell,
a bar across it, the sides of the median vein up to this bar, a
discal and a postdiscal transverse narrow band black, the discal
irregularly sinuous, the postdiscal nearly straight. Hind wing
with basal, subbasal, discal and postdiscal narrow, transverse
MELANOCYMA,—XANTHOTENIA. 185
bands black, the basal and subbasal straight, the other two highly
sinuous, finally a subterminal slightly sinuous black line and the
dorsal margin and tornus narrowly canary-yellow. Antenne
black; head, thorax and abdomen brownish grey. Male unknown.
Kp. 2 104 mm. (4°1”).
Hab. Recorded from the Chin Hills in Upper Burma.
Apparently a local race of M. faunula, differing chiefly in the
postdiscal band on the underside of the fore wing being straight,
not crescent-shaped.
Genus XANTHOTANIA.
Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 187 ;
M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 283; Moore, Lep. Ind. u, 1893-
96, p. 216.
Type, X. busiris, Westw., from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra and Borneo.
3 Q. Fore wing broadly triangular; costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, termen convex, tornus well-marked, dorsum straight ;
cell broad, length about half of fore wing; upper discocellular
minute, middle short, vertical, lower long, very oblique, slender
at base ; veins 8, 9, 10 out of 7, vein 10 from well beyond upper
apex of cell, 11 free, 12 terminating about midway on costa.
Hind wing more or less subquadrate, costa straight, apex rounded,
termen straight, tornus and dorsum strongly convex ; cell open or
very obscurely and slenderly closed; vein 8 long, running close
along costa nearly to apex. Antenne very long, much over half
length of fore wing, slender, filiform, club scarcely formed ; palpi
compressed, small, oblique, third joint short, slender and acute.
Male secondary sex-mark a tuft of erect hairs one-third from apex
of vein 1 on the upperside of the hind wing, covering a small
patch of scabrous specialized scales.
219, Xanthotenia busiris (Pl. III, fig. 28), Westw. Trans. Ent.
Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 187; W. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 284, fig. ¢; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 216, pl. 166,
noswie aa le, GO:
3 Q. Upperside dark chestnut-red. Fore wing: apical half
obliquely dusky black ; a broad, yellow, very oblique discal band
from a little before middle of costa to near the apex of inter-
space 2, but not reaching the termen, followed by a white preapical
spot. Hind wing uniform. Underside ochraceous red shaded
with a darker tint of the same. Fore wing: the oblique discal
yellow band as on upperside; a highly sinuous line across the cell,
a postdiscal similar line from costa to end of discal band and a
less sinuous subterminal line dark chestnut-brown ; the apical area
between the discal yellow band and the postdiscal dark line
chestnut-red, carrying in vertical series a single ocellus with a
large and a small white spot above and two minute white dots
below it. Hind wing crossed by subbasal, median, postdiscal
and subterminal highly sinuous dark chestnut-brown lines; a broad,
186 NYMPHALID A.
discal, diffuse, chestnut-brown band carrying a strongly-curved
series of seven ocelli, the subapical ocellus the largest, apical and
subtornal equal, the others much smaller. Antenne chestnut-
red; head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-red, ochraceous red
beneath. 3
Exp. 3 9 70-81 mm. (2°8-3°2").
Hab. Tenasserim, extending into the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra
and Borneo.
Genns ZEUXIDIA.
Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Sammi. ex, Schmett. ii, 1816-24, p.2; M.& de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 285; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 173.
Type, Z. luxert, Hiibner, from Java.
fiange. Malayan Subregion, extending to Tenasserim.
¢ 2. Fore wing: costa arched, apex pointed and produced ;
termen slightly concave below apex, convex posteriorly ; tornus
rounded, dorsum slightly convex; cell broad, moderately long, about
half length of fore wing; upper discocellular very short, middle
short and vertical, lower slightly concave, long and oblique; vein 1
angulated upwards at base, 4 angulated upwards one-third from
base, with a transverse upward-directed spur at the angle ; vein 11
from about one-third before apex of cell, anastomosed with vein 12,
but terminally free; 12 terminating a little after middle of costa.
Hind wing: cell open; vein 4 angulate, with a spur as in the
fore wing; vein 8 terminating on costal margin. Antenne long,
over half length of fore wing; labial palpi somewhat slender, third
joint long, angularly porrect. Male secondary sex-mark on upper-
side of hind wing ; asmall elongate patch of specialized hairs above
the subcostal vein, another similar patch in cell, both overlapped
by long pencils of hair, and a fold in the membrane below vein 1
with a similar overlapping tuft of hair.
220. Zeuxidia masoni (Pl. IV, fig. 29), Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878,
p. 826 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 286; Moore, Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 174, pl. 144, figs. 1, la, 16, d @.
3. Upperside brownish black. Fore wing with a broad curved
discal bar, narrowing posteriorly, extending from costa to near
apex of vein 2; hind wing with a terminal broad patch between
veins 1 and 4 metallic purplish blue. Underside brown. Fore
wing : cell crossed by three pale lilacine bands and beyond shaded
with lilacine. Hind wing shaded on the basal half with the same
tint, turning to a more decided pinkish lilac broadly along the
dorsal margin. Both fore and hind wing crossed by a conspicuous
narrow brown discal bar, followed on the hind wing by an
ochraceous ocellus in interspace 2 and another in interspace 6.
Antenne dark red; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.
Q. Upperside paler brown than in the ¢. Fore wing with a
somewhat similar discal band but creamy white in colour, not
curved, its margins irregular and uneven, ending near termen
ZEHUXIDIA. —AMATHUSIA. 187
in three spots; tornus and terminal margin just above narrowly
ochraceous; finally a white preapical spot. Hind wing: the
terminal margin irregularly, broadly and somewhat diffusely
ochraceous. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢ but
paler, shaded more or less with ochraceous and with the white
band and preapical spot on the upperside of the fore wing showing
through. |
Exp. & 2 104-118 mm. (4:1-4:65").
Hab. Burma and Tenasserim, in evergreen forests on the higher
hill-ranges.
Genus AMATHUSIA.
Amathusia, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 279; M. & de N. Butt.
Ind. 1, 1883, p. 288; Moore, pt., Lep. adh li, 1893- 965 py £7.
Amathuxidia, Staudinger, Exot, Schmett. 1, 1887, p. 188; Moore,
pt., Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 176.
Type, A. phidippus, Johanssen, from the Malay Peninsula.
Range. Burma; Tenasserim and southwards to the Malay
Peninsula; Borneo; Java and the Philippines.
3 9. Wings very broad and ample. Fore wing triangular,
costa strongly arched, apex well-marked but not acute, termen
straight, tornus more or less rounded, dorsum straight or slightly
convex ; cell short, broad, less than half length of fore wing ;
discocellulars: upper minute, middle short, nearly vertical, lower
long, very concave at upper third, straight and very oblique for
the rest; vein 11 free, vein 10 from basal half of vein 7 well
beyond apex of cell, 8,9 and 10 being short and subequal, not
anastomosed, 11 anastomosed with or running very close to 12
towards apex. Hind wing subquadrate ; cell partially closed, not
by a vein, but by a fold in the membrane of the wing; costa
widely arched, termen arched ; tornus produced, broadly caudate ;
dorsum widely arched. Antenne about half length of fore wing,
club long and gradual; palpi long, suberect, reaching above top of
the head, with asharp margin anteriorly clothed with dense short
hairs ; legs scaled.
Key to the forms of Amathusia.
a. Fore wing: upperside brown; no broad discal
faseiaMluneluhersexi re tiai speak crasll ae A. phidippus, p. 187.
6. Fore wing: upperside dark brown, ¢ with a
blue, Q with a yellow, broad, oblique discal
PASCIAR cc ys saspore ciel qevnem sein otann = Mea wav siteco ghee A. amythaon, p. 188.
221. Amathusia phidippus, Johanssen (Papilio), Aman. Acad. vi,
1764, p. 402; Fabricius, Iihg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 279; M. § de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, "1883, p- 289: Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 179,
pl. 146, figs. Peale oo), larva & & pupa, pl. 147, fic. 20
(Andaman form).
3. Upperside umber-brown. Fore wing with the costal margin
188 NYMPHALIDZ.
narrowly fulvous near apex, crossing towards the termen, forming
an obscure preapical band joining a subterminal lunular band of
the same colour. Hind wing uniform, with a subterminal band as
in the fore wing but not lunular, straight. Underside pale brown,
with the following transverse pale lilac-white bands crossing both
fore and hind wing: basal, subbasal, discal, postdiscal, broad
subterminal and terminal; the subbasal and discal of equal
width, meeting above the tornal angle in V-shape, the space
between the two bands with, on the fore wing, two shorter similar
bands crossing the cell, on the hind wing a single similar band
from costa to median vein ; subterminal band on hind wing bent
upwards above tornal area and continued halfway up the dorsal
margin, the broadiy-produced tornus with a dark brown spot;
finally a large ochraceous ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller
similar one in interspace 6. Antenne reddish; head, thorax and
abdomen umber-brown. Secondary sex-mark a glandular fold
in membrane of wing shaded by tufts of long hair along vein 1 on
upperside of hind wing, and preapically on the abdomen with tufts
of stiff long hairs.— 9. Upper and under sides as in ¢ but paler;
on the upperside the fulvous along the costal margin widens into
a preapical patch, and generally the bands on the underside show
through and appear above as pale fulvons bands.
Exp. 3 2 112-122 mm. (4:4-4°8").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; Andamans; extending to Malay
Peninsula.
One specimen in the British Museum Collection, a § from the
Andamans, is on the upperside a rich warm uniform ochraceous ;
on the underside ochraceous with the markings as in the typical
form, but with three ocelli on the hind wing. Another specimen,
also a 3g, from the same locality has on the underside of the hind
wing four ocelli.
Larva. Cylindrical, light brown above; fifth to anal segment
with rows of short fine hairs, anterior segments and head with
longer, anteriorly projecting hairs ; the head with a pair of lateral
palmated processes, anal segment with two backward-projecting
setose processes. Colour light pinkish brown above, ochraceous
beneath, dark brown lateral and dorsal lines, a black transverse
band on third and fourth segments. (After Moore.) Food-plant,
according to Horsfield, the cocoanut.
Pupa. Green; head bifid, elongate boat-shaped. (Joore.)
222. Amathusia amythaon, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xix, 1847,
p- 175; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 291; Moore (Ama-
thuxidia), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 176, pl. 145, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q.
Amathusia portheus, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. iii, 1867, p. 461;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 298, fie. 3.
3. Upperside brownish black, cilia white. Fore wing with a
remarkably broad, curved, pale blue discal band extending from
costa to near apex of vein 1. Hind wing uniform without markings.
AMATHUSIA,—THAUMANTIS, 189
Underside pinkish buff, with the following dark brown lines
crossing both fore and hind wing: basal, extending to little
beyond the middle of ven 2 in the hind wing, subbasal crossing
from subcostal of fore to median vein of hind wing, discal from
costa of fore to near tornus of hind wing, postdiscal from costa of
fore to tornus of hind wing, thence bending upwards at an angle
and following the dorsal margin of hind wing, and subterminal
somewhat indistinct on the fore, well-defined and broadening to-
wards tornus of hind wing. Jn addition to these there are on the
fore wing a short line of the same colour crossing the cell near
apex and a discal line from costa to vein 2, and on the hind wing
a large ochraceous postdiscal ocellus in interspace 2 and another
in interspace 6. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown. Sex-marks a patch of specialized scales in cell,
extending into interspaces 1 and 2, and a glandular fold near
base of vein with a stiff brush of hairs beneath it.— 9. Upperside
umber-brown. Fore wing with a band as in the ¢, but bright
yellow, narrower, reaching to the tornus, its inner margin very
irregularly zigzag and sinuous, a spot below it in the middle. Hind
wing uniform, apex bright yellow. Underside asin the 3, but the
eround-colour paler.
Exp. 6 2 118-133 mm. (4°25-5-25").
Hab. The hill-ranges of Assam; Burma and Tenasserim.
Genus THAUMANTIS.
Thaumantis, Hvibner, Sammi. ex. Schmett. 11, 1816-1824, Index,
Syst. p. 2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 304.
Kringana et Thauria, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1693-96, p. 185.
Type, 7’. odana, Godart, from Java.
Range. Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to
Siam ; the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Java.
3d 9. Wings very broad in proportion to length. Fore wing:
costa very strongly arched, apex well-marked, termen slightly
convex, tornus rounded, dorsum straight; cell short, not
half length of fore wing, very broad; upper discocellular very
short, about half length of middle, middle slightly oblique, lower
concave, oblique posteriorly ; vein 4 obtusely angled upwards ;
11 from one-third before apex of cell, anastomosed with 12;
10 out of 7 well beyond apex of cell, anastomosed with 11;
9 and 8 not anastomosing. Hind wing: costa and termen
widely arched, tornus rounded, dorsum more slightly arched ;
cell open, vein 4 strongly obtusely angulated upwards. Antenne
long and slender, club long and gradual; palpi suberect, pointed,
narrow in front, densely clothed with short hairs; eyes large ;
legs scaled.
190 NYMPHALID&,
Key to the forms of Thaumantis.
a. Fore wing on upperside suffused with brilliant
blue, except on a narrow terminal and on
broader dorsalsmarcine .2osu4 Sch. whee hee: T. lucipor, p. 190.
b. Fore wing on upperside with a broad blue discal
bar, basal half of wing uniform brown ...... T. diores, p. 190.
223. Thaumantis diores (PI. LV, fig. 32), Westw. A.M. N. H. xv,
1845, p. 234; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 304; Moore (Nan-
dogea), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 182, pl. 148, figs. 1, 1 a-16,¢ 9.
Thaumantis ramde, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 215;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 305.
3 2. Upperside dusky brown; fore wing with a broad
beautifully iridescent blue discal band from below vein 8 to
dorsum, extending posteriorly towards the base of the wing, out-
wardly suffused with a brilliant silvery gloss. Hind wing with a
median, similar, somewhat rounded patch, the outward silvery
gloss very brilliant, in fresh specimens the blue spreading towards
the base of the wings. Underside rich silky brown, terminal
margins of the wings broadly paler, sprinkled with lilacine scales
near an inward well-defined very pale brownish-yellow sinuous line;
the basal five-sixths of the wings darkening perceptibly outwards.
Fore wing with two pairs of transverse sinuous dark narrow bands
across cell, followed by an oblique discal similar band, from costa
to interspace 1. Hind wing with two similar transverse bands
divergent posteriorly, an oval yellowish-white spot in interspaces
2 and 6 respectively and a dark tornal spot; the spot in inter-
space 2 shaded with brown. Antenne red; head, thorax and
abdomen brown. Male secondary sex-mark a small erectile tuft of
hair, not covering apparently any specialized scales, near the base
of the subcostal vein on the upperside of the hind wing.
Exp. 3 Q 110-122 mm. (4°3-48").
Hab. Sikhim to Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, along the hill-
ranges at low elevations.
224, Thaumantis lucipor, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen.
Di. Lep. 1851, p. 337; M. & de N. Butt.’ Ind. 1, 1883, p. 306
footnote.
3. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing, except the costal margin
narrowly, apex and terminal margin more broadly, suffused with
the most brilliant metallic, somewhat iridescent blue. Hind wing
similar, the terminal and dorsal margins more broadly uniform
dark brown. Underside. Fore wing: the basal three-fourths very
dark maroon-brown, the dorsal and terminal margins broadly paler,
the dark basal area crossed from costa to vein 2 by an oblique bar
of irrorated pale scales, irrorations of like scales in the cell, at the
apex of wing and on the broad pale terminal margin. Hind wing
THAUMAN'TIS.—STICHOPHTHALMA. 191
similar but without the bar ; irrorations of pale scales on the basal
dark area and on the lighter brown terminal margin, forming an
irregular transverse band on the latter ; close to the outer margin
of the dark area there are two black ocelli, with the interior half
of the irides surrounding pure white. Antenne red ; head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown. Secondary sex-mark a small glandular
patch above the base of the subcostal vein on the upperside of
the hind wing, covered by a tuft of long hair.— 2. Similar, the
blue on the upperside restricted to the basal area. Fore wing
with a curved discal band of whitish spots from costa to vein 2,
and a subterminal zigzag dusky white narrow band. Hind wing
with a very dark brown zigzag subterminal narrow band. Under-
side similar to the underside in the male but paler ; the hind wing
with a discal, slightly sinuous, dark brown band in addition to the
other markings.
Exp. 3 2 100-106 mm. (4—4°2”"),
- Hab. Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, extending into the
extreme south of Tenasserim.
Genus STICHOPHTHALMA.
Sticophthalma, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. vi, 1862, p. 27; M.
& de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 808; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96,
p- 202.
Type, S. howgua, Westw., China.
Range. Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; extending to
China, Siam and Cambodia.
3 2. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa arched ; termen
straight, slightly convex on posterior half; tornus rounded,
dorsnm straight ; cell very broad, short, not half length of fore
wing; upper and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower
discocellular strongly concave, oblique in its lower portion ; vein
4 from lower apex of cell and obtusely angulate at one-third from
base ; vein 10 absent. Hind wing broadly ovate; costa arched,
termen slightly scalloped, apex rounded; dorsum nearly straight
along basal half, then slightly emarginate ; cell open, vein 8 ending
on costal margin. Antenne filiform, not quite half length of
fore wing, club gradual ; palpi erect, projecting above level of head ;
eyes not hairy ; intermediate and posterior femora longer than the
tibiz. Male secondary sex-mark “a small ovate glandular patch”
above base of vein 1 of hind wing shaded by an erectile tuft of
long hairs.
Key to the forms of Stichophthalma.
a. Upperside: terminal markings on both fore
and hind wing large and conspicuous.
a’. Basal area on upperside of fore wing dark
CHOCOLATE PLOW we erelicra tere cai ok « S. camadeva, p. 192.
192 NYMPHALID®.
b', Basal area on upperside of fore wing
OCHTACEONMS ype be diay icine sts he ists erelAees S. lowisa, p. 194.
c’, Basal area on upperside of fore wing rich
Reddish TUVOUS: (51 s5 nes athens op Sh wr S. howqua, var. sparta,
b. Upperside: terminal markings on both fore (p. 193.
and hind wing small and slender.
a. Yellow preapical band on upperside of
fore wing broad, not continued along .
LELIMIeN PO LOMMUSI(T ie. titer eee S. nourmahal, p. 192.
b. Yellow preapical band on upperside of
fore wing narrow, continued along ter-
TIME TN GO LOLMUS I sel. taeee aig pieee een Race nurinissa, p. 193.
225. Stichophthalma camadeva, Westwood (Morpho-Thaumantis),
Cab. Or. Ent. p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; MM. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 309, fig. 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 203, pl. 158,
mee ly Thay Si Se
&$ 2. Upperside. Fore wing: basal third chocolate-brown,
shading into pale bluish white on the rest of the wing; a broad,
irregular, pure white discal bar bounded on each side by sinuous
pale blue lines ; a series of two or three large postdiscal brownish
spots, succeeded by a series of quadrate dark brown spots touching
an outer series of broad lunules of the same colour; finally a
subterminal row of narrow whitish crescentic marks and a
terminal dark brown line. Hind wing dark chocolate-brown,
paler towards base ; a broad postdiscal, bluish-white, curved band
formed of paired, large, inwardly angular spots in the interspaces
followed by a continuous series of broad brown lunules, a sub-
terminal row of narrow crescentic white marks, and a terminal
brown line. Underside ochraceous, irrorated with greenish scales
on the basal area of the wings and on the discal bar of the hind
wing ; fore and hind wings crossed by subbasal and discal, trans-
verse, sinuous, dark brown lines, followed by a straw-coloured
discal bar, a brownish diffuse band, very dark ochraceous series of
partly ocelli and partly obscure spots, and a postdiscal outer,
broad, diffuse dark brown band, ending posteriorly in a black
spot at the tornus of the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen chocolate-brown.
Exp. 3 2 148-160 mm. (5°82-6°30").
Hab. Sikhim; the hill-ranges of Assam ; Cachar; and Manipur.
226. Stichophthalma nourmahal, Westwood (Thaumantis), in
Dbolday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 337; M. &
de N. Butt. Ind. 1883, p. 312; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p. 205, pl. 160, figs. 1, 1a,16, dQ.
Race nurinissa.
Stichophthalma nurinissa, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v,
1890, p. 131, pl. C, fig. ¢ 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 206,
obey IMG stirs, IS Nae Ika, i. -
3. Upperside bright chocolate-brown. Fore wing with a very
STICHOPHTHALMA. 193
broad, curved, oblique preapical band from costa to termen; apex
and the termen narrowly dark brown; a subterminal series of
delicate, brown, trident-shaped marks.. Hind wing with a band
along the terminal margin yellow, bearing paired, lunular, brown
marks in the imterspaces. Underside dark ochraceous, paler
towards the apex of the fore wing, with the following trans-
verse markings—subbasal and median dark brown sinuous lines,
bordered, the former on the inside, the latter on the outside, by
narrow bands of greenish blue; a discal series of obscure ocelli,
some of them defined only as pale spots; a postdiscal and a
subterminal dark highly-sinuous line, the former ending in a black
tornal spot outwardly margined with pink. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen chocolate-brown above, ochraceous beneath.
Q. Upperside similar, a preapical white spot on fore wing.
Underside with the transverse markings similar; the ground-
colour up to the median black transverse line chocolate-brown ;
beyond, the fore wing from costa to vein + light ochraceous, in-
wardly paling to white below vein 1 ; the hind wing crossed by a
diffuse dark brown band; ocelli as in the male, followed by a dull
ochraceous-brown postdiscal area, the terminal margins broadly
brown, inwardly defined and crossed subterminally by highly sinuous
dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the <¢.
Exp. 3 2 98-118 mm. (3 9—-4:25"),
Hab. Sikhim.
Race nurinissa, de Nicéville—¢ 2. Upperside differs from
the typical form in having the preapical yellow band on the fore
wing narrower but continued down to the tornus along the ter-
minal margin; the apex more broadly brown, and a row of obscure
brown spots instead of the trident- -shaped_ marks. The yellow
band on the hind wing broader. Undersede in both sexes almost
precisely similar to the underside in S. nowrmahal.
Exp. 3 2 104-128 mm. (4:1-5:1").
Hab. Bhutan.
227. Stichophthalma howqua, IWestwood (Thaumantis), Trans. Ent.
Soc. (new ser.) i, 1851, p. 147; Leech (var. sutfusa), Butt. China,
1892-94, p. 114, pl. i, fig. 3, var. 2.
Stichophthalma sparta, de Nicéville, J. A.S. B. 1894, p. 2, pl. i
fig. 4 3; Moore, Lep. Ind. iu, 1893- -96, p. 217, pl. 167, figs. 2:
Qa, ee
3 9. Upperside ochraceous yellow suffused with a darker, some-
what brownish shade of the same towards base of fore wing anid on
hind wing. Fore wing: a postdiscal transverse row of fleur-de-] lys-
shaped spots, a subterminal series of broad black lunules, followed
by a series of narrow crescentic marks of the ochraceous ground-
colour ; apex and a terminal line black. Hind wing: a sub-
Eeerinal series of black lunules as on the fore wing, giving out
inwards a series of large, shafted, roundly lanceolate marks of
the same colour, followed. as on the fore wing, by narrow
VOL. I. 0)
194 NYMPHALID ®.
ochraceous crescentic marks and a terminal black line, the marks
posteriorly rather diffuse and tending to run together. Under-
sede ochraceous yellow, with the following transverse markings—
subbasal, median, postdiscal, subterminal and terminal dark brown
sinuous lines; a discal row of dark ochraceous ocelli, six on fore,
five on hind wing; and, bordering the ocelli on the inner side, a
variable diffuse dusky-black band, ending posteriorly on the hind
wing in a black tornal spot. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax
and abdomen ochraceous, abdomen paler beneath.— 2. Upperside
similar, the black markings broader and heavier. Underside also
similar, but the ground-colour a beautiful pale green with a silky
lustre, the median transverse dark brown line outwardly bordered
from costa of fore to vein 1 of hind wing with greenish white ;
the dusky-black transversely discal band broader and more diffuse ;
fore wing with seven ocelli; terminal margins broadly but lhghtly
infuscated. .
Exp. & 2 120-128 mm. (4°72-5:1").
Hab, China, extending to the west into our limits and recorded
from Manipur.
The above is a description of S. howqua, var. suffusa, Leech,
from W. China ; the typical form, which has the markings lighter
and smaller, and the ground-colour on upperside uniform, comes
from Central China, while the far west race S. sparta, de Nicéville,
from Manipur, differs less from S. suffusa than the latter does from
S. howqua.
228. Stichophthalma louisa, Wood-Mason (Thaumantis), P. A. S. B.
1877, p. 163; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 311; Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 204, pl. 159, figs. 1, la, 3 Q.
3 9. Upperside: basal half of fore and basal two-thirds of the
hind wing from pale to rich ochraceous, the outer halves of both
wings white tinged with lilacine ; a subterminal series of inwardly
pointed, large, hastate black marks coalescing with a terminal series
of black angular lunules. Underside: basal half of both fore and
hind wing pale dull ochraceous with a powdering of greenish
scales; outer half white, the hind wing with the postdiscal area
suffused with greenish; the terminal margins of both wings
broadly dull ochraceous, darker on the hind wing than on the
fore wing; a subbasal and a discal dark brown transverse sinuous
line meetingand crossing near the tornus of the hind wing, followed
on both fore and hind wing by irregular white and suffused dark
brown bands, then a series of ocelli, five on fore and five on the hind
wing, the former pale brown, the latter ochraceous red with black
irides, the apical and the posterior ocelli the largest; finally a
suffused large black tornal spot on the hind wing. Male sex-mark
as noted for the genus.
Exp. 6 2 183-143 mm. (5:3-5:6").
Hab. The foot of the hill-ranges in Burma and Tenasserim.
Appears only in April and May. _
THAURIA. 195
Genus THAURIA.
Thaumantis; pt., Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc, (new ser.) iv, 1856,
p- 176, pl. 17 9; M. & de N., pt., Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 307.
Thauria, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 185.
Type, 7. aliris, Westwood, from Borneo.
Range. Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula ;
Borneo.
3 . Closely allied to Thaumantis, Westwood, but in the fore
wing vein 7 is emitted well before and not at apex of cell, vein 10
runs very close to but does not anastomose with vein 11, and
similarly vein 11 does not anastomose with vein 12, the upper
discocellular is oblique and very much longer than the middle
discocellular ; this latter being minute, consequently veins 5 and 6
are closely approximate at base. Hind wing: vein 4 only curved
upwards, not obtusely angulate ; cell open as in Thaumanitis, but
vein 6 is closer at base to vein 7.
Only a single form, very closely allied to the type if not a race
of it, is found within our limits.
229, Thauria pseudaliris, Butler (Thaumantis), Jowrn. Linn. Soc., Zool.
xiii, 1867, p. 115; M. & de N. (Thaumantis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 807; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1898-96, p. 186, pl. 149, figs. 1,
la-1b, dQ.
o. Upperside dark vandyke-brown. Fore wing: the base
broadly as far as the apex of the cell clothed with dense, short,
dark ochraceous hairs ; a broad oblique discal band and two pre-
apical spots white, the former tinged with yellow and extending
from costa to the termen just above the tornus. Hind wing: the
costa and apex broadly and a large posterior area bright ochraceous,
the dark ground-colour between veins 5 and 6 produced broadly
to the termen. Underside: basal third of the wings greyish,
somewhat densely studded with short woolly ochraceous hairs and
with some spots and lines of dark chestnut-red, followed by a dark
chestnut-red irregular band crossing both fore and hind wing,
broadest: posteriorly on the fore and anteriorly on the hind wing.
Fore wing with the oblique white discal band as on the upperside,
beyond it a subtriangular area, and beneath it the dorsal margin
broadly brown, the apex and termen up to the outer end of the
white band very broadly chestnut-red, defined inwardly by an
obscure dark line and a white spot below the costa. Hind wing:
the dark chestnut-red median band narrowed and sub-interrupted
in the middle by a white patch ; two large oval, discal, ochraceous-
brown, dark-ringed ocelli inwardly lined with white ; beyond the
ocelli the terminal area very broadly bright ochraceous orange,
crossed by a subterminal waved chestnut-red narrow band and
an obscure incomplete terminal dark line. Antenne chestnut-red ;
head, thorax and abdomen brown. Secondary sex-mark a sub-
02
196 NYMPHALIDA.
costal dark patch of specialized scales, and a yellow glandular
pouch close to the dorsal margin on the upperside of the hind
wing.— 9. Similar, of course without the sex-marks; colours
brighter, oblique white discal band on fore wing broader.
Exp. & Q 120-140 mm. (4°72-5°5").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
This and 7. aliris, Westwood, from Borneo, are closely similar
continental and insular forms respectively.
Genus AMONA.
AKimona, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv, 1868, Aumona pl. figs. 3,4; MW. &
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 302; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
p. 212.
Type, 4. amathusia, Hewitson, from Sikhim.
Range. N.E. India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim.
$ 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched ; apex acutely
produced; termen straight; tornus broadly rounded; dorsum
straight ; cell short, broad, not half length of fore wing; upper
and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower strongly concave;
veins 8, 9, 10 out of 7, 11 from well before apex of cell, anasto-
mosed with 12 till just before its apex, 12 terminating about
midway on costa. Hind wing pear-shaped; termen somewhat
obtusely angulated at vein 4; cell open; vein 8 terminating on
costal margin before apex. Antenne about half length of fore
wing, club very long and gradual; eyes large, naked; palpi
slender, obliquely porrect, third joint short; legs slender, long,
intermediate and posterior femora and tibiz subequal. Male secon-
dary sex-mark a row of fine hairs along vein 1 on the upperside of
the hind wing, at termination overlapping a fold in the membrane
of the wing.
Key to the forms of AXmona.
a. Fore wing pale ochraceous yellow on upper-
side; apex dusky brown ................ 44. amathusia, p. 196.
b. Fore wing white, shaded on upperside with
dusky brown along veins on apical half, apex
and termen dusky brown ..............+6 A, lena, p. 197.
230. AXmona amathusia, Hewitson (Clerome), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv,
1867, p. 566 Q ; ad. Evot. Butt. iv. 1868, Amona pl. figs. 3, 4 ;
M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, J ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. 1i, 1893-96, p. 212, pl. 164, figs. 1, la-le, g 2.
Aimona pealii, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 177, pl. 6,
fies. 8, 3a; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, p. 303, front plate,
figs. 3-3a $; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 214, pl. 165,
figs. 1, 1 a.
&. Upperside ochraceous yellow, the wings more or less suffused
on the basal area in the fore and over the whole of the hind wing
=
MONA.—BNISPE. 197
with a dusky light brownish tint; the apex of the fore wing
dusky brownish, the transverse narrow dark band from apex of
fore wing to tornus of hind wing, the ocelli on both, and the sub-
terminal zigzag band on the underside of the hind wing faintly
showing through. Underside similar, slightly darker, without the
- brownish tint. Fore and hind wings with a subbasal and a discal
darker ochraceous band from apex of fore to tornus of hind wing,
followed by a postdiscal row of ocelli, most of them faint and
incomplete, and a subterminal zigzag line very faint on the fore
wing; the posterior three ocelli prominently silvery centred.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous.— 9. Upperside:
the brownish suffusion darker. Underside: the ground-colour
not so bright an ochraceous, the markings better defined, all the
ocelli with white centres, the subterminal lines on both wings
straight.
Exp. & 2 78-94 mm. (3:05-3°75").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; the hill-ranges of Assam.
Var. peali, Wood- Mason, is probably, as suggested by Mr.
Doherty, the wet-season form of thisinsect. It differs chiefly in the
apex of the fore wing not being so produced, the termen straighter
and slightly convex, and in the markings on the underside showing
through on the upperside more plainly than in typical amathusia.
231. Aumona lena, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 1 ¢ ;
M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 302; Moore, Lep. Ind. i,
1893-96, p. 215, pl. 165, figs. 2,2a, g.
36. Upperside: fore wing and anterior half of hind wing creamy
white, posterior half of latter bright canary-yellow. Fore wing :
apex somewhat broadly, a transverse slightly inwardly oblique
band from apex to vein 1, and broad streaks along the veins from
the termen to the transverse band dusky brown. Hind wing: a
similar brown transverse band anteriorly, not descending into
the yellow area. Underside from base to a transverse narrow
dark ochraceous discal band crossing the wings from apex of fore
to tornus of hind wing yellow, crossed by a subbasal ochraceous
broad line; the terminal margins beyond the discal band paler on
both fore and hind wing; an indistinct series of ocelli. Antenne
ochraceous ; head and thorax dusky creamy white; abdomen
yellow, paler beneath. Female not known.
Exp. 3 82-88 mm. (38°25-3°45").
Hab. Burma and Tenasserim.
Genus ENISPE.
Enispe, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851,
p- 292; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299; Moore, Lep. Ind.
i, 1893- 96, p. 198.
Type, E. ewthymius, Doubleday, from N.E. India.
Range. Sikhim, eastwards through the hills of Assam to Burma
and Tenasserim.
198 NYMPHALID#.
3 2. Closely allied to Discophora ; differs from that genus in
the absence of vein 10 in the fore wing, and in the d by the
difference in the secondary sex-marks, there being no trace of the
patch of specialized scales on the disc of the hind wing, though
the glandular pouch and tuft of short hairs at the base of the
dorsal margin of the hind wing are present. There is in addition
a small patch of specialized scales at the base of the abdomen
beneath. Antenne very long, longer than in Discophora; eyes
naked ; palpi obliquely porrect, third joint short.
Key to the forms of Enispe.
a. Upperside ground-colour ochraceous orange.
a’. Hind wing only with a median black
transverse narrow band on upperside .... LZ. euthymius, p. 198.
b'. Both fore and hind wing with a median
black transverse narrow band on under-
SUGLG 5 dc, RT ee eee Ben AEE ele Uhcaimen sce Raa Var. tessellata, p. 198.
b. Upperside ground-colour brown............ Li. cyenus, p. 199.
232. Enispe euthymius (Pl. IV, fig. 31), Doubleday (Adolias),
A, M,N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 179; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p- 300, fig. ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 198, pl. 155,
digsy aes ee
Enispe tessellata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 521 3 2 ; id. Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 200, pl. 156, figs. 1, la-le, g Q.
3 9. Upperside rich ochraceous orange. Fore wing: a spot
along the upper portion of the discocellulars, two fine lunate spots
beyond, an erect series of four discal spots, a subterminal zigzag
narrow band, the apical portion of the costa, the apex and the
terminal margin broadly black. Hind wing: a discal irregular
transversely elongate suffused mark and two series of lunular
continuous marks beyond black; termen narrowly fuscous. Under-
side rich bright ochraceous ; a broad transverse band across both
wings from costa of fore wing to the tornus of the hind wing
slightly darker ochraceous, defined inwardly by an irregular sinuous
and broken, and outwardly by a straighter complete ferruginous
line ; some ferruginous spots at the bases of the wings, and on the
hind wing a discal series of three or four minute dark ocelli, the
lowest white-centred ; outer halves of both fore and hind wing
uniform, the black markings of the upperside showing faintly
through. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen bright ochraceous.
Exp. 3 9 82-87 mm. (3°25-3'42").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Cachar; Burma and Tenasserim.
Var. tessellata, Moore, occurs in the same localities. It is a
more richly-coloured form than Z. euthymius. It differs im both
sexes in the markings on the upperside of the wings being broader,
restricting the orange-ochraceous ground-colour, the bases of the
wing also slightly darker. The fore wing with a median black
irregular line in continuation of the black line defining the disco-
cellulars.
ENISPH.—DISCOPHORA. 199
233. Enispe cycnus, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. 1851, p. 380; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 301; Moore,
Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 201, pl. 157, figs. 1, la-le, 3g.
3. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with a broad oblique
bluish-white band beyond cell from costa to vein 4, deflected in-
wards below and continued by three large outwardly emarginate
spots between the veins; beyond these an erect series of four
more or less triangular spots of the same colour. Hind wing:
basal area clothed with long hair, a subterminal curved series of
obscure small light brown spots, followed by a terminal series of
light brown lunular markings between the veins. Underside
dark ochraceous, paling towards the terminal margins; a darker
ochraceous straight discal band across both fore and hind wing
from costa of fore wing to tornus of hind wing, defined inwardly
and outwardly by sinuous dark ferruginous-brown lines, the basal
area inside the band studded with spots and short transverse
sinuous streaks of ferruginous brown, and the terminal halves of
the wings with three rows of obscure dusky markings between
the veins. Hind wing with a minute silvery ocellus in inter-
space 1 anda small black spot in interspace 5. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen brown above; antenne excepted, ochraceous
yellow beneath.
2. Upperside: differs from the ¢ in the fore wing as follows:
five inner discal ochraceous spots and the discal band terminating
in an ochraceous spot; on the hind wing a discontinuous
transverse line, followed by a postdiscal row of large hastate
spots; a subterminal series of quadrate spots and a terminal
series of lunular marks between the veins bright ochraceous.
Underside as in the ¢, but the ground-colour uniformly paler
ochraceous.
Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°17-3°53").
Hab. Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma.
Genus DISCOPHORA.
Discophora, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1886, pl. 12, fig.3; Moore,
Lep, Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 35; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 294 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 187.
Type, D. celande, Stoll, from Java.
Rtange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3S 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa strongly arched ;
apex acute, slightly produced; termen straight, tornus well
marked, dorsum straight; cell short, not half length of fore
wing, moderately broad; middle discocellular the shortest, lower
long, oblique, slightly concave; vein 10 anastomosed with 11,
vein 11 with 12, 12 terminating about two-thirds from base.
Hind wing: costa slightly arched; termen convex or angulate at
apex of vein 4; tornus well marked; dorsum long, straight,
shghtly convex in the middle; vein 8 terminating just before
apex, costal margin above it wide. Antenne about half length of
200 NYMPHALID”®.
fore wing, club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi slender, slight, oblique,
3rd joint short; body stout, robust. Male secondary sex-mark a
more or less rounded, thickly packed, large patch of specialized
scales on the disc of the hind wing.
The forms of Discophora are all very closely allied. There is
little doubt that the variation in the size and colour of the spots
on the fore wing is to some extent due to seasonal dimorphism or
polymorphism, and that the number of distinct forms is really
very small.
Key to the forms of Discophora.
3 d-
a. Upperside suffused with deep indigo-blue .. D. celinde, p. 200.
b. Upperside brown, not suffused with indigo-
blue.
a’. Spots on upperside of fore wing in two
rows, anterior three spots of inner row
blues larze, obliqne 24 se. ee ye eeaee D. lepida, p. 201.
6’. Spots on upperside of fore wing in three
or four transverse rows.
a’. Spots on upperside of fore wing more
ior less bluish white.
°, Upperside of hind wine without
SPOLS, UMI@RMI ye oe hae se eee ests D. tullia, p. 202.
b°. Upperside of hind wing spotted.... Var. zal, p. 203.
b°, Spots on upperside of fore wing ochra-
CE OWS SH). crete tata erere ena tere si hotel ee ee Var. spiloptera, p. 208.
ee
a. Upperside of fore wing with a distinct pre-
apical broad oblique band.
a’. This band ochraceous yellow .......... D. celinde, p. 201.
@ Whis bandebinich whites ey se 7s. fe eee D. lepida, p. 201.
b. Upperside of fore wing without a distinct
preapical oblique band or at most anterior
two spots of transverse discal series obliquely
placed.
a’. Cell of fore wing on upperside without
a patch of ochraceous yellow at apex .. D. tulhia, p. 202.
. Cell of fore wing on upperside with a
patch of yellow at apex.
a>. The yellow patch enclosing a black
PE SPOUT ce taisen aire euniriones emadelions (Rar uaa poe Var. zal, p. 208.
b’. The yellow patch not enclosing a black
SOU: Monier riciesisyaanievso’ ond Reva Sieetee Var. sprloptera, p. 205.
234. Discophora celinde, Stol2 (Papilio), Suppl. Cram. Pup. Ex. v,
1790, pl. 37, figs. 1, la; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 298,
fiz. J
aS necho, M. & de N. (nec Kelder) Butt. Ind.1, 1888, p. 296.
Discophora celinde, yar. continentalis et adamanensis, Staudinger,
Exot. Schmett. 1, 1887, p. 190.
Discophora continentalis, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 188,
pl. 150, figs. 1, La-le, 3 Q, larva & pupa.
DISCOPHORA. 201
3S. Upperside purplish brown, the basal four-fifths of both
fore and hind wing suffused with dark indigo-blue. Fore wing
with two obliquely-placed preapical pale ochraceous-white spots,
and a series of four or five subterminal similar spots. Hind wing
uniform except for the dark secondary sex-mark on the disc.
Underside ochraceous shaded with brown, darkest on the outer
half of the hind wing; a broad dark brown discal band across
both wings from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing; beyond
this a lighter ochraceous band, followed on the hind wing by
obscure ocelli in interspaces 2 and 6, and a purplish-white diffuse
mark at the tornus.— 92. Upperside paler purplish brown, the
terminal margins of the wings narrowly and evenly yellow; a
broad yellow oblique preapical bar on the fore wing, curving down-
wards and ending in two or three triangular detached spots, two
discal spots below middle of bar and an outer series of three sub-
terminal large lunular spots. Hind wing on its anterior halt
outwardly with some diffuse yellow obscure spots. Underside
similar to that of the ¢, but much lighter and brighter ochra-
ceous, the brown shading forms obseure transverse bands, of
which the discal, broad postdiscal and subterminal crossing both
fore and hind wing are the most prominent ; an additional ocellus
in interspace 3. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdo-
men above brown, beneath more or less ochraceous.
Exp. 5 2 95-99 mm. (3°75-3:9").
Hab, Sikhin, the lower and Eastern provinces of Bengal; Assam;
Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Wain (adult). Anal segment with two slender processes; each
segment with dorsal and lateral tubercies studded with tufts of
hair; head black; body brown with paler longitudinal dorsal and
lateral bands, a short black line on each side of the dorsal line
anteriorly on each segment ; legs with a spot of dark red on each.
Pupa. ‘“ Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece
prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpu-
rescent-brown.” (Joore.)
235. Discophora lepida, Moore (Enispe), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i,
1857, p. 218 2 ; zd. Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 36, pl. 18, figs. 1, la,
16,32; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 297 ; Moore, "Lep.
Ind. li, 1893-96, p. 190, pl. 151, figs. iL lia, 14, ie Geeks
Davidson, Bell & Aitken, "Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soe. X, 1896, p- 246.
3 2. Resembles D. celinde, but in the 3 the ground-colour on
the upperside is dark velvety brown without any blue reflections ;
the fore wing is crossed preapically by three obliquely-placed,
comparatively large, pale-blue spots with an ill-defined series
of three or four much. smaller subterminal spots; in the 9?
the markings, though similar to those in the @ of celinde, are on
the upperside of the fore wing all pale blue, not yellow, and more
numerous, larger, and better defined on the upperside of the hind
wing. Underside. $: similar to that in ¢ of D. celinde, but a
202 NYMPHALID#.
more or less prominent diffuse subterminal band irrorated with
lilac scales crosses both fore and hind wing.— ? similar to the 2
of D. celinde, but much paler.
Exp. 3 2 80-104 mm. (3°15-4:09").
Hab. 8. India, Ceylon.
Larva. “ Cylindrical or slightly fusiform; head large; anal
segment furnished with two stout conical processes widely sepa-
rated, but scarcely divergent ; colour of head greenish yellow;
eyes ‘plack ; body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band
flanked with conspicuous black marks, and a yellow lateral mark
on segments 6 to 11; head and body clothed with long reddish
or brown hair.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.)
Pupa...‘‘head-case produced into two long conical adjoined
processes, the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the
wing-cases evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ;
surface finely rugose ; colour semi-transparent yellowish, like a
clean white bone, with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings
marked in faint flesh-colour, loosely attached by the tail.” (Zbzd.)
236. Discophora tullia (Pl. IV, fig. 30), Cramer (Papilio), Pap.
Erotat, lio, ple ol hes. ie ie M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883,
p. 298, fig. o Or
Discophora zal, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
i, 1851, p. 351, footnote ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. li, 1893- —96, p. 191, pl. 152, figs. 1, la—le, dQ.
Discophora tullia, var. indica, Stauding ger, Exot. Schmett. i, S77,
p. 120 ee
Discophora spiloptera, de N. § Moller, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p- dal.
Discophora indica et spiloptera, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96,
pp. 192 & 195, pl. 153, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, 8 2, larva & pupa, and
pl. 154, figs. ih Ra, SQ.
3S. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with transverse discal,
postdiscal and subterminal series of bluish spots, the latter two
series closely approximate. Hind wing uniform except for the
prominence of the discal secondary sex-mark, and faint indications
of a subterminal series of pale spots. Underside dull ochraceous
brown, the basal half of the wing darker, defined outwardly by a
still darker but obscure transverse band ending ina lilacine diffuse
small patch at the tornus of the hind wing; both fore and hind
wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with short transverse brown
striz and obscurely tinted with lilac; two ill-defined ocelli on the
hind wing as in D. celinde. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax
and abdomen brown, paler beneath.—@. Upperside purplish
brown. Fore wing with three transverse series of white spots,
the inner or discal series continued to the costa by two large
elongate obliquely-placed white spots. Hind wing also with
three transverse rows of somewhat obscure spots, but ochraceous
in colour. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but paler.
Lap. 3 2 90-102 mm. (3°55-4:05").
Hab. Bengal; Sikhim; Bhutan; through Assam, Burma and
NYMPHALIN &, 903
Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula. Described originally from
China.
Larva. “On bamboo, living during the day in three or four
leaves spun together.... full-fed larva 2 inches long, colour
biack mottled with grey ; arather broad yellowish dorsal line ; the
junction of the segments marked by a thin irregular yellow line and
red spot; body covered with white hairs; head and anus black,
the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white,
suspended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ;
changing to dark brown a few hours before emergence. The
perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.” (Manders, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 519.)
Var. zal, Westwood, differs from the typical form as follows :—
Upperside. $ paler brown. Fore wing with an additional spot
outside cell; the spots in the three transverse series more numerous,
the discal row bluish, the outer two rows ochraceous. Hind wing
with three rows of ochraceous somewhat obscure spots. Under-
side differs only in being paler than in the typical form and more
uniform in colour. @: ground-colour above ochraceous; fore
wing—apex of cell yellow with a prominent enclosed black spot ;
the three series of spots as in typical tullia, but only the discal
row bluish white, the rest ochraceous, and an additional inner row
at the bases of the interspaces. Hind-wing markings similar to
those of tullia. Underside very much paler and more uniform.
It is probable, as Mr. Moore suggests, that D. zal is the dry-
season form of D. tullia.
Var. spiloptera, de Nicéville & Moller, closely resembles the
variety or dry-season form D. zal, but on the upperside it is more
heavily marked in both sexes, the spots being larger and in the
3 entirely ochraceous. The 2 lacks the black spot enclosed in
the yellow patch at the apex of the cell.
Subfamily NYMPHALIN A.
Lgg. “Very large, few, soft, not so high as wide, strongly
reticulate with elevated translucent chitinous lines crossing the
surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal and hexagonal spaces,
and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their intersection.”
{ Doherty.)
Larva. Variable both in form and armature, but in the large
majority of the forms cylindrical and spiny. In Apatura and
Charaxes the larva is smooth, has horn-like processes on the
head, which are often branched, and two posteriorly directed
processes on the anal segment, recalling the form of the larva in
the Satyrine and Morphine. The larva of Euthalia is very spiny,
being armed with a series of long lateral spines, each spine nearly
half the length of the larva itself, and fringed along the sides with
finer hairs or spines. In Ergolis, on the contrary, the spines are
short, dorsal, and many-branched.
204 NYMPHALID.
Pupa. Proportionately to the size of the imago, rather short
but broad, with the dorsum more or less curved, and the head and
thorax often covered with angular prominences. It is, without
any known exception in this subfamily, suspended by the tail
and entirely destitute of any medial supporting girth.
tmago. Head of medium or large size and more or less hairy ;
antennee close together at base, entirely or partly scaled, never
entirely without scales as in the Danaine; club variable, long,
narrow and gradual, or short, broad and abrupt, often flattened ;
eyes naked or hairy; palpi generally broad anteriorly, erect, some-
times subporrect ; thorax as a rule robust, in some very broad and
stout, remarkably so in Charaxes and in some of the forms of
Euthalia; wings ample, broad in proportion to length. Narrow-
winged forms, such as Callinaga and some forms of Neptis, or
forms with feeble flight and delicate wings, such as Cyrestis, are
very few among the Indian Nymphaline. The pattern and colour
of the wings in this subfamily are most varied ; there is no leading
type of pattern or coloration common to many genera, such as
is found, for instance, in the Danainw in the general similarity
between the upper and under sides of the wings, or in the Satyrine
and Morphine in the very common ocellation of the underside of
the hind wing. Discoidal cell in both fore and hind wing very
often open or closed only by a slender inconspicuous veinlet; the .
closed cell often occurs only in the fore wing. Anastomosis of
the branches of the subcostal vein in the fore wing (veins 8-11)
is rare, and still more rare is the inflation at base of the costal
vein (vein 12)—features so common in the Satyrine. ‘The dorsal
margin of the hind wing is channelled to receive the abdomen. The
fore legs have the family character of reduction in size very marked.
Two exceptions, however, occur: the females of Pseudergolis and
Callinaga have the fore legs functionally perfect and well formed.
‘Tn their habits in the perfect state, they (the forms of the Vym-
phaline) are pre-eminently bold, sunshine-loving insects, never
skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes as do the butterflies
of the subfamilies Morphine and Satyrine. They also usually rest
with the wings widely spread open. .... ” (de Nicéville.)
Key to the Genera of the Nymphaline.
A. Costa of fore wing serrated.
a, Cell of both fore and hind wing closed...... CHARAXES, p. 208.
4. Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open... Hurts, p. 219.
B. Costa of fore wing not serrated.
a. Cell of both fore and hind wing closed.
a', Kyes hairy.
a’. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7, not free.. Dita, p. 235.
b*, Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free.
a°®, Hind wing without prediscoidal cell.
a‘, Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from
lower apex of cell.
a’, Hind wing: cell very short, [p. 249.
barely one-third length of wing. STIBOCHIANA, —
NYMPHALIN &. 205
&°. Hind wing: cell proportionately [p. 248.
longer, about half length of wing. DicHorRAGta,
6', Fore wing: vein 3 from well before
lower apex of cell, 4 from apex .. VANESSA, p. 363.
c', Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked,
branching well beyond lower apex
010 (GEIL IA is OP ae ae AT eo TERINOS, p. 411.
6°, Hind wing with a more or less dis-
tinct ;prediscoidal cell. . v1.02 had... CALINAGA, p. 460.
b', Eyes not hairy.
a. Fore wing: vein 12 not swollen at
base.
a’. Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell .. PARTHENOS, p. 287.
6*. Hind wing without a prediscoidal cell.
a’, Fore wing: vein 3 from _ before
lower apex of cell, 4 from apex.
a’, Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 from
lower apex of cell.
a®, Club of antenne short, broad,
ADUUPIG ernest cud vig shores 3G ARGYNNIS, p. 429.
6°. Club of antenneze long, narrow,
oradual.
a’. Precostal vein in hind wing
curved strongly inwards .. PENTHEMA, p. 390.
b*, Precostal vein in hind wing [p. 247.
curved strongly outwards . N&ruROSIGMA,
b°. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked,
branching from beyond lower
apex of cell.
a°. Cell of fore wing short, not half .
length of wing, middle disco- _ [p. 386.
cellular deeply concave...... HiyPOLIMNAS,
6°. Cell of fore wing long, at least
half length of wing, middle
discocellular straight ...... LEBADEA, p. 298.
4', Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower
apex of cell.
a’, Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 from
lower apex of cell.
a°. Fore, wing: vein 10 free .... Dopxuna, p. 255.
b°, Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7.
a’. Fore wing: vein 11 from
well before upper apex of
Ce) ae see LCR pone eee . Issorta, p. 415.
b", Fore wing: vein 11 from
upper apex of cell.
a. Club of antenne short,
broad, abrupt, flat, or
eoncaye below 6 ss. <6: ATELLA, p. 412.
6°. Club of antenne long,
narrow, gradual, not flat
or concave below ...... CETHOSIA, p. 399.
)°. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked,
branching beyond lower apex of
cell.
a. Fore wing: veins 5 and 6
closely approximate at base.. Avuzaxta, p. 300.
206
NYMPHALIDA.
6°. Fore wing: veins 5 and 6 well
separated at base.
a’. Hind wing: veins 6 and 7
well separated at base.
a’. Hind wing with a long
narrow tail at apex of
Co Ol eee A ea ea ae
6°. Hind wing with a short
tail at apex of vem 4 .
b". Hind wing: veins 6 and 7
closely approximate at base.
c', Fore wing: veins 5 and 4 stalked,
branching beyond apex of cell.
a°®, Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7...
6°. Fore wing: vein 10 free........
>, Fore wing: vein 12 swollen at base.
a°®, Posterior tibiz and tarsi with rows
of spines.
a’, Club of antenne short, broad,
Ei] OVE1 he Bauer Ae AB ere lcs
b*. Club of antenne long, narrow,
eradual. 275.6 crs chee tees
>. Posterior tibize and tarsi without rows
of spies... /./.....,.% Meta aeyet
- Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open.
a’, pas wing: vein 10 ‘out of 7, not free.
. Fore wing: veins 3 and ‘4 from lower
apex of cell.
ST PEIVeSy MOL Wate. set tdtorsiecays rte eens
a yes nairy eh oe eee: te
b?, Fore wing: vein 3 from before lower
apex of cell, 4 from apex............
. Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free.
a?, Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower
, apex of cell.
a®. Fore pas! vein 10 from upper apex
of cell . Wg alickere ls Csi hae ee Ue
. Fore wing: vein 10 from well before
canbe apex of cell.
Ves iaMrys .OMEe. Wok eae ae kyon meee
ne Eyes not hairy. SALI A, OIC se BEM, Set
6°. Fore wing: vein 3 from before lower
je of cell, 4 from apex.
. Fore wing: vein 10 from upper apex
OL Cella, eee ect sR Ae Ae
b°. Fore wing: vein 10 from well before
eter apex of cell.
nae not hairy.
. Fore wing: veins 8 and 9 from
beyond middle of 7 .........
6°. Fore wing: veins 8 and 9 from
well before middle of 7,.......
b*.- Hives: H@inysetare welds eo nk ore
ce’. Fore wing: veins 3 ‘and 4 stalked,
branching well beyond lower apex of
Cell: cect Mt Tele, ote © SOME, ee
IXALLIMA, p. 394.
Yoma, p. 389.
CyrEsTIS, p. 348.
[p. 353.
CHERSONESIA,
PsEUDERGOLIS,
[p. 463.
ByB1ta, p. 455.
Hreouts, p. 460.
LARINGA, p. 457.
CuPHA, p. 416.
ARASCHNIA, p. 3/4.
ME.LIT™A, p. 450.
PANTOPORIA, p. 302.
Liminitis, p. 293.
ABROTA, p. 290.
[p. 252.
SYMPHADRA,
Mopwza, p. 291.
ProtHok, p. 380.
SYMBRENTHIA,
[p. 376,
[p. 419.
CIRROCHROA,
NYMPHALIN A.
ec. Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open,
but in appearance closed by a fold in the
membrane of the wing between veins 4 and 5,
well beyond origin of vein3 ............
d. Cell of both fore and hind wing open.
a’. Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free.
a, Hind wing: vein 7 at base closer to
vein 6 than to vein 8.
a’. Fore wing: vein 9 from before middle
of 7.
a‘, Club of antenne long, narrow, cylin-
drical.
a’. Fore wing: vein 10 from well
before upper apex of cell.......
b°. Fore wing: vein 10 from upper
AW ER OM COU eect scars ete ieee ee
6'. Club ef antenne short, broad, flat,
coneave beneath 75.0.5. 3. 2..
6°. Fore wing: vein 9 from beyond middle
On
a*, Hind wing not tailed or lobed ....
6*. Hind wing tailed or lobed or both.
a°, Hind wing: terminal margin with
a broad lobe near tornus and a
tail at apex of vein 5 ........
6°. Hind wing: terminal margin
without lobe, but produced into
a broad tail at apex of vein] ..
6°, Hind wing: vein 7 at base as close to
vein 8 as to vein 6 or closer.
a. Fore wing: vein 9 from well before
middle of 7, or if from middle of 7
then vein 11 anastomosed with
VENI OME Re lS Mie i. GOS
6°. Fore wing: vein 9 from beyond middle
Ob Gs
a‘, Palpi broad, with a dense clothing
OM SCRIES Pe. BA tic pour ou te ae
b*, Palpi narrower, with a clothing of
loose lax scales with numerous
AUS AIMS fac su Way Sis) oo vayar soe. = cys $
b'. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7, not free.
a>, Intermediate and hind tibize without a
row Of spines beneath ..............
6”. Intermediate and hind tibiae with pro-
minent rows of spines beneath.
a*, Club of antenne short, broad, abrupt .
6°. Club of antennze long, narrow, gradual,
oT TMyeswiainy esa. apakatides ais ils °
bt. Eyes not hairy.
a°, Hind wing: terminal margin bi-
emarginate near tornus........
6°. Hind wing: terminal margin
SUAS OR Ss cabs 8 ae ee Ne
207
Cynruta, p. 405.
APATURA, p. 229.
HErRona, p. 23
JUNONIA, p. 359.
Hzstina, p. 239.
[p. 385.
RHINOPALPA,
|p. 392.
DOoOLESCHALLIA,
KUTHALIA, p. 267.
ATHYMA, p. 314,
NEPpTIs, p. 319.
Rawinpa, p. 343.
HELCYRA, p. 228.
[p. 240.
PARHESTINA,
Eurievus, p. 242.
SEPHISA, p. 244.
208 NYMPHALIDE.
Genus CHARAXKES.
Nymphalis, Latr. (nec Linn.) Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 82.
Charaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv, 1816, p. 18; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 269; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 248;
Rothsch. §& Jordan, Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 281.
Haridra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 30: ad. Lep. Ind. 11, 1895-96,
p. 229.
Type, C. jason, Linn., from Barbary.
Range. Palearctic, Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Indo-Austra-
lian Regions.
3 2. “There is a great diversity in the shape of the outline of
the wings of Charaxes. The outer margin (termen) of the fore
wing varies from being nearly straight to being deeply concave... .
The hind wing is abdominally always somewhat, often considerably,
longer than costally, and has in most species a triangular form.”
(Rothsch. & Jord.)
Typical fore wing: costa widely arched, serrated; apex pro-
duced; termen concave above vein 2, straight below; tornus
rounded; dorsum straight; cell less than half length of wing,
slenderly closed; upper discocellular very short, middle twice
length of upper, lower long, erect; vein 4 from lower apex of
cell, veins 8 and 9 out of 7, approximate at base, emitted from
basal half of vein 7,10 and 11 free. Hind wing: costa widely
arched, apex very broadly rounded ; termen straight, more or less
scalloped, produced at veins 2 and 4 into long slender tails; tornal
angle well-marked ; dorsum long, longer than costal margin, straight ;
cell narrow, less than half length of wing, slenderly closed, lower
discocellular very oblique; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, veins
5, 6,7 and 8 at base nearly equidistant from one another. Antenne
about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual; palpi obliquely
porrect, third joint short ; eyes naked ; body large and robust.
The venation varies somewhat in the Indian forms of the genus,
especially as regards the point of origin of veins 8 and 9 in the
fore wing.
Key to the forms of Charaxes.
A. Basal area of wings on upperside bright | C. dwrnfordi, race
Chestnut- prow ott a). eho eae ence nicholt, p. 210.
B. Basal area of wings on upperside fulvous or
ochraceous.
a. Costal margin on underside of fore wing
not silvery white.
a', With a postdiscal more or less lunular
transverse band on upperside of fore
wing.
a’, Ground-colour on underside of wings
purplish tawny.
a’, A transverse discal short lunular
black line on upperside of hoth | C. polyxena, race
fore van dy hung ayes eee ee ) hemana, p. 217.
CHARAXES. 209
b°, No transverse discal black line on
upperside of either fore or hind
NRE’) Ci gee Ate nae cae ee ... ©. aristogiton, p. 218.
6”. Ground-colour on underside of wings
ochraceous yellow.
a>, Interspace between median two dark
sinuous lines crossing hind wing on
underside of a darker ochraceous
than the ground-colour of wing ;
transverse sinuous lines crossing
WAM SIETIMeT 5. cys <x -1scitacr esis . C.marmax, p. 211.
6°, Interspace between median two dark
sinuous lines crossing hind wing on
underside rich dark ochraceous
chestnut ; transverse sinuous lines
crossing wines heavily marked .. C. kahruba, p. 212.
4’. Without any distinct postdiscal, trans-
verse, lunular band on upperside of fore
, wine.
a>, Black terminal margin on upperside of
fore wing very broad, occupying more
than one-third of wing on dorsal
margin.
a>, Subterminal black band on upper-
side of hind wing broad and con-
EAHANT USS hetero eqeps ajay attiias piace . C. psaphon, p. 214.
into detached spots posteriorly .. Race vmna*, p. 215.
6°. Black terminal margin on upperside
of fore wing narrower, scarcely
occupying one-fourth of wing on
dorsal margin.
a’. Males without, females with a
broad white or very pale fulvous
discal band on upperside of fore
wing.
a‘, Minute white spots traversing
subterminal black band of spots
on upperside of hind wing in ( C. polyxena, race
centres of black spotst........ hierax=watti,
b'. Minute white spots traversing p. 216.
subterminal black band of spots
on upperside of hind wing placed ( Var. harpax, p. 215.
on inner margin of black spots . 4 Var. coraz, p. 215.
b°. Both sexes with a broad white or [{ Var. agna, p. 216.
very pale fulvous discal band on
upperside of fore wing.
a‘. This discal band not extended | Var. hipponar=
below vein 5 on hind wing .. jalinder, p. 215.
* C. psaphon and its race tmna resemble each other so closely, that the
above differences only hold good in typical forms.
+t The white spots are often absent or indistinct on the upperside, but
can be readily made out by holding the insect up to the light, as noted by
Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan.
VOL. I. rs
210 NYMPHALID ZA.
b', This band extended to vein 4 ( Var. pleistonaa=
or even to vein 3 on hind Khimatara, p. 215.
WAND": «toate *e'tstote tote tara cot fore esotete Var. khasianus, p-215,
b. Costal margin on underside of fore wing
SILVErVs WMI! oh oe su mie fa os ae te eres C. distanti, p. 210.
C. Basal area on upperside of wings black .... C. fabius,-p. 217.
237. Charaxes durnfordi, Distant, Entomologist, xvii, 1884, p. 191.
Race nicholi (Pl. VIII, fig. 57).
Charaxes nicholu, Grose Smith (Nyniphalis), 4. M,N. H. (5) xviii,
1886, p. 150; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 246, pl. 182,
fig. 2 3; de ” Mi céville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x11, 1899, p. 330.
Charaxes durnfordi nicholi, Rothsch. & Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900,
p- 288, pl. 6, fig. 1.
3. Upperside brown, the basal third of fore and nearly the
basal half of the hind wing chestnut-brown, the remainder of
the fore wing dark ~brown, of the hind wing white suffused
inwardly with pale greenish yellow. Fore wing with a very
incomplete discal and a more complete postdiscal transverse series
of more or less crescentic white markings, followed by a few
terminal white specks. Hind wing: the inner margin of the
white area irregularly and deeply crenulate, the brown on the
basal half projecting along the veins into the white area; a sub-
terminal row of white-centred brown ocelli without outer rings,
increasing in size anteriorly, and a terminal series, often absent,
of slender sagittate brown markings on the veins, the points out-
wards, followed by an anticiliary exceedingly slender brown line.
Cilia, fore and hind wing, white alternated with brown. Underside
purplish brown; a broad discal irregular black-edged darker
purple-brown sinuous band across both wings, paler on the hind
wing than on the fore, followed by amore or less continuous line
of dark lunules, and beyond it a postdiscal series of slightly
yellowish-brown lunular markings, bordered outwardly on fore wing
by pale purple, on hind. wing by the series of ocelli of the upper-
side showing faintly through. Antenne blackish brown finely
annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-brown ;
purplish brown beneath.
2 unknown.
Lap. 3 100- 104 mm. (3°98-4°10").
Hab. Recorded within our limits from Tenasserim and the
Karen Hills near Taungoo.
238. Charaxes distanti, Honruth, Berl. ent. Zeitsch. xxix, 1885, p. 277 ;
Dist. Rhop. Malay. (App.) 1886, p. 434, pl. 56, fig. 2 ¢; de N.
&§ Martin, J. A. S. B. 1895, pt. ii, p. 488; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov.
Zool. vii, 1900, p. 309.
3. Upperside bright ochraceous, ground-colour of terminal
margins of wings broadly of a darker shade. Fore wing with
.the following chestnut-red markings: a line on each side
of the discocellulars, transverse small Iunules or bars near
CHARAXES. eA.
bases of interspaces 4, 5 and 6, and a terminal series of
large inwardly conical spots in the interspaces from 1 to apex
of wing, prolonged almost to the base in interspace 7. Hind
wing with a subterminal row of minute dark spots, tornal
two spots inwardly white, and a terminal very narrow dark
ochraceous band. Underside: ground-colour similar; basal half
of both fore and hind wing crossed by several sinuous broken
slender dark lines, followed by a postdiscal ill-defined lunular
line. Fore wing: the basal half of the costal margin beyond
vein 12 conspicuously snow-white; a subterminal narrow irre-
gular band lilacine white. Hind wing also with a subterminal
lilacine transverse band, but much broader than on the fore wing,
margined inwardly by a black line and traversed outwardly by a
series of small somewhat hastate white spots, all but the apical
two with minute black tips; a dark ochraceous narrow terminal
band as on the upperside. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax
and abdomen bright. ochraceous above and below.— 2. Similar,
dise of the wings paler, the white subterminal spots on the under-
side of the hind wing larger and more clearly defined.
Exp. 3 2 92-104 mm. (3°65-4:1"),
Hab. Within our limits I procured this beautiful Charawes in
the Thaungyin Valley, and it has been recorded from the Dawnat
range in Tenasserim. It occurs also in the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra and Borneo.
239. Charaxes marmax (Pl. VIII, fig. 55), Westwood, Cab. Orient.
Ent. 1848, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ Q; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 281 ;
Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind.
ii, 1893-96, p. 233, pl. 170, figs. 1, 1 a-le,5 2; Rothsch. § Jord.
Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 312.
Charaxes lunawara, Butler, Lep. Exot. 1872, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2 ;
de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 282; Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1888,
p. 368.
3. Upperside rich ochraceous tawny. Fore wing: a black
subcostal spot at the discocellulars and a. pale chestnut line on
either side of them; a very short slightly curved discal narrow
band from vein 7 to vein 5, a postdiscal broad oblique band from
costa to vein 6, anda broad terminal band from apex to vein 1, jet-
black ; the extreme margin of the termen touched interruptedly
with fulvous tawny; the postdiscal band continued as a curved
lunular narrow chestnut band to vein 1, and the black at apex
continued along the costa, joing the postdiscal band above.
Hind wing: costal margin broadly pale yellow, terminal third of
wing of a darker tawny shade than the base, a short discal broken
black line from costa to vein 6; a subterminal slightly curved
series of outwardly pointed black spots, inereasing in size to
interspace 6, the tornal two centred with white; the terminal
margin somewhat broadly dark reddish brown. Underside bright
ochraceous yellow. Fore and hind wings crossed by the usual
sinuous black lines, the postdiscal line outwardly lunular. Fore
wing: the discocellulars defined by dark lines, the apex with two
R2
212 NYMPHALID#.
short white streaks continued as a line of obscure white dots to
interspace 1. Hind wing: the space between base of wing and
subbasal dark line and between the median two dark lines darker
ochraceous than the ground-colour; the postdiscal lunular line
with a dark shade beyond, traversed by a series of heavy slate-
black lunules, and white, black-tipped obscure dots; the terminal
reddish-brown band as on the upperside. Antenne black annulated
with white; head, thorax and abdomen tawny; beneath paler,
the palpi white.— 9°. Similar, the ground-colour on the disc paier.
Fore wing: the short discal band very broad, continued as a series
of lunules in the interspaces to vein 1; the postdiscal lunular line
slender above, not joined on to the black on the termen, and
sometimes black, sometimes chestnut-coloured; the black on the
margin formed into a subterminal series of large black inwardly
conical spots, the termen beyond dusky ochraceous. Hind wing:
the subterminal row of black spots with white central transverse
very short lines. Underside much as in the 3, but the slate-black
lunules on the hind wing form a broad obliquely placed line ;
the subterminal series of white spots larger and more conspicuous
both on fore and hind wing; upper tail spatulate, much longer
than in ¢.
Exp. & 996-120 mm. (3°8-4°72").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim.
240. Charaxes kahruba, Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 235,
pl. 171, figs. 1, la-le, 62; Butler, Jown. Linn. Soe., Zool.
xxv, 1896, p. 398; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 310.
Charaxes lunawara, de N. (nec Butler) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 282;
ad. (id.) in Risley’s Gazetteer of Sikhim, 1894, p. 148.
‘¢ Differs from the closely allied species constantly in a number
of characters, and is most easily recognized by the strongly pro- —
nounced markings of the underside.” (tothsch. & Jord.)
3 2. Closely allied to and resembling C. marmav, Westw.
On the upperside in the ¢ two points of difference are easily
observable and seem to be constant—the short oblique portion of
the postdiscal band on the fore wing near the costal margin is
narrower than in CO. marmax, and the broad black terminal band
on fore wing which in C. marmax terminates at vein 1, 1m kahruba
extends to the dorsal margin. Underside: the ground-colour paler
yellow than in C. marmaw, the transverse black lines crossing both
wings more sinuous and more heavily marked, the space between
the sinuous transverse lines immediately below apex of cell of fore
wing, and the space between the continuations of the same lines
on the hind wing, rich dark ochraceous chestnut. On both fore
and hind wing the space beyond the lunular, postdiscal, transverse
line heavily marked with ochraceous chestnut, especially on the
hind wing; the subterminal line of silvery spots on the fore
wing forms a continuous band; the terminal narrow reddish-
brown band on the hind wing very strongly marked. In the female
CHARAXES. Fis
the differences on the underside from C. marmax are similar in
character and as conspicuous and marked as in the male.
Exp. $ 290-115 mm. (3°55-4:5"),
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam hill-
ranges ; Arrakan and Tenasserim.
241. Charaxes aristogiton, Felder, Nov. Reise, "Lep. Rhop. 1867,
p. 445; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 282 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 368; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Tnd. li, 1893-96, p. 236,
pl. 173, fies 1, la, 3 2; Rothsch. §& Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900,
p. 313.
Charaxes desa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 832; zd. (Haridra) Zep. Ind.
11, 1893-96, . 235, pl. 172, figs. if 1a-l CDi.
Haridra adamsoni, Moore, Lep. "Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 236, pl. 178,
fios. 2, 2a, gd.
3 2. Closely allied to andresembling C.marmav. 6. Upper-
side differs as follows: the postdiscal transverse band on the fore
wing black throughout, much more heavily marked, and above
vein 4 fused with the black terminal band, traversed by a sub-
terminal band of lunules of the tawny ground-colour, which decrease
in size towards the costal margin. On the hind wing the sub-
terminal black spots often form a continuous band, decreasing
in width posteriorly and separated only by the fulvous veins; in
many specimens, however, the posterior spots are separate, but
the apical two spots are always fused together and each bears
outwardly a more or less conspicuous white spot. Underside:
the ground-colour differs from that in C. marmax in being a
purplish tawny with no trace of yellow, but suffused with an
iridescent chalybeous tint ; the usual slaty-black transverse highly
sinuous lines are present; a series of subterminal obscure dark spots
anteriorly on the fore wing ; on the hind wing the oblique postdiscal
slaty-black lunular line better defined anteriorly than in C. marmax.
—Q. Upperside: the postdiscal transverse lunular band on the
fore wing more heavily marked throughout and much broader
anteriorly than in C. marmav 2. Underside: ground-colour
purplish tawny as in the ¢ but much paler, the basal half of both
fore and hind wing a shade darker than the terminal half, the
oblique postdiscal slate-black band on the hind wing broad and
outwardly diffuse.
Exp. 3& 294-114 mm. (3°7-4°45"). |
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam; Cachar; Burma;
Tenasserim.
Vars. desa and adamsoni, Moore, from Tenasserim differ slightly
in the width and in the direction of the inner edge of the black
terminal band, characters which are very variable even in the
forms from Sikhim.
214 NYMPHALIDS.
242. Charaxes psaphon (Pl. VIII, fig. 56), Westwood, Cab. Orient.
Ent. 1848, p. 48, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2,5; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1880, p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2 ¢; de N. Butt. ind. ii, 1886, p. 284 ;
Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 230, pl. 168, figs. 1,
la-le, 6 2; Rothsch. §& Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 336.
Haridra serendib, Moore, Lep: Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 39.
Race imna.
Charaxes imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 285; Davidson § Arthken, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, p. 278, pl. A, figs. 4, 4a, larva & pupa; Moore
(Haridra), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 231, pl. 169, figs. 1, 1 a-lc,
3 Q, larva & pupa.
Charaxes psaphon imna, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900,
p. 337.
6. Upperside deep reddish fulvous. Foré wing: a short bar
defining the discocellulars and the apical half jet-black. Hind
wing: a short sinuous black line from the costa to vein 7, a broad
posteriorly much narrower subterminal black patch from apex
of wing to interspace 3, with a black detached spot below it in
interspace 4, and two inwardly white-margined black spots at
tornus ; the fulvous terminal margin beyond the black patch very
narrow at apex, gradually widening to the tail at apex of vein 4.
Underside purplish brown, suffused with a shining chalybeous tint
in parts. ore and hind wings crossed transversely by a number
of highly sinuous fine dark purple lines more or less narrowly
margined with white; the interspace between the outer two of
these limes forms an irregular discal band, bordered outwardly
towards the tornal area in the fore wing, and along its whole length
in the hind wing, by a dark reddish-brown shade; this is exteriorly
defined on the latter wing by a broad dark purplish-black line,
beyond which is a minute row of white, succeeded by a row of
black dots ; terminal portion of both fore and hind wing ochraceous
brown.— 2. Upperside: ground-colour similar; a broad slightly
oblique white discal band transversely crossing fore wing and
continued on hind wing to vein 6, posteriorly both on fore and
hind wing suffused with pale fulvous, with some of the dark
markings of the underside showing through on the white ground
as pale blue lunules; the broad black terminal portion of fore
wing and the black subterminal patch on the hind wing much as
in the ¢, but the former with a fulvous diffuse spot near the
tornus, the latter continued in detached spots to the tornal angle
and traversed by a series of small white spots; the terminal
margin of the hind wing dark reddish brown; the tail at apex of
vein 4 spatulate. Underside paler than in the <6, but similarly
crossed by several highly sinuous dark purple lines; the discal
band pale yellow, the dark shading beyond it inwardly bordered
with yellow, forming a sinuous band from apex of fore to tornus
of hind wing; the dark reddish-brown terminal margin is on
the fore wing traversed by an obscure ochraceous line and on the
CHARAXES. 215
hind wing bordered inwardly by a band of the same colour.
Antennee hlack ; head, thorax and abdomen reddish fulvous ; paler
beneath.
Exp. & 292-106 mm. (3°63-4:2").
Hab. Ceylon.
Race imna.—“ 3. The black colour in most specimens a little
more restricted than in Ceylonese examples, tail shorter on an
average, submedian and median bars less: obviously bordered white.
@. Wings above brighter tawny orange than in psaphon, discal
band of fore wing posteriorly more extensively shaded over with
orange-ochraceous ; postdiscal tawny interspaces of fore wing
more often developed than in the Ceylonese form, the outer edge
of the wing often somewhat tawny.” (Lothschild § Jordan.)
Exp. & 292-110 mm. (3°63-4:35"),
_ Hab. Lower Bengal to South India.
Larva. “ Of the usual shape (i. ¢. slug-shaped) ; head very broad,
outer pair of horns longest, last segment flat, square, and ending
in two points ; last pair of legs almost aborted ; colour rich dark
green, with a large semicircle of pinkish-white in the middle of the
back and a yellow lateral line; horns and sides of face rusty-
brown.” (Davidson § Artken.) Food-plant, Aglaia roxburghiana.
Pupa. ‘Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head
obtuse ; colour green.” (Moore.)
It is very doubtful whether imna can be kept separate from
psaphon even as a race, the points of difference are so very
slight.
243, Charaxes polyxena, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1779, pl. 54,
fies. A BO.
Race hierax.
Charaxes hierax, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 442 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 290; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p- 369; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 239, pl. 176,
Hoss loa, LoS 2.
Charaxes hipponax, Felder, t. c. p. 443; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 290; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 242, pl. 178,
figs. 1, La, Gi:
Charaxes pleistonax, Felder, t. c. p. 443; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 292; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 369 ; Moore (Haridya),
Lep. Ind. ils 1893- -96, p. 244, pl. 181, figs. Eiete, oo.
Charaxes corax, Felder, t.c. p. 444; ‘de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 287 ; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. li, 1893-96, p. 238, pl. 175,
figs. 1, ‘La, 1d, larva & pupa, d @.
Charaxes harpax, Felder, t. c. p. 444; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 288, pt.; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind.i ui, 1893-96, p. 237, pl. 174,
fies. iu La, Qe
Charaxes khimalara, Butler, Lep. Evot. 1872, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 292.
Charaxes khasianus, Butler , Hep. Hrot. 1872, p. 98, pl/37; fis./6:
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 293; Moore (Hayridra), Lep. "Ind. li,
1893-96, p. 245, pl. 182, figs. 1, la, 5 Q.
Charaxes jalinder, Butler, Lep. ” Exot. 1872, p. 98,. pl. 37, fig. 4;
216 NYMPHALIDSE.
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 291; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 243, pl. 179, figs. 1, la-le, 3 @.
Charaxes hindia, Butler, Lep. ‘Exot. 1872, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5; de
N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 291; Moore (Haridra jalinder, seasonal
form), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 244, pl. 180, figs. 1,la, ¢.
Charaxes agna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 832; de N. Butt. Ind. 1,
1886, p. 289.
Charaxes watti, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 287.
Charaxes polyxena hierax, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900,
p. 331.
Race hemana.
Charaxes bernardus, Kollar (nec Fadr.), in Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, 2,
1844, p. 494, pl. 11, fig. 2 ¢.
Charaxes hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4,
fig.1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 283; Moore (Haridra), Lep.
Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 240, pl. 177, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 3 9.
Charaxes polyxena hemana, Fothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900,
p- 334.
Race hierax, Felder.— 3. Upperside rich fulvous tawny. Fore
wing with the discocellulars defined with black on either side ; outer
portion of the wing from a little beyond midway on the costa to a
point on the apical third of the dorsum
jet-black, the inner margin of the
black portion below vein 2 diffuse and
showing a tawny obscure spot. Hind
wing with a subterminal band of black
spots, decreasing in size towards the
tornus, the apical three fused together
and studded with two small white
dots, the posterior spots separate,
outwardly acutely angular. Underside
purplish tawny, suffused with irides-
cent chalybeous broadly on apex and
along a subterminal band on the fore
and over the whole of the hind wing
except on a postdiscal oblique band
and along the terminal margin. Fore
Fic. 39.—Charaxes polyxena, 0d hind wings with the usual trans-
~ — yace hieraz, 3. verse highly sinuous black lines; the
transverse discal interspace between
the outer two lines somewhat irregularly margined with bright
ochraceous on the inner side ; postdiscal and terminal sinuous bands
dark ochraceous brown, the former broad on the fore, narrowing
posteriorly on the hind wing; a subterminal series of white
dots on the hind wing, the posterior five or six each margined
outwardly with a blue and then a black speck. Antenne black ;
head, thorax and abdomen fulvous ; beneath paler, the palpi white.
— 2. Upperside: tawny fulvous, paler than in the 6, the basal
area of both fore and hind wing with a brownish tint. Fore wing:
a broad white discal transverse band, the terminal portion of the
log
YHARAXES. 2A
wing black traversed inwardly by an irregular incomplete row of
yellowish-white lunules. Hind wing as in the 6, but the white
discal band of fore wing continued on to vein 4 somewhat tinted
with yellow posteriorly, the black subterminal band or series of
spots as in the g, but traversed throughout its length by a series
of white spots. Underside much as in the ¢ but paler, the discal
band outwardly shaded with ochraceous.
Exp. 3 292-118 mm. (3°61—4:65”).
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam ; Manipur; throughout
the hills of Burma and Tenasserim.
A highly variable race of the Chinese C. polywena. I have
followed Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in considering the forms
with white or pale discal bands as mere varieties of C. polyxena
race jierax. The differences between the chief varietal forms are
_ briefly noticed in the key.
_ ace hemana, Butler.— $. Upperside bright ochraceous. Fore
wing with dark chestnut lines defining the discocellulars ; a short
transverse discal series of slender chestnut lunules in interspaces
2-4; a postdiscal transverse, somewhat diffuse, lunular,dusky fascia
from vein 5 to dorsum; the apex broadly above vein 6, and a sub-
terminal broad band black, the former margined on the inner side
with two subquadrate spots, and the latter with a series of detached
lunules of the ochraceous ground-colour. Hind wing: the outer
third darker ochraceous, traversed by a subterminal black band
or series of spots exactly as in Azeraw; and a short transverse
lunular dark chestnut line not extending below vein 5. Underside
as in dieraw but paler. Antenne dark chestnut-brown ; head,
thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous brown ; beneath paler, palpi
white.— 2. Upperside very bright ochraceous. Fore wing: an
irregular short series of broad black lunules beyond apex of cell,
bordering the discocellulars and continued to vein 1; followed by
a broad discal interspace or band, white anteriorly and bearing a
subcostal short black bar, a postdiscal black zigzag line below
vein 5 and an anteriorly broadening black subterminal wide band ;
a series of triangular spots of the ground-colour are included
between the postdiscal line and subterminal band; lastly a narrow
band on the termen of dark ochraceous brown. Hind wing with
a short discal lunular line, and subterminal band or series of spots
as inthe g. Underside pale yellow suffused with pale purple on
the basal area and along a broad subterminal band; otherwise the
markings in character similar to those in the ¢ but much paler.
Exp. 3 294-100 mm. (3°72-3°95").
Hab. The N.W. Himalayas ; Mussoorie; Kumaun ; Nepal.
244. Charaxes fabius, Fabr. (Papilio) Spec. Ins. ii, 1781, p. 12; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1; de N. Buct. Ind. 11, 1886,
p- 280 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368 ; Davidson § Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 278, pl. A, figs. 3,3 a, larva &
pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 249, pl. 183, figs. 1, 1 a
ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa.
218 NYMPHALID A.
Charaxes fabius sulphureus et fabius fabius, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov.
Zool. vil, 1900, p. 468.
3 2. Upperside black: basal area of wings suttused with brown.
Fore and hind wings crossed by a conspicuous sinuous discal band
of sulphur-yellow spots, separate on fore, continuous on hind
wing, and a subterminal series of
similar but smaller spots, often in-
complete towards apex of fore wine.
The spots of the discal band increase
in size posteriorly on the fore wing,
the spot in interspace 1 being the
largest ; on the hind wing they are
subequal, but the spots in interspaces
7 and 8 are conspicuously paler,
almost white. Fore wing, in addition,
with a sulphur-yellow spot beyond
lower apex of cell, and a costal spot
obliquely beyond, traversed by veins
8 and 9. Hind wing with an outer
subterminal incomplete line of sul-
phur spots posteriorly, ending in a
larger blue spot at the tornal angle.
Underside lilacine grey; basal area
with two series of broken inter-
rupted black, lines; the discal band
of spots and spots beyond apex of cell on fore wing as on the
upperside, but white, diffuse outwardly and margined on the inner
side by short black lines. This is followed by an irregular sinuous
transverse row of ochraceous spots surrounded by black shading,
crossing both fore and hind wing; on the fore wing the lower
spots are margined, beyond the black, with diffuse white, and on
the hind wing the posterior spots are margined inwardly by white
lunules. he hind wing bears in addition an inner subterminal
series of white dots, an outer subterminal series of ochraceous
spots lined inwardly with black, followed by a few white spots,
and a posterior terminal black line.
Exp. & 282-94 mm. (3°21-3°7").
Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim ; Oudh ; Bhutan;
Central Provinces; W. India; Bombay; S. India; Ceylon;
Burma ‘and Tenasserim.
Larva, ‘ Bluish green, with a small semicircle of white in the
middle of the back.” (Davidson § Artken.)
Pupa. ‘ Like that of C. (Hulepis) athamas but uniformly eveen.”
(lidem.
Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan have separated the Burmese
form as. a subspecies. The discal band of spots in this form is, as
a rule, of a paler yellow than in the Continental form
Fig. 40.
Charaxes fabius, S. i.
EULEPIS. 219
Genus EULEPIS.
Charaxes, pt., Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv, 1816, p. 18; Felder,
Ein Neues ‘Lep. HSGiy p: 39" dey. ahs Ind. ats 1886, », 269,
Eulepis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i 1880, p. 2
Type, £. athamas, Drury, from een
Range. Indo-Malayan Region..
3 2. Closely allied to Char aves, but can at once be distin-
guished by the cell of the hind wing being entirely open. Other
minor points of difference are “the costal edge of the fore wing is
never so highly specialized as in the large species of Charaxes”
(Rothschild & Jordan) ; the colour-pattern is absolutely different ;
and there are considerable differences in the genitalia, the Hulepis
group having the genitalia more uniform, Charaves more variable.
Key to the forms of Kulepis.
’ A. Ground-colour on upperside black or deep
indigo-blue.
a. Discal area or band on upperside of fore and
hind wing's not margined outwardly with
fue
eae area or band pale yellow.
. Fore-wing underside: inner black
margining line of chocolate-brown
band bordering discal area on inner
side very oblique, terminating on sub-
costal vein close to upper apex of cell. £2. athamas, p. 220.
6?. ore-wing underside: inner black
margining line of chocolate-brown
band bordering discal area on inner
side straighter, terminating about
middle of subcostal vein, remote from
MPPEr apex Omen, gare owes cas Var. agraris, p. 221.
b’. Discal area or band pale greenish white. £. arya, p. 222.
6. Discal area or band on upperside of fore and
hind wines margined outwardly with blue. £. schretbert, p. 222.
B. Ground-colour on upperside yellowish white.
a. Fore-wing upperside with only one or two,
often without white spots on black apex
of wing; no postdiscal row of spots.
bh Fore-wing underside : a prominent cho-
colate-brown band on inner side of discal
area.
a>. Black on terminal margin on upper-
side of fore wing decreasing in width
towandsitormusas <f) aes vera od: =. HY. jalysus, p. 223.
6°. Black on terminal margin on upper-
side of fore wing not decreasing in
width towards tornus .......... . 4. moore, p. 224.
b'. Fore-wing underside with no chocolate-
Brown baud a sWame SP ek rs Li. delphis, p. 224.
4. Fore-wing upperside with one or two pro-
minent transverse postdiscal series of
white spots.
a. One transverse postdiscal series of white
SiO OUS Eee otro sible + be fn Ec one errs E. dolon, p. 226.
220 NYMPHALIDA.
b'. Two transverse postdiscal series of white
spots.
a. A short, yellowish-brown, oblique,
black-margined band on underside of
fore wing from base of vein 2 to
upper apex of cell defining disco-
CON UIALS. 5.0m 2: tenon, 5 <5 teach mee foe E. nepenthes, p. 226.
b?. A short, brown, oblique, black-mar-
gined band on underside of fore
wing from base of vein 2 to lower
apex of cell, there forked, upper
branch defining discocellulars, lower
bounding the basal portion of vein 4. EL. eudamippus, p. 227.
245. Eulepis athamas, Drury (Papilio), Il. Evot. Ent. i, 1770, p. 5,
pl. 2, fie. 4; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 275; Elwes
(Charaxes), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 867; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 252, pl. 184, figs. 1, la-ld, 6 Q, larva & pupa
Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. v, 1898, pl. 10, figs. 1-5 & 7-11, &
pl. 11, figs. 1-12; vi, 1899, p. 245.
Charaxes bharata, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 438. -
Charaxes samatha, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 881; 2d. (Eulepis) Zep.
Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 29, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, 26, g, larva & pupa.
Eulepis hamasta, Moore, P. Z.S. 1882, p. 238.
Charaxes agrarius, Swimhoe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 425, pl. 40, fig. 3 3.
3 2. Upperside black. Fore and hind wings with a discal
broad transverse area from below vein 4 in fore wing to vein 2 on
hind wing, a moderately large spot in
interspace 5, a minute preapical dot be-
yond in interspace 6 on fore wing, and a
subterminal row of spots with two or
three spets beyond them on the tornal
angle of the hind wing, pale yellow, some-
times with an cchraceous, sometimes with
a greenish tinge. The discal area on the
fore wing nearly as broad in interspace 3
as on the dorsum, on the hind wing nar-
rowing to anacute point on vein 2 at two-
thirds of its length from base of wing.
Tails touched with bluish grey. Under-
side with the discal transverse area and
spot in interspace 5 as on the upperside ;
base and costal margin of the fore wing
Fie. 41. to apex, and base and dorsal margin of
Eulepis athamas. }. the hind wing broadly llacine brown, on
fore wing with two small black spots near
base. Bordering the transverse discal area on the inner side,
where it is margined with black lines, and above, is a broad
chocolate curved band, continued more narrowly along the outer
side of the discal area; beyond this on the fore wing is a
concave series of dusky black lunules, on the hind wing the
band itself is traversed by a line of obscure pale lunules ; finally,
EULEPIS. 221
on the hind wing there is a subterminal series of internally white-
bordered black spots followed by an obscure ochraceous terminal
line, and above the tornal angle a slender transverse black line
from vein 1 to dorsal margin.
Exp. 3 Q 64-85 mm. (2°5-3'35").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; hills of Central
India and Eastern Ghats; Western and Southern India; Ceylon ;
Assam; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim; extending far into the
Malayan Subregion.
Larva. “ Elongated, slug-shaped, dark green; head large, wide
and surmounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes ;
anal segment with two short naked terminal points ; the segments
with an oblique yellowish-white lateral stripe, most prominent on
the 7th, 9th and 11th segments, and beneath these a lower series
of small white spots.” (Moore.)
_ Pupa. “Thick, cylindrically oval; green streaked with white ;
- dorsum and thorax convex; head broad, truncated, obtusely
pointed in front.” (AZoore.)
‘“‘ The species exhibits considerable seasonal variation, especially
in South and North India; for we find that the specimens obtained
in March and April in North and North-west India have the discal
band much widened and the underside pale, while the individuals
flying in May and June have the band narrower, and those found
in Sikhim from August to November have it narrowest. In South
India there are two well distinguished forms, the one correspond-
ing to the spring form of North India, but with the band less
broad and representing most likely the dry-season brood, respec-
tively a form that inhabits dry districts, and the second having the
band narrower and the underside brighter in tint. In Burma
broad-banded, pale specimens occur also, besides narrow-banded
OWES. 3). 4 The differences exhibited by the pale and the
narrow-banded forms have often been treated as being of specific
value; for instance, the pale South Indian form has been described
as H. agrarius, while the darker form is referred to as EF. samatha;
the North Indian spring form has been designated as E. hamasta,
the form May to June as E. bharata, and the summer ‘form as
HO ORnOMAS (ys As the species is so susceptible to climatical
differences, it is self-evident that the individuals caught in the
same month at the same locatity, but in different years, are not
always identical in the width of the band, and that, further, in
different localities of the same country one may meet with some-
what different forms of athamas in one year, and identical forms
in another year. This one must bear in mind in working with
the individuals of athamas from a certain country.” (Rothschild &
Jordan.)
Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in their monograph of Charawes
and allied Prionopterous genera divide the forms of athamas
occurring within our limits into two subspecies—(1) Z. athamas
athamas, the Northern and Eastern race, with three seasonal
forms; and (2) E#. athamas agrarius, the Southern Indian and
22? NYMPHADID &.
Ceylon race, with two seasonal forms. The differences between
the subspecies seem to me not sufficient to necessitate detailed
descriptions in the present work. |
Following Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan, I keep, with much
doubt, however, the next form separate from uthamas, of which it
is possibly only a dimorph.
246. Eulepis arja, Felder (Charaxes), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867,
p- 488; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 278; Elwes
(Charaxes), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1893-96, p. 258, pl. 186, figs. 1, la, 3 2 ; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov.
Zool. v,, 1898, pl. 10, fig. 6 §; vi, 1899, p. 244,
3 @. Closely resembles H. athamas. Can be recognized at
once by the discal area being conspicuously white or pale greenish
white, never yellowish, in either dry- or wet-season forms. These
latter differ slightly from each other in the width of the area
or band.
Exp. 3 2 74-92 mm. (2°92-3°61").
Hab. Sikhbim ; Assam ; Burma, and Tenasserim.
247. Eulepis schreiberi (Pl. VIII, fig. 58), Godart (Nymphalis),
Encycl. Méth. ix. Suppl. 1828, p. 825; de N. (Charaxes) Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 274; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 261,
pl. 188, figs. 1, la; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. v, 1898, pl. 12,
figs. 1,2, & 39; vi, 1899, p. 220.
Kulepis wardu, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, p. 262, pl. 188, figs. 2, 2a, ¢.
3. Upperside black, glossed slightly with dull indigo-blue, or,
in some specimens, light green at the base of the wings. Fore and
hind wings with a broad white discal bar from interspace 4 in fore
wing to just below the apex of the median vein in the hind wing,
narrowing on the latter wing to a pomt. This bar has, on the
outer side on both fore and hind wings, an irregular border of
smalt-blue, which is narrowest anteriorly and broadens posteriorly
respectively on both fore and hind wings. Fore wing with, in
addition, a white rectangular spot in interspace 5 and a small
whitish speck above it. Hind wing with a subterminal row of
small white dots, a terminal row of deep ochraceous spots, and
some smalt-blue markings on the tails and margins near the tornal
angle. Underside pearly white, broadly brownish pink along the
dorsal margin of hind wing. Fore wing: two black spots at base
of cell; a broad olive-green band edged on both sides with black,
followed by a discal bluish-white band, as on the upperside, and
beyond it by a transverse series of black lunules placed on a
purplish ground; the lunule in interspace 1 half obliterated by a
large black spot; apex and terminal margin broadly olive-green.
Hind wing :, a broad black-edged transverse olive-green band in
continuation of that on the fore wing, terminating on vein 1,
followed, by a broad discal, posteriorly narrowing, white bar as on.
the upperside.. Beyond this a postdiscal series of deep Indian-
red lunules, placed on an olive-green ground, and margined on
the inner side by an interrupted broad black line ; finally, a sub-
EULEPIS. 293
terminal narrow green band and terminal ochraceous Iunules.
Tails black touched with smalt-blue; above tornal angle a black
line from vein 1 to dorsum. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black ; thorax and abdomen on the sides and beneath whitish.—
Q. Differs very slightly from the ¢; but can be distinguished at
once by the greater width of the transverse discal band, and also
by the two spots above it being larger and joined on to the band.
Exp. & 2 92-116 mm. (3°62-4°58"). |
Hab. South India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim to Java in
the Malayan Subregion.
The above description is of the South Indian form (Lulepis
wardi, Moore; E. schreiber wardi, Rothsch. & Jord.). The Assam
torm (E. schreiber assamensis, Rothsch. & Jord.) typically wants
the spots in interspaces 6 and 7 of the fore wing, but a specimen
from Shillong in the British Museum has these spots, only they
are placed prominently in échelon with one another as in the form
- from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Burmese and
Tenasserim specimens resemble the Assam form.
_ Larva green, with a yellow band on 7th segment. Head with
four curved and tuberculated processes.
Pupa green, with a longitudinal row of red dots on each side.
248. Eulepis jalysus, Felder (Charaxes), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop.
1867, p. 488, pl. 59, fig. 59; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 278, footnote; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 259, pl. 187,
figs. 1, la, 6 ; Rothsch. §& Jord. Nov. Zool. vi, 1899, p. 261,
pl Heh i Sa
3. Upperside greenish or yellowish white. Fore wing: base
-and cell irrorated with bluish and dusky black scales ; costal margin
black above apex of cell and above vein 4 beyond cell; the whole
apex broadly black, on the termen gradually narrowing up to
the tornus, bearing in interspace 5 a large greenish-white spot.
Hind wing: extreme base irrorated slightly with bluish scales,
terminal margin comparatively broadly black, traversed by a sub-
terminal series of slender short white tunules, and a terminal series
of broader ochraceous lunules. Underside: ground-colour similar.
Fore wing: terminal margin broadly brown, bordered inwardly
by a double series of slender black lunules, obsolescent towards
apex of wing ; subapical greenish-yellow spot as on upperside, but
margined inwardly with black; costal margin, from base to trans-
verse series of slender black lunules, broadly lilacine grey,
increasing in width slightly towards apex ; a prominent chocolate-
coloured band starting from base of interspace and curving round
cell and between veins 4 and 6 up to the transverse series of
slender black lunules. Hind wing: the chocolate-coloured band
on fore wing continued downwards parallel to the thorax and body
two-thirds of the length of vein 2, below this an oblique and a
transverse short black line on dorsal margin ; a postdiscal trans-
verse diffuse chocolate-coloured band, traversed by a double row
of slender black lunules, and outwardly margined with: delicate
lilacine grey, followed by a row of minute black dots, a subterminal
994 NYMPHALID &.
row of short pale yellow bars in the interspaces, and a terminal
slender black line. Antenne black; head and thorax blackish ;
abdomen brown, white beneath.— 9. Upper and under sides
similar to those in the ¢, but the greenish-white discal area on
fore and hind wings and terminal black band on hind wing broader.
Markings similar.
Exp. 3 2 64-84 mm. (2°5-3°3").
Hab. Within our limits recorded from Lower Burma and
Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion to Sumatra
and Borneo.
249, Eulepis moori, Distant (Charaxes), Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 108,
pl. 18, fig. 3; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 277, foot-
BO Mooi ‘e, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 260, pl. 187, figs. 2,
2a,3 2; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. V, 1898, pl. xii, figs. cana.
vi, 1899, p. 237.
3 @. Closely resembles /. jalysus. A Tenasserim specimen of
moort differs from jalysus as follows :—Upperside: fore wing with
bluish-white scaling on the outer margin of the discal greenish-_
white area, the outer broad black area on terminal margin not
narrowing posteriorly, margin of nearly equal width at tornus and
anteriorly. Hind wing: the blue scaling at base and along middle
of outer margin of discal greenish-white area much broader; black
along terminal margin irregular, much broader above than in
E. jalysus, narrowing in the middle, where it is subinterrupted by
the blue scaling, and widening again between veins 2 and 4; the
row of white spots traversing it transverse and larger, the trans-
verse ochraceous series Of lunules paler, almost white, and barely
indicated between veins 2 and 4+. Underside: the discal greenish-
white area on both fore and hind wing narrower than on the
upperside, the chocolate-coloured band on fore wing curving round
parallel to the costa not so well defined on the outer margin as in
yalysus, the costal margin beyond it, the base of the wings and the
dorsal margin broadly lilacine reddish-brown as in L. arya, not
grey as in jalysus, as is also the space between the postdiscal series
of lunules and the terminal series of ochraceous markings.
Exp. & 2 74-82 mm. (2:9-3°25").
Hab. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.
E. moort was described from the Malay Peninsula; the Assam,
Burmese and Tenasserim form has been separated from typical
moort by Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan (J. ¢.) as a subspecies
with two forms, EL. moore sandakanus f. SLES and EH. moore
sandakanus f. marginals.
250. Eulepis delphis, Dowbleday (Charaxes), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1848,
p. 217, pl. 7; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 272
Moore (Murwareda), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 266, pl. 190, figs. 1,
la, 3; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. V1, 1899, pp. 283-286, figs. 40,
Al, "& 42, S.
3 Q. Upperside white, mataced with pale sulphur-yellow.
EULEPIS. 225
Fore wing: apical area from about middle of costa to apex of
vein 2, in Tenasserim specimens to apex of vein 1, jet-black, the
inner margin of the black area very sinuous and irregular, occa-
sionally the black in interspace 2 is subterminally separated into
two portions; a conspicuous whitish-yellow preapical spot. Hind
wing: a subterminal series of bluish-black lunules with whitish
Fig. 42.—Hulepis delphis. +}.
centres ; the tails with median streaks of pale blue. Underside
silvery white. Fore wing: three black spots in cell, a crescentic
black mark at its apex with a short black line beyond it, and a
round black mark at base of interspace 2, the latter diffusely
bluish in centre, two slender black lunules below middle of costa,
followed by a postdiscal transverse series of bluish lunules, beyond
them a row of ochraceous spots. Hind wing: a subcostal bluish
diffuse spot surrounded by a slender black line; a slender black
loop near apex of open cell with short slender transverse lines
below in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2, followed by a transverse series
of blue lunules; a series of red spots, the anterior two yellow: a
postdiscal sinuous yellowish band; a subterminal series of blue
lunules and a terminal series of large yellow spots, narrowly mar-
gined with pale bluish, this colour also suftuses the tails. Antenne
black ; head and thorax anteriorly brown, thorax posteriorly
ereyish ; abdomen whitish yellow ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen white.
Hap. 3 2 96-112 mm. (3°8-4:°4").
Hab. Assam; Cachar; Arrakan; Burma; Tenasserim, extend-
ing south to the Malayan Subregion.
NOL: I. Q
226 NYMPHALID#.
251. Kulepis dolon, Westwood (Charaxes), Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 55,
pl. 27, fies. 2,3; de N. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 272;
Elwes (Charaxes), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 367 ; Moore (Mur-
wareda), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 268, pl. 189, figs. 1, la, d ;
Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vol. v, 1898, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2; vi, 1899,
Do 2sl.
3 Q. Upperside very pale yellowish white. Fore wing: costa,
a short bar defining the discocellulars, the apical area of the wing
beyond and a curved line from the middle of the costa to the
tornus, black ; a postdiscal oblique band of yellowish-white spots
in interspaces 1 to 6; the two spots in interspace 1 lunular. Hind
wing: a postdiscal brownish-black curved band parallel to the
margin of the termen, traversed by a series of bluish-white irregular
spots, and the terminal margin above the tail at apex of vein 2
narrowly bluish black. Underside pearly white with a slight
yellowish tint, the apical half only of the fore wing not yellowish.
Fore wing: costa for about three-fourths of its length, a short
black-edged band marking the discocellulars and reaching just
below vein 2, an oblique postdiscal band outwardly margined with
black reaching from costa to tornus, and the terminal margin rich
brown. Hind wing: an inwardly curved, anteriorly black-edged
band reaching from costa to near tornal angle, in continuation of
the short band on the discocellulars of fore wing, a postdiscal
curved band with its outer margin sinuous and a terminal band
rich brown. The postdiscal band traversed by a series of slender
black lunules, the tornal angle with a whitish spot and a series
of minute black dots between postdiscal and terminal bands.
Antenne, head and pronotum rich brown, rest of thorax and
abdomen blackish brown ; beneath, the thorax white, the abdomen
brown.
Exp. 3 2 90-126 mm. (3°55-5").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam ;
Cachar ; Burma; Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Sub-
region.
Poti from the N.W. Himalayas, from Nepal to Tenasserim,
and from the Shan States of Burma have been separated as
subspecies by Munro, and by Rothschild and Jordan, but the
differences seem to me very slight.
252. Eulepis nepenthes, Grose Smith (Charaxes), Ent. Monthly Mag.
xx, 1883, p.58; de NV. (Charaxes) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 274 (note) ;
Rothsch. §& Jordan, Nov. Zool. v. 1898, pl. 9, fig. 3 go; vi, 1899,
p. 269.
3 2. Unpperside closely resembles on the fore wing the upper-
side of some specimens of #. ewdamippus, but the black streak at
base of interspace 3, which in eudanippus is always present and
joined on to the black over the apical area, is in the present form
entirely absent. Hind wing in nepenthes with only a_ postdiscal
series of black lunules followed by a series of detached black, short,
transverse lines, and a narrow black line along the terminal margin
WULEPIS. Q9O7
from apex of vein 2 upwards; tornal angle slightly ochraceous.
Underside resembles the underside of EL. dolon, but in the fore wing
there are two spots at base of cell, and two spots beyond its apex
at bases of interspaces 5 and 6, there is no brown band along the
costal margin, the band defining the discocellulars is incomplete,
while the postdiscal band and the bands on the hind wing are
light ochraceous not rich brown in colour; the terminal band on
both fore and hind wing also is very narrow. Antenne, head and
thorax black, the thorax posteriorly with long yellowish-white hairs ;
the abdomen above and below and thorax beneath yellowish white.
Exp. 3 2 102-108 mm. (4°02—4°32").
Hab. Recorded within our limits from the Shan States; Siam ;
Tonkin.
253. Eulepis eudamippus (PI. VIII, fig.59), Doubleday (Charaxes),
| Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1848, p. 218, pl. 8; de N. (Charaxes) Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 273; Elwes (Charaxes), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 3867; Moore (Murwareda), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 264,
pl. 189. figs 2,2a,3¢; Rothsch. & Jord. Nov. Zool. v, 1898, pl. 8,
fies. 1-6; vi, 1899, pp. 263-269.
3 2. Upperside pale yellowish white. Fore wing: the costal
marein, the cell anteriorly, a transverse bar at its apex, joining a
broad line at base of interspace 3, and the whole apical half of
the wing purplish black; the black area narrows posteriorly,
extends to the tornus and bears the following yellowish-white
spots; a spot beyond apex of cell, followed by two obliquely placed
spots beyond, a postdiscal oblique and a subterminal erect series
of spots. Hind wing: a postdiscal black band narrowing pos-
teriorly, its inner margin slightly, its outer margin highly sinuous,
traversed by an inner series of blue lunules, and an outer series of
prominent yellowish-white spots ; this is followed by a subterminal
narrow band of blue and a terminal black line, both of these stop
short of the tornus, which beyond the end of the postdiscal black
band is conspicuously yellowish white. Underside silvery white.
Fore wing: two black spots in cell, followed by a short isolated
Y-shaped mark, a discal oblique and a terminal erect band oliva-
ceous brown; the Y-shaped mark has its fork at the lower apex of
the cell, is more or less bordered on both sides by conspicuous
broken black lines, and does not extend either to the costa or
below vein 2; the discal band is outwardly margined by a series
of detached black lunules. Hind wing with three transverse
brownish-yellow bands as follows: an excurved baso-median band,
bordered anteriorly on both sides by broken black lines, meeting
above the tornus a postdiscal band, outwardly bordered by a
series of black lunules with whitish centres, a detached row of
black spots in the interspaces, and a subterminal irregular band
outwardly bordered with greenish; tails black with a median
streak of pale blue; tornus conspicuously ochraceous; a sub-
tornal short transverse black line crossing from the dorsum to
the baso-median band. Antenne and head black, thorax dusky
Q 2
228 NYMPHALID2.
greyish black, abdomen yellowish white ; beneath, the palpi, thorax
and abdomen white, the thorax with a conspicuous obliquely trans-
verse black line on each side.
ep. & 2 98-121 mm. (3°85-4°75"),
Hab. Sikhim ; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim.
Genus HELCYRA.
Heleyra, Felder, Sitzungsb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, x1, 1860, p. 450; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 45; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 267.
Type, H. chionippe, Felder, from Amboina.
Range. Sikhim; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma, extending
to China, Java and Amboina.
S @. Fore wing broadly triangular; costa moderately arched ;
apex subacute; termen straight; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum
straight ; cell open, upper and middle discocellulars in an oblique
line; vein 9 from middle of vein 7, 10 from 7 well beyond origin
of latter vein, 11 free. Hind wing irregularly ovate; costa slightly
arched; apex well marked; termen arched slightly, scalloped,
produced into a well-marked tooth at apex of vein 4, with shorter
projections at apices of veins 1,2 and 3; tornus bluntly angular,
dorsum forming a broad abdominal fold; cell open; veins 5, 6
and 7 from a point well removed from base of 8. Antenne long,
over half length of fore wing; ¢lub broad, abrupt, flattened,
spatular; palpi broad in front, third joint conical; eyes naked ;
thorax moderately robust; intermediate and posterior legs long,
tibize only sparsely spined, spines very short.
254. Helcyra hemina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 245,
pl. 15, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 45, pl. 19, fig. 83 g;
Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 838; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1893-
96, p. 268, pl. 190, figs. 2, 2a, ¢.
3 Q. Upperside silvery white. Fore wing: a minute spot at
origin of vein 7,a transversely oval spot
obliquely below it, and a pestdiscal spot
in interspace 1 black; the apical third of
the wing also black, with an outwardly
curved, irregular, sinuous inner margin
from just beyond middle of costa to tornus,
and two preapical spots of the ground-
colour, the lower the larger. Hind wing
with the following black markings: three
subtornal spots, two in interspace 1, one
in interspace 2; two postdiscal, in échelon
to the others, and three subcostal in line
further inwards in interspaces 5, 6 and 7
respectively ; finally a slender sinuous sub-
terminal line. Underside silvery white
with a slight bluish tinge; markings of upperside more or
less showing through by transparency. Fore wing with a short,
transverse, postdiscal, slender, darx brown line in each of the
Helcyra hemina. }.
HELCYRA.—APATURA. 229
interspaces 1, 3 and 4. Hind wing with the postdiscal series of
spots of the upperside represented by the three subtornal spots,
the upper one of these crowned with yellow and a somewhat
diffuse spot in interspace 6; on the inner side of these spots a
very slender, highly sinuous, transverse lunular line crosses the
dise of the wing. Antenne pale brown ringed with white, club
black tipped with ochraceous; thorax bluish; abdomen white;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
kuxp. 3 Q 65-75 mm. (2°55-2°98').
Hab, Sikhim ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma.
Genus APATURA.*
Apatura, Fabr. Illig. Mag. 1807, p. 280; Leach, Edinb. Encycl.
1815, p. 718; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 48.
Kulaceura, Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 726; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 99; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 20.
moana, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 27; wd. Lep. Ind. in, 1896-99,
See Mimathyma, Chitoria, Dravera, Narsenea, Woore, Lep. Ind.
iii, 1896-99, pp. 3, 8, 10, 14 & 15.
Type, A. tris, Linn., from Europe.
ftange. Both hemispheres.
3 2. Fore wing: costa slightly arched; apex rounded, somewhat
produced; termen concave in the middle; tornus broadly rounded,
dorsum straight; cell open, upper and middle discocellulars only
being present and very short; vein 8 out of 7 in apical third of
wing, 9 out of 7 from about middle of wing, 10 and 11 free, 12
terminating well beyond origin of 9. Hind wing ovate; costa
slightly arched; apex blunt, truncate; termen scalloped, nearly
straight ; tornus well-marked, dorsum arched; cell open, veins 5, 6
and 7 approximate at base. Antenne long, well over half length
of fore wing; club well-marked, rounded or quadrate, not flattened ;
palpi thick, short, porrect, third joint pointed at apex ; eyes naked,
hairy in a few forms; thorax robust ; intermediate and posterior
femora fringed with long hair posteriorly, tibize shorter than femora,
scaled.
Key to the forms of Apatura.
ONCic
A. Kyes naked.
a. Upperside of wings brilliantly glossed with
iridescent blue.
a’, Ground-colour black.
a’. Oell of fore wing on upperside uniform,
WA MOU ar Stred le aac ise cate ae). .. A. ambica, p. 220.
6°. Cell of fore wing on upperside with a
broad) wihitberstreala. is 00. vu. sere sors «re A. chevana, p. 232.
b’. Ground-colour ochraceous yellow ...... A. here, p 231.
* Dr. Moore, following Scudder, gives priority to Potamis, Hubner (‘ Ten-
tamen,’ 1806). Hibner’s ‘Tentamen ‘is a list of genera with the types indicated
but no diagnoses; I have preferred therefore to follow Distant and de Nicéville
in retaining Fabricius’ widely known name for the genus of which 4. zris is
the type.
230 NYMPHATAD®.
b. Upperside of wings not glossed with iridescent
blue.
a’. Upperside deep velvety black, uniform,
with only from one to three white specks
preapically on fore wing.
a*.’One preapical white speck .......... A, parisatis, p. 238.
6°. Three preapical white specks ........ Race camiba, p. 283.
b'. Upperside ground-colour brown ........ A. sordida, p. 282.
ce’. Upperside ground-colour ochraceous yel-
VO Wy 5 ie cca'e' is axjeneant-aie skort nee a A, ulupt *, p. 284.
B, Eyes hairy.
a’. Upperside: wings with a broad white discal
transverse band not extending to costa of
HOVE WAM eee ua ophtouccenele cotececsl vee users eee A, osteria, p. 235.
Upperside: wings with a narrow macular
ochraceous band extending to costa of fore
wing, but interrupted between veins 4
TUG aos. ia eterecee Ghee crete reyes ragaare: ouch A, parvata, p. 284.
1 “2 eo
A. Eyes not hairy. :
a. Ground-colour brownish black on upperside.
a’, Cell of fore wing on upperside uniform,
without streak.
a’, A discal white band on upperside of
| OH lh OO aa Sa UR Ua WP ON aie A. ambica, p. 230.
b°. No discal white band on upperside of
ITU CU 7S) DEAR A ar Archi Ai an meal sie A, sordida, p. 282.
b’. Cell of fore wing on upperside with a broad
WVIMbEISHNE ALG cb sleaei. Bis taeetens oiehe: ekete che A, chevana, p. 282.
b. Ground-colour ochraceous yellow on upper-
SUEGTEWE WEUCES SEGA SAE Oe ee A IAIN CRB oP YCUNR Hin a: A. here, p. 231.
ce. Ground-colour brown on upperside
A, parisatis, p. 235.
Race camiba, p. 235.
B. Byes hairy.
a. Ground-colour, hasal area of underside of
wings palenavendieri nt. .te eee ee A, osteria, p. 230.
b. Ground-colour, basal area of underside of
WIS OCMTACEOUS) DEON Wiser ceo epe e A, parvata, p. 234,
255. Apatura ambica (Pl. VII, fig. 49), Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir,
iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 481; Moore (Potamis), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p- 4, pl. 191, figs. 1, la-leJg Q.
Apatura namouna, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 178 3;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 50, pl. 20, fig. 91 ¢ ; Elwes, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 339.
Apatura zanoa, Hewitson, Evot. Butt. iv, 1869, Apatura, pl. 1, figs.
My te
Apatura bhavana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 307.
a
3. Upperside brownish black; a broad white, inwardly oblique,
discal band from vein 3 of the fore to vein 1 of the hind wing,
this band bordered broadly on both sides by brilliant iridescent
blue and meeting anteriorly 3 white outwardly oblique spots in
* © unknown.
APATURA. 231
interspaces 3, 4, 5 of fore wing. Three preapical small spots and
an obscure subterminal series of dots on the fore, and a better
detined, slightly curved, subterminal series of spots on the hind wing,
all white, also on the latter wing an-apical and a tornal fulvous-
yellow spot. Underside pearly bluish white, the discal band and
spots of the upperside showing through pinkish white, the discal
spots and band on the fore wing bordered interiorly with black,
and some black marks in the cell. Fore wing: an oblique somewhat
sinuous postdiscal, and a more even broad terminal band rich
brown, the former ending at the tornus in a fulvous-yellow patch
bearing a black spot with some black outer markings, the latter
white-spotted at the tornal angle. Hind wing with postdiscal
straight and terminal broad bands of the same rich brown, a black
white-bordered subtornal spot, and another in interspace 2 placed
on the brown postdiscal band. Antennz brown; head, thorax and
abdomen brown above, white beneath.— 9. Similar with similar
markings, but ground-colour above dusky brown, the markings
yellowish white.
Exp. 3 2 67-(7 mm. (2°65-3:0"),
Hab, The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; hill-ranges of
Assam ; hill-ranges of Northern and Eastern Burma, and Siam.
256. Apatura here (PI. VII, fig. 54), Felder, Wien. ent. Monat. vi,
1862, p.27; Leech, Butt. China, Jap. § Corea, i, 1892-94, p. 163,
pl. 15, fig. 89,7 S var. ‘
Apatura ilia, var. serarum, Oberthiir, Etud. d’ Ent. xv, 1891, p. 11,
Dil Mees.
3S. Upperside bright ochraceous yellow, basal area of both fore and
hind wings and below cell of fore wing shaded with dark brown, cell
of fore wing with four round brown spots; a discal broad curved
irregular transverse pale brown fascia, the margins irregularly sinu-
ous on the fore and diffuse on the hind wing. On the latter wing
this fascia bears an arched series of seven darker brown spots, and
on the former it is outwardly bordered by large dark brown spots in
interspaces 1 and 2,a white spot in interspace 3, and obliquely placed
pale yellow spots in interspaces 4,5 and 6; beyond these there
is a preapical brown patch followed by three pale yellow spots ;
lastly, both fore and nind wings are crossed by a prominent sub-
terminal dark brown line, and shaded over their whole area, but
mo-t conspicuously on the disc, with beautiful iridescent blue.
Underside pale ochraceous, shaded with brighter ochraceous on the
disc and apex of fore wing. Fcre wing with four black spots in
pairs in the cell: bevond apex of latter an oblique discal series of
four and a preapical series of three white spots ; below the cell two
large white spots, inwardly margined with black, in interspaces 1
and 2, followed by a diffuse blackish spot in interspace 1, and a
prominent white-centred black spot in interspace 2. Hind wing
crossed by a short median and a postdiscal straight ferruginous
band, the latter bearing a subtornal silvery spot with a pale spot.
22 NYMPHALIDA.
above it. Both fore and hind wings with a somewhat diffuse
lunular subterminal line outwardly bordered with obscure whitish
marks in the interspaces. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax
and abdomen ochraceous, paler beneath.— ? similar, larger,
usually without the iridescent blue on upperside.
Exp. 3 2 68-84 mm. (2°69-3'3").
Hab. Western China, extending into the most eastern parts of
the North Shan States, “Upper Burma.
7. Apatura sordida, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 765, pl. Al tie 2s
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 52; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p oe Moore (Clitoria), Lep. Ind. lil, 1896-99, p. 10, pl. 192,
‘figs. 2, 2a, 2B 8 Qe
3. Upperside brown. Fore wing darkening towards the apex,
the apical two-thirds much darker brown, an oblique discal white
fascia from interspace 6 to tornal angle formed of more or less
rectangular spots; a small spot beyond in interspace 4 and two
preapical spots white. Hind wing uniform, a lunular subterminal
dark line inwardly bordered by a row of dark spots, and a terminal
row of pale lunules. Underside pale brownish grey. Fore wing
with the discal band and spots more or less as on the upperside; a
black, blind, yellow-ringed ocellus, with a dark brown shade in the
interspace below it ; ocellus and brown shading bordered inwardly
by white; a subterminal dark line, and some diffuse white marks on
termen below apex and at tornus. Hind wing with an incomplete
discal white band and a series of white spots beyond, ending in a
well-marked, broadly yellow-ringed, blue-centred, black ocellus in
interspace 2; lastly, a subterminal dark line as in the fore wing.
Antenne brown, paler below the club ; head, thorax and abdomen
brown, paler beneath.— 2 similar; the hind wing is more rounded
and the oblique discal band on the fore wing is very much broader.
Exp. 3 2 68-80 mm. (2°69-3°15").
Hab. Sikhim.
258. Apatura chevana, Moore (Athyma), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 763, pi. 41,
fig. 1g; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 52 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1888, p. 340; Moore (Mimathyma), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 8,
pl. 192 (OSL hare Gi
3 Q. Upperside very dark brownish black, with the following
somewhat creamy-white markings :—Fore wing: a slightly clavate
anteriorly notched streak in the discoidal area, followed by two elon-
gate spots, a curved irregular discal series of large and small spots,
the posterior three the largest, a subterminal sinuous band of spots,
and a terminal line of smaller dots. Hind wing: a subbasal trans-
verse very broad band, a postdiscai sinuous row of large spots, and
a terminal line of very small, somewhat obscure short, transversely
linear spots. In the ¢ the disc of the fore wing on either side of
the white spots is suffused with brilliant iridescent blue. Under-
side pearly bluish white, the white spots and markings as on
upperside but less well defined; the brown bands on both fore and
hind wing as in A. ambica, but the dise of the fore wing on either
APATURA. DBs
side of the white spots suffused with brown, shaded with fuscous ;
some brownish markings in the discoidal area. Antenne blackish
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown above, whitish
beneath, the abdomen above banded with white.
Exp. 3 2 80-87 mm. (3°18-3-4").
Hub. Sikhim ; the hill-ranges of Assam and Upper Burma.
259. Apatura parisatis (Pl. VII, fig. 50 2), Westwood, in Dblday.
Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 805 ; Moore (Rohana),
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 27; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p.54, pl. 20,
fig. 92 69; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 340; Moore
(Rohana), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 17, pl. 194, figs. 2,2a—2¢e, 3 2.
Race camiba.
Rohana camiba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl.i, 1880, p. 27, pl. 14, figs. 1, 1 a-
le, 9 g, larva & pupa; de N. (Apatura) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 54; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 19, pl. 194, fig. 5, larva
& pupa.
3. Upperside deep velvety black, with one minute snow-white
preapical spot on the fore wing; the cilia of both fore and hind
wing alternately black and white. Underside dark purplish brown,
shaded at base of wings and along costal margin and apex of fore
wing with dark ferruginous ; both fore and hind wing with two
black spots in the discoidal area, followed by an auriform mark
and an irregular median band, crossing both wings, of dark brown
markings outwardly obscurely and interruptedly bordered with
lilacine; beyond the discal area both wings are shaded trans-
versely with dark brown, succeeded by a subterminal dark line
bordered inwardly with purple; fore wing with the white
preapical spot larger; hind wing with a black white-centred
minute subtornal spot. Antenne black; head, thorax and
abdomen velvety black, dark brown beneath.—@. Upperside
yellowish brown. Fore and hind wings: basal half shaded and
marked with brown, with an angulated transverse broad brown
median fascia and a postdiscal transverse brown shading; on the
hind wing traversed by a series of obscure dark spots; on the
fore wing with three, sometimes four, minute subapical white
spots; a transverse series of dark lunular markings on both
wings, followed by a subterminal dark line. Underside yellowish
brown ; markings somewhat similar to those in the 3, but more
clearly defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen light
brown, yellowish beneath.
36 2 Exp. 46-52 mm. (1:8-2:04").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim ; the low hills of
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to China and Siam.
Race camiba, Moore, is absolutely identical except for the con-
stant minute difference of the fore wing on the upper and under
sides ; this has in the ¢ three, in the 9 five subapical white dots.
Huep. $ 2 asin A. parisatis.
Hab. Southern India, Ceylon.
234 NYMPHALID-©.
260. Apatura ulupi, Doherty (Potamis-Apatura), J. 4. S. B. 1889,
p- 125, pl. 10, fig. 2 ¢ ; Moore (Dravira), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99,
p- 14, pl. 193, fizs. 2, 2a, So.
Upperside: fore wing black, a broad oblique bar from the costa
across apical two-thirds of cell to apex of vein 1, a second very
oblique discal bar from costa to tornal angle, angulated outwards
on vein 4 and traversed by black veins; two preapical spots
and a blackish suffused streak along the costal margin, ochraceous
yellow ; a large very prominent postdiscal jet-black round spot in
interspace 2, Hind wing ochraceous yellow, shaded with fuliginous
on its posterior half; a postdiscal jet-black spot in interspace 2,
followed by a transverse row of small black angulated marks, de-
creasing in size posteriorly ; a subterminal black line widening at
the veins, and a terminal slender black line. Underside pale ochra-
ceous ; the jet-black spot in fore wing as on the upperside, on
hind wing centred largely with silvery white ; two white preapical
spots on fore wing and a silvery-white discal band, with silvery-
white spots beyond, on hind wing; both fore and hind wing with
very obscure subterminal dusky brown narrow bands. Posterior
half of hind wing suffused with very pale greenish. Antenne,
thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antenne subapically and the
head ochraceous; beneath, head, thorax and abdomen white.
Female unknown.
Exp. & 68 mm. (2°7").
Hab. Recorded only from Margherita in Assam.
261. Apatura parvata, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 202,
pl. 6a, fig. 63 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 53; Elwes, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 340; Moore (Narsenga), Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99,
p. 15, pl. 194, figs. 1, 1a, ¢.
3. Upperside brown. Fore wing with three subbasal, and at
apex of cell a large transverse dark brown spot; an angulated
discal series of ochraceous-white spots ; a subapical row of five pure
white dots ; a discal brown blind ocellus; a more or less lunular
postdiscal transverse dark band, and a subterminal dark, somewhat
obscure line, the border on the inner and outer sides of it paler.
Hind wing more uniform, the ochraceous-white discal series of
spots continued on from the fore wing; an ochraceous-ringed blind
black ocellus in interspace 2; a postdiscal series of dark lunules
inwardly bordered with pale ochraceous, and a subterminal pale-
margined line as in the fore wing. Underside: fore wing more or
less ochraceous ; hind wing a very pale brown: markings on
both as on the upperside, but faint and ill-defined. Antenne
dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.—
2. Upperside, similar, paler brown, the angulated discal series of
ochraceous spots merged into an irregular, outwardly diffused,
inwardly well-defined band, the subapical white spots reduced to
three. Underside similar to that of the ¢, but the wings sub-
terminally lilacine.
Kep. 3 2 51-55 mm. (2°04-2°3”).
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, ihasi Hills.
APATURA.—DILIPA. 235
262. Apatura osteria, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. 1850, p. 305; Butler (Kulaceura), P. Z. S. 1871, p. 7263; de
NV. (Eulaceura) Batt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 55 (footnote); Moore
(Eulaceura), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 21, pl. 195, figs. 1, 1 a, 1d,
32.
3. Upperside purplish brown. Fore and hind wings with a
purplish-white, posteriorly broadening, discal bar, commencing in
interspace 4 of fore wing and terminating in interspace 1 of the
hind wing, throughout its length parallel to the terminal margin ;
followed by a postdiscal series of obscure oval, dark brown, pale-
ringed spots, with an ocellus in interspace 2 of both fore and
hind wings. Hind wing with a subterminal, somewhat sinuous,
very obscure dark line; the dorsal margin broadly pale. Underside
pale purple; the discal band, the ocelli, and subterminal dark line
as on the upperside ; a spot in cell, a line along the discocellulars,
_- the costal margin except at base on fore wing, a transverse line
bordering the discal band on the inner side and a postdiscal dark
shade across both fore and hind wing, pale ochraceous brown.
The postdiscal markings much broken and interrupted. Antenne,
head and thorax dark brown; abdomen brown, paling to sullied
white posteriorly ; beneath, head, thorax and abdomen white.—
2 . Upperside brown, basal half of wings suffused with ochraceous ;
a transverse discal white band of spots, interrupted and outwardly
angulated on vein 4 of fore wing, followed by a series of postdiscal
elongate, outwardly pointed, pale oval marks with brown centres,
better defined on the hind than on the fore wing, and an
obscure subterminal dark line; the two ocelli as in the ¢3 the
discal band on the hind wing posteriorly ochraceous. Underside
as in the ¢ but paler, the postdiscal markings better defined.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen asin the ¢. Eyes in both
sexes hairy.
Exp. & 2 70-75 mm. (2°77-2°97").
fab. The Malay Peninsula, creeping up into the extreme south
of Tenasserim.
‘
Genus DILIPA.
Dilipa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.1, 1857, p. 201; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 47; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 11.
Type, D. morgiana, Westw., from Northern India.
Range. N. India, the Himalayas; Assam; Upper Burma.
$ 2. Fore wing: costa widely and slightly arched ; apex some-
what produced ; termen slightly concave; dorsum straight; cell
slenderly closed, short, not half the length of wing ; upper disco-
cellular minute, middle short, deeply concave, lower straight ;
vein 10 from upper apex of cell; vein 11 free, from upper fourth
of subcostal vein. Hind wing: costa arched at base, then nearly
straight ; apex broadly rounded ; termen slightly arched ; dorsum
long, tornus produced. Antenne long, more than half the leneth
236 NYMPHALID #.
of fore wing; club well marked, long and gradual; palpi sub-
porrect, rounded in front, third joint long, acute at apex; eyes
hairy.
263. Dilipa morgiana, Westwood (Apatura), ix Dbiday., Westw. §
Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 355; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886,
p. 48, pl. 20, fig. 86 ¢; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 12,
pl. 193, figs. 1, la-le, SQ.
3. Upperside black, more or less suffused with rich golden
scales, especially dense at the base of cell of fore wing. Fore
wing with a broad bar at apex of cell, a broad band in two parts
im échelon across the disc, joined by a narrow obliquely trans-
verse spot in interspace 3, a large spot subterminally in the same
interspace, spreading upwards and downwards, and a diffuse patch
below the apex, golden yellow; finally a small round white pre-
apical spot with a minute white dot belowit. Hind wing: a very
broad transverse discal area, a subapical and a tornal terminal
patch golden yellow. Underside: tore wing with the markings
much as on the upperside, but the yellow of much greater extent,
filling the whole of the cell except a central black spot and joining
on to the discal band, which is continuous and very much broader
than on upperside, and is, in turn, joined on to the subterminal
spot in interspace 3; apex broadly golden light brown with a
lilacine streak and two white spots as on upperside; a quadrate
lilacine spot at tornal angle. Hind wing pale ochreous brown, the
precostal area and posterior third of wing above and along dorsal
margin lilacine, an oblique spot in cell and a large patch, extending
from apex of wing to apex of cell and to vein 4, pale golden.—
2. Similar, with similar markings both on the upper and under
sides, but on the former, except the subapical golden patch on the
fore wing and a narrow golden terminal margin on the hind wing,
the markings are lilacine white, narrower and more restricted,
the upper and lower portions of the discal band being quite
separate. On the underside, the base of the cell in the fore wing
is golden yellow, which colour extends along veins 3 and 4 and
joins a broad transverse patch connecting the upper and lower
white portions of the discal band; a postdiscal sinuous line of
white spots in the interspaces, those in interspaces 1 and 3 the
largest, the apex of the wing broadly golden brown. Hind
wing pale ochreous brown as in the male, but the dorsal lilacine
area broader, spreading along the base of the wing and post-
discally to the apex, an anterior discal white patch, and the termen
below vein 7 broadly ochreous brown. Antenne brown, the club
ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath whitish.
Exp. § 2 76-82 mm, (3-3°25").
Hub. The Himalayas from Dharmsala to Sikhim ; the hill-ranges
of Assam and Upper Burma. Nowhere common.
HERON A. 237
Genus HERONA.
Herona, Doubleday, in Dolday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1850,
p. 293, pl. 41; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 60; Moore, Lep. Ind.
ii, 1896-99, p. 22.
Type, H. marathus, Doubleday, from Sikhim.
Range. Sikhim to Tenasserim, extending to Sumatra and
Borneo.
6 2. Venation very similar to that of Apatura, but in the fore
wing vein 9 is emitted out of 7 well before the middle of the wing,
veins 10 and 11 closer to the base of 7, and consequently pro-
portionately shorter, as is also vein 12. The tornus of the hind
wing is more rounded, not produced, and the club of the antennz
is flattened, not rounded as in Apatura. For the rest Herona
closely resembles that genus in structure.
Key to the forms of Herona.
a. Upperside of wings with broad markings;
transverse bands on hind wing coalescing
MCARMCEMENMs 2)... eet Ree. Ms ss H, marathus, p. 237.
b. Upperside of wings with comparatively
narrow markings; transverse bands on
hind wing not coalescing.
a. 6&9. Markings on both fore and hind
WANOSVOCHTACCOUS. .-teyaeedaatern| aeons: Race angustata, p. 238.
b'. g. Anterior markings pale ochraceous,
posterior markings and markings on hind
wings orange-yellow. @. All markings
PV INICE 5 oie ha snatrentlnn Me Sites SPR tS eae le 5) Race andamana, p. 238.
264. Herona marathus, Doubleday, in Dolday., Westw. § Hew. Gen.
In. Lep. 1850, p. 294, pl. 41, fig. 5 g; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 61; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 22, pl. 195, figs. 2, 2a,
2b, 3 2.
Race angustata.
Herona angustata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829 9; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 62; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 24, pl. 196,
hes Was 2.
Race andamana.
Herona andamana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 585; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 62; Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 24, pl. 196,
figs: 2,26, 20.0 2.
3. Upperside black, with the following markings :— Fore wing :
a broad streak in interspace 1, the tornus bordered with three
irregular spots and a series of three oblique, almost parallel bands
oravge-yellow—the first crossing the cell into interspace 2; the
second discal, its outer margin irregular, uneven ; the third short,
preapical, not reaching either costa or termen, and with a white
spot below it. Hind wing: two broad transversely oblique bands
238 NYMPIHALID A.
converging and meeting subapically, a subterminal posterior fine
line, the dorsum broadly, the tornal angle and termen posteriorly
yellow. Underside ochraceous, the markings more or less as
on the upperside, but the black areas pale brownish, dusky black
only in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 of the fore wing, and the orange
markings pinkish white, the white subapical spot on the fore wing
produced diffusely to the termen. Antenne black, apical half of
the club white; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown,
paler beneath.— 2. Upper and under sides similar to those in the
male, but on the upperside the bands narrower, of a paler and less
bright yellow; on the underside the markings better defined.
Exp. 3 2 71-93 mm. (2°8-3°68"). :
Hab. Sikhin; Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma, not ascending
to any great elevation.
_ftace angustata, Moore, the South-eastern geographical form,
differs in the orange band on the upperside in both sexes being
_ larrower and paler than in typical marathus, and in the female in
Fig. 44.—Herona marathus, race angustata. 1.
the preapical band or large spot on the fore wing being white.
Underside generally paler than in H. marathus.
Ewp. & Q slightly smaller than in the typical form.
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim down to Tavoy.
Race andamana, Moore.—An insular race more clearly differ-
entiated from typical H. marathus. . Upperside black, with
markings similar in character to those in the typical form, but on
the fore wing anteriorly pale ochraceous, almost white ; the discal
oblique band composed of very elongate, outwardly pointed,
separate spots; the preapical band reduced to a large spot.—
2. The markings similar to those in the male, but with the
exception of the streak in interspace 1 of the fore wing and part
of the two transverse bands on the hind wing, which are tinged
with cream-colour, the markings are pure white. Underside in
both sexes very similar to the underside in H. marathus, but the
HESTINA. 239
eround-colour in the female white, not ochraceous, shaded with
dusky black.
Eap. 3 2 as in race angustata.
Hab. The Andamans.
Genus HESTINA.
Hestina, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1850,
p. 281; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 55; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 31.
Type, H. nama, Dbliday., from the Himalayas.
Range. The Himalayas; Assam ; Burma and Tenasserim, ex-
tending eastwards to China and south to Sumatra and Java.
g 2. Closely allied to Apatura, with the cells of both fore and
hind wing open and the venation somewhat as in that genus; the
fore wing is, however, proportionately longer and narrower, the
apex and termen of the hind wing more rounded, vein 9 in the
fore wing emitted closer to the apex of the wing, veins 10 and 11
closer to the base of 7, and vein 12 distinctly shorter than in that
genus. Hind wing: veins 95, 6, 7 very closely approximate at
base. Eyes naked. |
265. Hestina nama, Doubleday (Diadema), A. M. N. H. xvi, 1845,
p- 282; de N. Butt. Ind. 13, 1886, p. 56, pl. 22, fig. 99 O°;
Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 32, pl. 200, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
3 2. Upperside: fore wing deep blue-black, with subhyaline
bluish-white streaks and spots in the
cell] and interspaces as follows: a broad
diffuse streak in interspace la, two
streaks with two pairs of spots beyond
in 1, one streak in 2 and one in 3
bifurcate at apex, each with one bi-
furcate and two. sublunular spots
bevond ; a broad clavate streak, half-
divided, near the apex in cell, three
small subcostal spots above, and an
acutely pointed triangular spot beyond,
followed by three inwardly acute, out-
wardly bifurcate, short streaks, each
iFig. 45.—Hestina nama. 1. with three spots beyond; finally two
or three obscure preapical spots. Hind
wing dark chestnut; broad, subhyaline, bluish-white streaks along
dorsal margin and in cell, and narrower streaks in the interspaces,
followed by an irregular series of small spots and some obscure
terminal white markings. Underside similar, with similar more
clearly defined markings, most of the spots outwardly bifurcate ;
fore wing suffused with chestnut at apex. Antennz black ; head,
thorax and abdomen black above, the sides biuish green, beneath
spotted with white.
240 NYMPHALID%.
Exp. § 2 94-110 mm. (3°72-4:4").
Hab. The Himalayas; the hill-ranges of Assam; Burma and
Tenasserim, at no great elevation, extending to the Malay
Peninsula ; Sumatra; Siam and Western China.
Genus PARHESTINA.
Parhestina, Moore, Lep. Ind. i111, 1896-99, p. 34,
Type, P. persimilis, Westw., from Sikhim.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region, extending to China.
3 9. Very closely allied to Hestina, but, in the fore wing,
vein 11 only is emitted before the apex of the cell, vein 10 from
well beyond the apex. In the hind wing veins 5, 6, 7 not closely
approximate at base. Eyes hairy.
Key 10 the forms of Parhestina.
a. Hind wing above and below without any trace
ie vellow tint.
. Dorsal margin of fore wing not two-thirds
length of costal margin; black markings
along veins broad and heavy ............ P. persimilis, p. 240.
b’. Dorsal margin of fore wing well over two-
thirds leneth of costal margin; black
markings along veins less broad and heavy. Race zedla, p. 241.
6. Hind wing above and below suffused along
dorsal margin with sulphur-yellow ........ P. nicevillet, p. 241.
266, Parhestina persimilis, Westwood (Hestina), 7 Dblday., Westw.
& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1850, p. 281; de N. (Hestina) Butt. Ind.
u, 1886, p. 58; Moore, Lep. Ind. ‘iii, 1896-99, p. 34, pl. 201,
figs. i) aly 1G, 3.
Race zella.
Hestina zella, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1896, p. 91, fig. $; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 58; Moore (Parestina), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-
99, p. 35, pl. 201, figs. 2, 2a, 28, 3.
3. Upperside fuliginous black, with
white streaks and spots as follows :—Fore
wing: two streaks from base m interspace
1, with two pairs of rectangular spots
beyond; a short streak in cell, with a
transverse spot beyond, followed by three
small spots in oblique series and a large
rectangular spot at base of interspace 2
with two spots beyond; interspaces 3, 4, 5
and 6 with three spots in each and a
faint elongate spot at base of interspace 7.
Hind wing: broad streaks in cell and in all
the interspaces, followed by a postdiscal
posterior series of three small spots, a complete subterminal series
Fig. 46.
Parhestina persimilis. 4,
PARHESTINA. 2a
of spots, and a terminal row of minute dots. The streak in inter-
space 7 is broadly divided, and the fuliginous black ground-colour
there forms a conspicuous subcostal mark. Underside similar ;
the white markings larger and more clearly defined, sometimes
tinged with blue. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen
fuliginous black, speckled beneath with white—— ? similar; the
white streaks and spots, especially on the hind wing, longer and
broader.
Exp. 3 2 64-70 mm. (2°54-2°75").
Hab. Eastern Himalayas.
Race zella, Butler, from the Western Himalayas, is similar, but
all the markings are broader, the streaks longer, the spots larger.
Upperside, $ 2. Fore wing: the cell white crossed by a black bar,
the two streaks in interspace 1 coalescing, only forked outwardly,
the streaks in the interspaces more or less produced to the inner
- of the two spots beyond in each. Hind wing: the streaks in the
interspaces similarly produced, the black ground-colour being
much restricted, especially on the anterior half of the wing.
Exp. 3 2 68-76 mm. (2°70-3”").
267, Parhestina nicevillei, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 37,
1, 202, figs. 2,24, 3.
Hestina zella, de N. (nec Butler) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 65, pl. 1,
fic. 2.
3. Closely resembles typical P. perstmels, but is much larger.
Upperside white, the veins and terminal margins of the wings
heavily marked with black, the latter bearing postdiscal and sub-
terminal series of white spots; on the fore wing the postdiscal
series consists of four spots in interspaces 2, 4, 5 and 6, and the
subterminal series is complete; on the hind wing, the anterior
spots in the postmedial series are more or less lunular, and the
subterminal series of spots does not extend beyond interspace 5,
while all the spots in both series are washed with yellow, as is also
the dorsal margin. Underside similar, the outer series of white
spots more complete, the postdiscal series anteriorly on both fore
and hind wing lunular. Hind. wing: the interspaces near base
above subcostal vein, the dorsal margin broadly and the anterior
spots of the postdiscal series washed with yellow. Antenne
black ; head, thorax and abdomen sullied white; beneath pale
ochraceous brown.
Exp. 6 91 mm, (3°6').
Hab. A single specimen recorded from the N.W. Himalayas,
Chamba, by the late Mr. de Niceville.
This seems to be an exceedingly rare form, and is probably
the Western representative of the Chinese Parhestina mena,
Butler.
MOM, R
242 NYMPHALID®.
Genus EURIPUS.
Euripus, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1850,
p. 298; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 15; Moore, Lep. Ind. in,
1896-99, p. 39.
Type, £. halitherses, Westw., from Sikhim.
Range. Sikhim eastward through Assam, Burma, and Tenas-
serim to China, and southward to the Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra.
3. Fore wing triangular, costa arched; apex well marked,
subacute ; termen convex, anteriorly concave in the middle,
bluntly angulate at apex of vein 2; tornus obtuse, dorsum nearly
straight ; cell open, in length nearly one-third of wing; upper
discocellular minute, middle concave, short, lower wanting ; veins
8, 9, 10 out of 7, latter two touching, 11 free, 10 touching but
not anastomosed to li. Hind wing subquadrate, costa arched,
apex rounded; termen scalloped, truncately produced at tornus
and between veins 4 and 5, biemarginate between veins 2 and 4 ;
dorsum slightly convex; cell open, narrow, vein 7 at base
equidistant from 6 and 8. Antenne long, stout; club long and
eradual ; palpi erect, stout, parallel, third joint very short, slender ;
eyes naked; front tarsus one-jointed ; claws of intermediate and
posterior tarsi with long slender paronychia and large pulvilli.
Key to the forms of Euripus.
a. Both sexes without red spots on hind wing .. £. halitherses, p. 242.
6. Both sexes with one or more red spots on hind
AWW LE Coa hea he, ia ieee te uetey ee nioks, sak knee gee te et ouayane EE, consimilis, p. 244.
268. Euripus halitherses, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. 1850, p. 293, pl. 41, fig. 2 go: de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 18, pl. 20, fig. 90, ¢ 2 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p- 40, pl. 203, figs. 1, la-le, 6 2, & pl. 204, figs. 1, la-le, Q.
Kuripus cinnamomeus, Wood - Mason,
J, A. S. B. 1881, p. 272, pl. 4, fig. 4 2.
Euripus alcathoéoides, de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 20 9.
3 . Upperside deep blue-black. Fere
wing with the following creamy-white
markings: a streak from base in inter-
. space 1, a shorter streak with a spot
below it in cell, a transverse spot at
apex of same, avery large spot at base
ot interspace 2, a much smaller one in
interspace 3, three rectangular short
streaks above towards the costa, a post-
discal series of paired streaks in the
interspaces curving inwards opposite
the tornus, and a line of obscure dots
along terminal margin near tornus. Hind wing with similar
streaks in cell and in all the interspaces from 1a to 6, followed
Fig. 47.
Euripus halitherses, 3. 4.
EURIPUS. 243
by somewhat irregular subterminal and terminal rows of purer
white small spots; the spots in the subterminal row are paired,
and in both rows are incomplete towards apex of wing. Underside
dark hair-brown, deep blue-black along posterior half of termen of
both fore and hind wing; markings as on upperside, but jarger
and more clearly defined, the streak from base in interspace 1 on
the fore wing wanting, additional streaks in interspaces 7 and 8
and at apex in hind wing. Antenne black; head, thorax and
abdomen black above; the abdomen conspicuously barred with
white on the sides ; thorax spotted with white beneath.
The 2 is polymorphic.
First form.—Upperside fuligin-
ous bluish black. Fore wing: a
transverse white obscure spot at
apex of cell, a short very broad
oblique white discal band or patch
from costa to interspace 2, and a
terminal series of obscure white
dots. Hind wing: white streaks
in cell and interspaces la to 6,
and subterminal and terminal rows
of obscure white spots. Under-
side similar, the markings somewhat
larger and more clearly defined.
Second form.—Closely resembles
the first form, but the white mark-
ings, especially on the hind wing,
more extensive.
Third form.— Upperside. Fore wing deep indigo-blue, the apical
half of the wing suffused with purple, traversed by the dark veins
and by a terminal series of obscure purplish-white spots. Hind
wing dark cinnamon-brown, an obscure terminal series of white
specks, more distinct at the tornal angle. Underside dark cinna-
mon-brown, the terminal series of spots on both fore and hind
wing far more clearly defined, in addition a subterminal row of
white spots on the hind wing; the abdomen beneath marked trans-
versely with white.
Fourth form (alcathoéoides, de N.).—Similar to the above, but
on the upperside the fore wing hair-brown, very slightly suffused
with purple, the hind wing with subterminal and terminal series
of white spots, the subterminal spots sometimes elongate, more
often round.
Fifth form (nyctelius, Dblday., A. M. N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 182).—
Similar to cénmamomeus, Wood-Mason, but fore wing with a
terminal series of obscure and ill-defined white streaks; hind
wing with the posterior half white, traversed by the dark veins,
the white curving upwards, reaching the apex of the wing, some
obscure dark terminal marks between the veins.
Exp. 3 Q 66-84 mm. (2°6-3°3").
Hab. Sikhim ; the hills of Assam ; Cachar; Manipur; Burma ;
Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Fig. 48.— Hurtpus halitherses, 9.
(First form.)
1p 2}
244 NYMPHALID#.
269. Euripus consimilis, Westwood (Diadema), in Dblday., Westw. &
Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1850, p. 281 9 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 17; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 44, pl. 205, figs. 1,
La-ld, dQ.
Euripus hallirothius, Westwood, im Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen.
Dn. Lep. 1850, p. 293 S.
Euripus consimilis, var. meridionalis, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B.
1881, p. 86, pl. 4, fig. 2.
3. Upperside: fore wing black with the following white streaks
and spots: a long streak from base, outwardly broadened and
diffuse in interspace 1, a short slender streak in cell with a minute
elongate spot below it, a broad, short, very oblique, in the middle
broadly interrupted, median band, an oblique short row of slender
paired streaks beyond in interspaces 3, 4 and 5, followed by a
more complete postdiscal series of similar streaks from costa to
interspace 2, and a terminal row of small dots turning into obscure
streaks towards the apex. Hind wing white, traversed by the
black veins, with the termen anteriorly narrowly, posteriorly
broadly black, the broad portion traversed by a subterminal series
of four or five crimson spots, and beyond by a terminal row of
white spots. Underside similar; the markings broader, larger,
and more clearly defined, the hind wing with a small patch and
two spots of crimson at base. Antenne black; head, thorax
and abdomen above black; the head and thorax beneath, the
abdomen beneath and on the sides marked with white.— 9. Upper-
side: fore wing similar, the white streaks much broader, single,
not paired. Hind wing also similar, but the black on the terminal
margin not at all or very slightly widened posteriorly, entirely
without the crimson spots; there is instead a marked dilatation
of the black bordering the veins 2,3 and 4. Underside similar
to the upperside.
Exp. 6 2 70-88 mm. (2°69-3:48"),
Hab. Sikhim, and westward to Kumaun; found also in Southern
India; Assam; Burma, and Tenasserim.
Genus SEPHISA.
Sephisa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 240; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 45; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1897-99, p. 25.
Type, S. dichroa, Kollar, from Kashmir.
Range. The Himalayas and the hill-ranges of Assam and Burma,
extending to China.
3 @. Fore wing: costa arched, apex well marked but obtuse ;
termen highly sinuous, convex below apex, concave in the middle.
then angulate at or below apex of vein 2; tornus obtuse, dorsum
slightly convex; cell open; upper discocellular minute, middle
short, bent inwards, lower absent ; veins 8, 9, 10 out of 7,11 free,
9 touching 10, 10 touching 11 but no anastomosis. Hind wing:
SEPHISA. 245
costa slightly arched; termen rounded, scalloped; tornus well
marked; dorsum convex, slightly emarginate above tornus; cell
open. Antenne long, massive; club gradual, slightly flattened,
blunt at apex; palpi short, porrect, third joint short, conical,
acute at apex ; eyes naked ; intermediate and posterior legs short,
femora and tibie subequal.
Sephasa is very closely allied to Huripus ; the points of difference
are, however, noted in the key to the genera.
Key to the forms of Sephisa.
a. Discal series of spots on upperside of fore wing
in both sexes orange-yellow ..........-..... S. dichroa, p. 245.
b. Discal series of spots on upperside of fore wing
in ¢ white, in 2 white with lower spots some-
SMRPSOMTE ROA or vloeekh lice Re dae ah ue eee ee S. chandra, p. 246.
- 270. Sephisa dichroa, Kollar (Limenitis), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844,
pt. 2, p. 429, pl. 8, fies. 1,2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 47,
pl. 20, tig. 93 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 26, pl. 197,
figs. 1, la-le, 5 Q, larva & pupa.
3. Upperside black ; fore wing with the following tawny-yellow
markings : an oblique spot with sinuous margins across cell, a short
streak in middle of interspace 1 a, four large spots round a quadrate
black area on the disc, three elongate oblique spots above them, not
reaching the costa, three subapical smaller spots and a more or less
obscure, sometimes partially obsolescent series of subterminal spots.
Hind wing: the dorsal margin to vein 1 dull ochraceous ; a broad
streak in the cell and narrower streaks in the interspaces with a
curved subterminal series of more or less quadrate spots beyond
rich tawny yellow; lastly, two dusky-black spots in cell, an inner
bluish small spot in interspace 2 and a line of obscure pale
terminal markings. Underside similar, with similar markings, but
the terminal series of markings on both fore and hind wing more
distinct ; the cell-spot and four large discal spots on the fore wing,
the dorsal margin and subterminal series of spots on the hind
wing only yellow; the rest of the markings bluish white, with, in
addition, some bluish-white spots at the base of the wings and
similarly-coloured streaks at the apex of the fore wing. Antenne
black; head, thorax and abdomen above black, beneath bluish
white.— 2 similar, the markings paler, the subapical three and
generally the subterminal series of spots on fore wing white.
Hap. 6 2 64-77 mm. (2°54-3'1").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaun.
Larva. Green, attenuate towards anal segment, latter with two
apparently pointed tails, head with two pale ochraceous branched
processes, the anterior segments with two subparallel pale yellow
dorsal lines, followed on the posterior segments with oblique
streaks of the same colour; the streaks on the 6th and 9th seg-
ments end in a pair of pointed flaps or projections with a
crimson spot between them.
246 NYMPHALID A,
Pupa. “ Emerald-green, covered with a white powdery bloom.
In general appearance it 1s somewhat boat-shaped .... sides com-
pressed, and the back highly arched and keeled.” .
The above descriptions of larva and pupa are condensed from
Major Harford’s MS. notes as given by Dr. Moore in his ‘ Lepi-
doptera Indica.’
271. Sephisa chandra (PI. VI, fig. 44), Moore (Castalia), Cat. Lep.
Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1858, p. 200, pl. 6a, fig. 4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 46: Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 29, pl. 198, figs. 1,
Tig (sy SIS oy US) ileal elle, &.
3: Upperside deep velvety black. Fore wing with a curved
median series of four large rich tawny-yellow spets, followed by
an oblique discal series of five, and two preapical smaller snow-
white spots, and an obscure subterminal sinuous row of blue dots.
Hind wing with the markings as in S. dichroa, but of a richer
deeper tawny yellow, the dorsal margin to vein 1 greyish or
purplish white. Underside similar, with the following additional
markings :—Fore wing: blue spots at bases of interspace 1 and
discoidal cell, three minute blue spots beyond, tawny-yellow spot
in cell, and a double subterminal row of brilliant blue spots, the
apical three or four elongate, the posterior more or less lunular.
Hind wing as in S. dichroa, but the terminal series of spots larger
and brilliant blue. Antennez black; head, thorax and abdomen
black above, spotted with blue and pale ochraceous beneath.
Q@ polymorphic. rst form.—Upperside similar to that of the
male, but the ground-colour and markings paler, the latter in the
cell and interspaces of the hind wing are white washed with
ochraceous. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢.
Second form.— Upperside similar to that of the 3, but on the
fore wing only the uppermost of the median series of spots
yellow, the others and the whole of the markings on the hind
wing white. Underside as in the 3, but the posterior spots of
the median and discal bands of the fore wing and the markings on
the hind wing more or less as on the upperside; a few of the
spots washed with ochraceous.
Third form.—Upperside: the ground-colour of the same dark
rich shade as in the g, the uppermost spot of the median series
yellow, the rest of the spots and the markings on the hind wing
blue. In most specimens the markings in the cell absent, those
in the interspaces faint and much restricted. One specimen from
Sikhim has a broad white preapical bar on the fore wing. Under-
side. Fore wing as on the upperside. Hind wing: a spot in the
cell, a subcostal spot and the inner half of some of the postdiscal
series of spots ochraceous, the rest of the markings faintly bluish
white.
Exp. & 9 88-100 mm. (3°45-3:94").
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim and eastward through the hill-ranges of
Assam to Upper Burma and Siam.
NEUROSIGMA. DF
Genus NEUROSIGMA.
Acontia, Westw. (nec Horsf.) Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 76.
Neurosigma, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 615 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 150; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 78.
Type, V. doubledayz, Westw., from Sikhim.
Range. From Sikhim eastward through the hiil-ranges of
Assam to Burma.
3 2. Closely allied in structure and neuration to Dophla (p.255),
but the discoidal cells in both fore and hind wing are comparatively
longer; in the fore wing the lower discocellular is slightly sinuous,
not strongly concave, and in the hind wing more oblique, also
vein 7 is distinctly closer at base to vein 6 than to vein 8. The
type of coloration, however, is very distinct from that of any
Dophla, the ochraceous or white ground-colour being covered by
_a striking pattern of spots, bars and streaks of black.
Two forms only are recorded, both occurring within our limits.
Key to the forms of Neurosigma.
a. Ochraceous colour on upperside of fore wing
confined to base of cell and bases of inter-
SPacece lar ance Ae. 2 ote a at siiel ah hte Gettin, 6c akt 4 N. doubledayt, p. 247.
6. Ochraceous colour on upperside of fore wing
extended to termen below vein4 ........ N. fraterna, p. 248.
272. Neurosigma doubledayi, Westwood (Acontia), Cab. Orient. Ent.
1848, p. 76, pl. 37, fig. 4 2 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99,
Pavopl ks hosvly Nab) oY.
Adolias siva, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
1, 1850, p. 291; de N. (Néurosigma) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 151,
pl. 19, fig. 80 ¢.
3. Upperside white with a faint stramineous tint. Fore wing:
basal half of interspace 1, the extreme base of interspace 2, and
the lower half of cell extending to a little beyond its apex light
orange ochraceous ; three large spots in basal half of interspace 1,
three irregular transverse bars across cell with two spots beyond,
a discal and a postdiscal transverse series of continuous lunules,
the costa, apex, termen and dorsum black; the costa with a
streak of ochraceous at base and two slender white streaks near
the apex, dorsum with a postmedial white slender streak. Hind
wing: veins 1 @ and 1 margined with black ; a series of subcostal
transverse bars, two crossing cell, a zigzag discal mark and the
terminal third of the wing black, the last with two curved series
of white spots. Underside similar, the black markings narrower.
Antenne and head black ; thorax and abdomen black, marked with
ochraceous and white; beneath ochraceous white.—Q similar;
differs in the comparatively broader black markings and in the
ochraceous colouring at the bases of interspaces 4 and 5 on the
hind wing.
Eup. & 2 84-108 mm. (3°3—4:25").
Hab. Sikhim ; through the hills of Assam to Burma.
248 NYMPHALIDE.
273. Neurosigma fraterna, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 80,
pl. 218, figs. 2, 2a, S.
Adolias siva, Moore (nee Westw.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 85.
3. Very closely resembles VV. doubledayi, but on the fore wing
the ochraceous-orange colour is darker and covers the whole ot
the wing up to the discal lunular band, extending beyond it, below
vein 4, to the terminal black margin, interrupted only by the black
markings. On the hind wing the ochraceous colour occupies the
cell, extending beyond it in interspaces 2 to 6, up to the black on
the terminal third of the wing. Female unknown.
Exp, & 82-100 mm. (3°24—3:94").
Hab. Bhutan; Assam and Chittagong hills.
Genus DICHORRAGIA.
Adolias, pt., Felder, Hin Neues Lep. 1861, p. 34.
Dichorragia, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 614; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 141; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 74.
Type, D. nesimachus, Boisduval.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region: in the Himalayas from Kulu to
Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to China and
to the Malayan Subregion as far as Amboina and Ceram.
3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular; costa evenly arched, apex
obtuse, termen and dorsum nearly straight, tornus rounded ; cell
closed, a little under half length of fore wing ; upper discocellular
minute, middle very little less than lower, deeply concave, lower
slightly concave ; vein 3 from just before lower apex of cell, 10
and 11 free. Hind wing subquadrate, costa nearly straight, apex
rounded; termen arched, scalloped, tornus rounded, dorsum arched ;
cell closed, comparatively long; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of
cell; the discocellulars oblique ; vein 7 nearer 6 than 8, vein 8
reaching apex; precostal spur straight, simple, truncate at apex.
Antenne long, over half length of fore wing; club long, gradual;
palpi obliquely porrect ; eyes slightly hairy.
A single wide-spread form, the type of the genus, is found
within our limits.
274. Dichorragia nesimachus, Botsduval, Crochard’s edit. Cuv. Rég.
Anim., Ins. ii, 1836, pl. 189 bis, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 14], pl. 19, fig. 82; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 75,
pl. 217, figs. 1, la, dQ.
3 2. Upperside dark green, the apex and terminal margin of
fore and anterior third of hind wing purplish black. Fore wing:
cell and wing posteriorly up to vein 4+ with green basal and
outward white spots, a discal oblique series of narrow stripes from
costa to interspace 4, a postdiscal transverse row of white spots
succeeded by a series of slender white stripes forming inwardly-
DICHORRAGIA.—STIBOCHIANA. 249
pointed loops, and a subterminal row of minute transverse white
spots ; the row of white slender loops in the @ is doubled, and
sometimes also in the ¢. Hind
wing: apex of cell and disc of wing
with bluish-green spots; the an-
terior subcostal spot large and
white ; a postdiscal series of elongate
oval velvety-black spots, succeeded
by a series of slender white loops
and beyond by a row of slender
transverse white spots as on the
fore wing, the space enclosed by
the loops and the outer row of
transverse white spots or short
lines velvety black. Underside:
fore wing purplish black; hind
wing dull opaque black ; the mark-
Fig. 49. ings much as on the upperside but
Dichorragia nesimachus. +. larger, more clearly defined, except
the spots on the disc of the hind
wing, which are obscure. On the fore wing the spots in the cell
join and form prominent transverse purplish-biue bars, and on
the hind wing the postdiscal series of velvety-black spots are
more conspicuous. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull
black.
Exp. 5 2 76-88 mm. (38-3:48").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; the hill-ranges of
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Sub-
region, China and ? Japan (Leech).
Genus STIBOCHIANA.
Adolias, pt., Felder, Ein Neues Lep. 1861, p. 35.
Stibochiana, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 614; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 120; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 76.
Type, S. coresia, Hubner, from Java.
Range. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; the hill-ranges
of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Western China
and the Malayan Subregion.
3 Q.I1 have retained this genus, following Messrs. Butler,
Moore, and de Nicéville, but it is very closely allied to Dichorragia.
The only structural difference I can find is that in Stibochiana
the discoidal cell in both fore and hind wings is very much
shorter proportionately than it is in Dichorragia, measuring barely
a third of the length of the fore wing. In shape and weuration
of the wings, in length and form of the antenne and palpi, and in
possessing hairy eyes, Stebochiana is identical with Dichorragia.
As in that genus, only a single form is recorded from within our
limits.
250 NYMPHALIDE.
275. Stibochiana nicea (Pl. VI, fig. 46), Gray (Adolias), Zep. Ins.
Nepal, 1833-46, p. 13, pl. 12, fig. 1; Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p.614 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 120, pl. 19, fig. 81; Moore, Lep. Ind.
il, 1896-99, p. 77, pl. 217, figs. 2,2.4,26, dQ.
3. Upperside deep velvety black. Fore wing: cell with three
somewhat obscure light blue transverse short lines, a curved series
of four discal and of five postdiscal minute white spots anteriorly,
and a complete series of subterminal similar spots, bordered
inwardly by a row of paired blue marks on each side of veins 1
to 6. Hind wing: a postdiscal blue transverse’ sinuous line
not reaching the costa or dorsum, followed by a subterminal series
ot blue circular marks with black centres, their rims outwardly
snow-white. Cilia of both fore and hind wing white, alternated
with black on the fore, continuous on the hind wing. Underside
purplish black. Fore wing: the cell-marks better defined, the
discal and postdiscal series of spots sinuous, each of seven spots ;
the subterminal row of spots as on the upperside, but larger, the
line of blue paired marks on the veins bordering the subterminal
row on the inner side above absent. Hind wing: three obliquely
placed subbasal spots and a transverse sinuous line of discal spots
blue, followed by a series of five or six postdiscal dots and a
subterminal line of transverse inwardly crescentic bars in the
interspaces lilacine white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black.— @ . Similar, but on the upperside the ground-colour dull
black suffused with green, the cell-markings and the inner
subterminal paired spots on the fore wing and the postdiscal
sinuous band on the hind wing metallic green. Underside:
ground-colour fuliginous black, the markings as in the ¢ but
larger.
Kap. 3 2 72-80 mm. (2°85-3:18").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim ; the hill-ranges of
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Western China.
Genus ABROTA.
‘A brota, Moore. Cat Lep., Mus. 2. I. C..1,-185%, py i ioemdes
Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 182 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 81.
Type, A. ganga, Moore, from Sikhim.
Range. Limited spparently to Sikhim and Bhutan.
3 2. Fore wing: costa moderately arched, termen slightly con-
cave ; tornus rounded, dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell not half length
of fore wing; upper discocellular minute, middle <-shaped with
a short spur at the angle, lower very slender, obtusely angulated
inwards; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, 10 and 11 free.
Hind wing subtriangular, cell open; veins 5 and 6 approximate
at base, 7 midway between 6 and 8. Antenne about half length
of wing; club slender, long and gradual; palpi broad, with the
third joint very short, acute ; eves naked.
ABROTA. Poi
Key to the forms of Abrota.
a. 6. Discal and subterminal transverse black bands
on upperside of hind wing wellapart. 2: yeliow
transverse bands on hind wing comparatively
narrow, under 95 mm. in breadth ............ A. ganga, p. 251.
6. 3. Discal and subterminal transverse black bands
on upperside of hind wing close together, sepa-
rated only by a narrow yellow line. @: yellow
transverse bands on upperside of hind wing
comparatively broad, over 95 mm. in breadth .. A. gumna, p. 252.
276. Abrota ganga, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 178,
pl. 6a, fig. 1, ¢ only ; zd. Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 81, pl. 219,
ios aie De
? Papilio mirus, abr. Ent. Syst. 11, 1793, pt. 1, p. 48.
Abrota mirus, de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 183, pl. 24, fig. 110, 9 only.
3. Upperside rich ochraceous. Fore wing: cell with a sub-
costal spot and the discocelluiars defined in black; dusky-black
markings along the upper edge of cell joining a large oblique,
somewhat diffuse black patch beyond its apex, this patch extending
to vein 4, there bent acutely inwards and continued as an inwardly
Fig. 50.—Abrota ganga. 3.
oblique zigzag diffuse band; beyond this, a very incomplete post-
discal row of black diffused markings, followed by a subterminal,
similarly diffused, black, transverse, somewhat lunular band ; costal
and terminal margins and apex black. Hind wing crossed by a
basal, a discal, a subterminal and a broader terminal black band ;
bases of both wings irrorated with dusky-black scales. Underside
paler yellow. Fore and hind wings with a common, anteriorly
broad, inwardly oblique, discal fascia, a row of somewhat obscure
postdiscal spots and a lunular subterminal obscure band chestnut-
red. Fore wing: basal portion inside of the discal band with a
medial and a terminal celi-bar and a transverse highly sinuous
band beyond of the same colour. Hind wing: basal area inside
the discal band with two slender rings, followed by a sinuous
transverse irregular line, chestnut-brown. Antenne, head, thorax
252 NYMPHALIDA.
and abdomen dark brown, somewhat ochraceous on the abdomen ,
beneath very pale ochraceous.— 9. Upperside black. Fore wing
with the following yellow, sometimes orange, markings :—a
streak in lower half of cell produced well beyond its apex and
interrupted only by the black margins of the discocellulars; a
spot below its apex at base of interspace 3; a much-curved inter-
rupted discal band of spots (three anteriorly outwardly oblique,
three posteriorly inwardly oblique), no spot in interspace 3; a
subterminal incomplete irregular band from vein 5 to dorsum,
and two preapical spots, these last white. Hind wing with a
subbasal and a postdiscal orange-yellow band. Underside purplish
red shaded with pale purple; the cell of fore wing yellow, with
two transverse bands of the ground-colour, the yellow curved
diseal band and subterminal band less distinct than on the upper-
side. Hind wing with the yellow subbasal and postdiscal bands
as on the upperside, but less well-defined.
Kxp. 3 2 78-92 mm. (3:07-3°62”).
Hab. Sikbim.
277. Abrota jumna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 764, g only; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 184, pl. 24, fig. 110, ¢ only ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 83, pl. 219, fies. 2,24, 5 Q.
Abrota ganea, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, FE. I. C.i, 1857, p. 178,
pl. 6a) tie! 1, 2 only.
3 @. Closely resembles A. ganga in both sexes and also on the
upper and under sides, but in the ¢ the ground-colour on the
upperside is paler, and on the hind wing the discal and subterminal
bands are very close together, separated only by a sinuous line of
the ground-colour. In the @ the yellow bands on the upperside
are distinctly broader, especially on the hind wing, so that the
black interspaces of the ground-colour are conspicucusly narrowed.
Underside in both sexes similar to the underside in A. ganga.
Exp. S$ 2 80-98 mm. (3°13-3°88").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan.
Genus SYMPHADRA.
Sympheedra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 39; de N. Butt.
Ind. 11, 1886, p. 185.
Lexias, Boisduval, Voy. Astr., Lép. 1832, p. 125.
Adolias, pt., Bowsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1836, pls. 5 & 8.
Type, S. wropus, Linn., from the Moluccas.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 @. Fore wing short, broad, triangular ; costa strongly arched,
apex obtusely pointed, termen straight, tornus obtuse, dorsum
straight ; cell closed, veins 6 and 7 from a point, hence upper
discocellular nearly obsolete, middle strongly concave, short, lower
three times as long as the middle one, slender, concave ; vein 9 out
of 7 from opposite the middle of the costa, 10 and 11 free, 10 from
upper third of subcostal, 11 from middle of subcostal, anastomosed
with 12 towards apex. Hind wing subquadrate, costa arched,
SYMPH_EDRA. Ze
apex obtuse, termen slightly arched and scalloped; cell open;
vein 7 equidistant from 6 and 8. Antenne very long, considerably
more than half length of fore wing; club long, gradual, obtuse at
apex ; palpi short, porrect, third joint short, conical ; eyes naked ;
tibize and femora of intermediate and posterior legs scaled, subequal.
Key to the forms of Symphedra.
So.
Band on termine! margin on upperside of fore
wing broad, extending to margin, metallic
ereomumicolour i SO aay oa ga S. dirtea, p. 253.
}. Band on terminal margin on upperside of fore
wing much narrower and shorter, not ex-
tending to margin, metallic blue or green. [p. 254.
a’. Underside : ground-colour rich indigo-green. Race cyanipardus,
6’. Underside: ground-colour dark ferruginous. Race khastana,p.254.
2g.
a. Spots on upperside of fore wing ochraceous .. WS. dirtea, p. 253.
b. Spots on upperside of fore wing pale bluish
a.
i
white.
a’. Underside: ground-colour of hind wing [p. 254.
TOUTS) ara vey OVNI: Rie ks Sn Rae Se eS Race cyanipardus,
b'. Underside: ground-colour of hind wing
GCMEACE OS eythane, Teoma! etna eel gc’ bone Race khasiana, p. 254,
278. Symphedra dirtea, Fudr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, pt. 1, 1793,
p- 59; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 189; Moore (Adolias), Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 68, pl. 218, figs. 2,2a, 6 Q.
Race cyanipardus.
Sympheedra cyanipardus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p.613; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 190, pl. 21, fig. 96, ¢ 2; Moore (Adolias), Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 71, pl. 215, figs. 1, 1a, 16, 3 Q.
Race khasiana (Pl. V, fig. 34).
Sympheedra khasiana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 284;
Moore (Adolias), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 70, pl. 214, figs. 1,
lale dQ.
3. Upperside rich velvety black. Fore wing with some rather
obscure small pale ochraceous spots at base below cell and in one
or two of the interspaces ; a row of similar better-defined spots
along the costal margin; the preapical spot whitish; terminal
marein with a broad band of greenish blue, decreasing in width
from tornus to apex. Hind wing: a much broader band on
terminal half of wing, anteriorly metallic blue, not reaching the
margin, posteriorly green, diffusedly extending right up to the
margin; this band traversed by a subterminal row of black spots ;
abdominal fold dusky black; cilia of both wings black alternated
with white. Underside rich ochraceous. Fore wing: interspaces
1, la, and terminal half of 2 purplish black ; an S-shaped mark
in cell, two spots on the discocellulars, discal, postdiscal and
subterminal series of spots ochraceous white; none of the series
254 NYMPHALID&.
is complete, one or more spots in each being absent. Hind wing:
four spots in cell and a curved series of spots in the interspaces
beyond, ochraceous white ; the subterminal series of black marks
of the upperside showing indistinctly through. Antenne black,
ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen black, beneath
ochraceous.— @ . Upperside fuliginous black spotted with ochraceous
black as follows:—Fore wing: interspace 1 with two or three
spots and short streaks, a spot in cell and two on the discocellulars,
a series of spots along the costal margin, a discal curved series
of four spots, a postdiscal inwardly oblique series of seven spots,
and a subterminal more obscure series of paired short streaks.
Hind wing: two lines of ochraceous spots crossing the wing from
the dorsal margin, followed by a postdiscal series of double cres-
centic marks, enclosing more or less detached round spots of the
dark ground-colour, and a subterminal series of short paired
streaks as in the fore wing. Underside: fore wing fuliginous
black ; hind wing bluish green, the spots and markings as on the
upperside ; the apical half of the fore wing with a suffusion of
greenish scales. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen
brownish black spotted with yellow ; beneath ochraceous white.
Exp. & 86-110 mm. (3°4—4'3").
Hab. Burma and Tenasserim; the Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra ;
Borneo; Java.
Race cyanipardus, Butler.— $ 9. Closely resembles the typical
form, but is very much larger and differs as follows:— do. Upper-
side: the spots on fore wing greenish white, the metallic green
band on the terminal margin very much narrower, shorter and
subterminal, not reaching the margin; on the hind wing the
broad band on the terminal half also subterminal throughout its
length, not extending to the margin posteriorly ; green only at
the tornal angle. Underside : the ground-colour rich dark indigo-
green, the spots on the fore wing much fewer in number, confined,
except a prominent preapical white spot, to the cell and disc; on
both fore and hind wing all the spots are bluish green, not
ochraceous. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; thorax
and abdomen beneath brownish. The femaie resembles the
typical form more closely than does the male, the ground-colour
and arrangement of the spots and markings being almost identical ;
the latter are, however, bluish not ochraceous.
Exp. 3 & 111-142 mm. (4:4-5°6").
Apparently confined to the hill-ranges of Assam.
Race khasiana, Swinhoe.—Has the appearance of a small form
of cyanipardus, differing in both sexes from dirtea in the manner
that cyanipardus differs. It can be distinguished, however, from
cyanipardus by its smaller size; in the g on the upperside the
fore wing is without spots, the subterminal band is blue not
sreen, the band on the hind wing is violaceous anteriorly,
merging into blue posteriorly, and on the underside the ground-
colour is a rich dark ferruginous. The female more closely
resembles the 2 of cyanipardus on the upperside, the spots being,
DOPHLA. 255
as in that race. bluish white, and not ochraceous as in dirtea. On
the underside, however, the ground-colour is rich ochraceous.
Exp. & 2 80-112 mm. (3°15-4-41' ).
Hab. Sikhbim; Bhutan; hill-ranges of Assam.
Genus DOPHLA.
Adolias, pt., Felder, Hin Neues Lep. 1861, p. 35.
Kiuthalia, pt., de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 191.
Dophla, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 33; id. Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p. 103.
Bassarona, Rangasa, Limbusa, Mahaldia, Zalapia, Labranga, Moore,
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, pp. 59, 65, 130, 182, 1385 & 139.
Type, D. evelina, Stoll, from Ceylon.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
$ 2. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, apex rounded and
produced ; termen deeply concave below apex, then convex;
tornus rounded, dorsum straight; cell closed ; upper discocellular
very short, middle and lower together concave, the latter very
slender ; vein 3 from just before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 9
from basal third of vein 7, 10 and 11 free, from apical half of
subcostal vein. Hind wing: costa arched at base, then nearly
straight, apex broadly rounded, termen convex, dorsum arched,
tornus slightly produced ; cell slenderly closed, very short, about
one-third length of wing; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell.
Antenne long, over half length of wing; club slender; palpi
broad, third joint very acute; eyes naked.
Key to ihe forms of Dophla.
A. Upperside ground-colour: ¢§ dark brownish
black; Q similar or paler brown. -
a. White or yellowish-white macular discal
band crossing wings complete, slightly
curved ; underside ground-colour ochra-
ceous brown.
a’, Without a crimson spot at tornal angle
of hind wing.
a>. Anterior three spots of discal band
smmaller(thane Testy ss 6 piss 2's 26s DT iCuid pa 2.
b>. Anterior three spots of discal band
in ¢ smaller than rest; in 9 of
equal size with rest or larger...... Race teutordes, p. 258.
6’, With a crimson spot at tornal angle of
hind Witte see ate caer a pate Race recta, p. 258.
b. White or yellowish-white macular discal
band crossing wings: ¢ complete; 9 in-
complete and with spots separate.
Underside either ochraceous white or
pale lilacine grey.
a. S$ underside pale ochraceous white ;
© discal band not continued below
interspace 4 on hind wing .......... D. goodrichi, p. 258.
b'. 2 underside pale lilacine grey; 9
macular discal band confined to fore
SWAIN Sel) eo aN coe ee ey eatans lane a. FSU Race gupta, p. 259.
256 NYMPHALID®.
B. Upperside ground-colour some shade of
green.
a. Fore wing: upperside without a crimson
spot in cell.
aw. Fore and hind wings with a broad,
slightly curved snow-white discal
band.
a>. Lateral margins of discal band on
hind wing sinuous .... arane}
. Lateral margins of discal band on
hing wine 6ven on ./ J jae. ‘
u'. Fore wing only with an “oblique white
or whitish discal band. Hind wine
without a complete discal band.
a>. d: upperside of hind wing with a
broad yellow patch anteriorly ; 9°:
underside of fore wing with the
whole posterior area up to inter-
space 2 purplish black). -)2 2.27.5 +
b°. J: upperside of hind wing without a
broad yellow patch anteriorly; 9:
underside of fore wing without any
purplish black, or such colour much
restricted.
a’. Fore wing: spot in interspace 2
short, broad, quadrate, subquad-
rate or round, not longer than
broad.
a*. Underside ground-colour ochra~
ceous green; g expanse over
SOs AON el ast ete eye Bhan
b*. Underside ground-colour green-
ish blue; o Bape under
GO pms eee ee Seog
°, Fore wing: spot in interspace 2
long and narrow, much longer
than broad.
a4, Hind wing: underside with white
or pale bluespots widely separate
6*. Hind wing: underside with white
or pale blue spots more or less
continuous, separated only by
the veins.
. Fore wing : interspace 1 with-
out any white spot ...... ai
6°. Kore wing: interspace 1 with
a geminate sometimes single
white spot always present in
apicalNaMes ce dan one
). Fore wing: upperside with a crimson spot
an cell.
. Fore wing: upperside 3 without a sub-
costal blue patch ; 2 without any broad
blne discalboandty cece. anne :
bo’. Fore wing: upperside 3 with a sub-
costal blue patch; @ with a broad
blue discal band’ ue gee ere sas
D. durga, p. 260.
D. duda, p. 260.
D. negra, p.. 26k.
D. sahadeva, p. 262.
Race narayana, p. 263.
D. wva, p. 268.
D, patala, p. 264. .
Race taooana, p. 264.
D. evelina, p. 265.
Race laudabilis, p. 265
DOPHLA. DASE
C. Upperside ground-colour rich hair-brown,
no shade of black.
a. Fore wing: upperside with a crimson spot
ay GIL a cag es pean Sie etme eee tes D. derma, p. 266.
6. Fore wing: upperside without a crimson
Sep ance (Mey. Nice tans siicyaytfeters © «ays sta vious Hye D. dunya, p. 266.
279. Dophla teuta, Doubleday (Adolias), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. ii, p. 291, pl. 44, tig. 2 ¢; de N. (Sympheedra)
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 187; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 60, pl. 210, figs. 1, la,16, dQ.
Race teutoides.
Sympheedra teutoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 188; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99,
p. 61, pl. 210, figs. 2, 24,26, 5 2.
Race recta.
Symphedra recta, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 188; Moore
(Bassarona), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 64, pl. 212, figs. 3,
3a ;
ao monilis, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 64, p]. 212,
figs. °2, 2a, 5.
3. Upperside very dark blackish brown. Fore and hind wings
with a comparatively broad cream-coloured discal band composed
of a continuous series of more or less rectangular spots in the
interspaces, separated broadly on the fore wing by the veins;
the inner margin of the spots on the hind wing even, on the fore
wing irregular, their outer margin obtusely angulated on the
hind wing, irregular on the fore wing; the series of spots on
the fore wing extends up to interspace 6, which has also a second
spot nearer the apex; the spots on this wing decrease in size
anteriorly. Underside pale brown, the basal area on fore wing
below cell, a postdiscal diffuse shade on both fore and hind wing,
broadening on the fore wing near tornus, darker brown; the
discal yellowish-white band across both wings and the preapical
spot on the fore wing as on the upperside, but defined on both
sides by fine reddish-brown lines, continuous on tke hind wing,
encircling each spot on the fore wing. Cell of fore wing with a
medial round spot and an apical transverse narrow bar, crimson,
both prominently defined by black lines ; cell of hind wing with a
similar but much narrower transverse bar; finally, a postdiscal
row of short black streaks in the middle of the interspaces on
both fore and hind wing.— 2. Uppersede: ground-colour similar to
that in the 3, but much paler on terminal half of wings beyond
the discal band; discal band as in the 3, but pale bluish white,
its inner margin on the hind wing crenulate. Fore and hind
wings with a postdiscal series of large lunular spots dark brown.
Underside as in the ¢, but with a purplish tint, the transverse
discal band defined with dark not reddish brown, the interspaces
VOL. I. S
258 NYMPHALID®,
on the hind wing, inside the postdiscal series of black spots, touched
with pale purple.
Exp. & 2 82-98 mm. (3:23-3°78"). #
Hab. Recorded from Assam ; Sylhet; Khasi Hills ; Arrakan.
Race teutoides, Moore.— ¢ 9. Differs from the typical form on
the upperside in the slightly straighter discal band; on the wnder-
side by the paler ground-colour and by the crimson cellular marks
being represented only by a few diffuse scales—@Q. Upper-
side much paler than in D. teuta, the spots composing the discal
band acutely pointed on the outer side, the anterior two spots
on the fore wing elongate, very large, the posterior two on
the same conspicuously smaller, and narrowed transversely.
Underside paler, the lilacine tint on the terminal half of the wings
more decided. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the
sexes of the typical form.
Exp. 3 2 72-88 mm. (2°83-3:45").
Hab. S. Andamans.
Race recta, de Nicéville, is a closely allied but sufficiently
distinct form. It is doubtful, however, whether it is more than a
well-marked race, possibly a dimorph of teuta. ¢ 9. Upperside:
differs from that of the typical form as follows :—Discal band on
both fore and hind wings with the inner and outer margins more
even, barely smuous. Hind wing with, in the ¢, one, in the ?
two crimson dots always present on the tornal angle. Underside :
ground-colour a more uniform deep purple-brown, the black
edgings to the discal band, especially in the 9, strongly defined,
the crimson cellular marks on the fore wing as in the typical
form, the crimson dots at tornal angle of hind wing as on the
upperside.
Exp. 3 2 74-93 mm. (2°94-3-7").
Hab. Assam; Siam.
This form probably occurs also in Burma, though it has not yet
been recorded from that country.
280. Dophla goodrichi, Distant (Kuthalia), Entomologist (January), —
1886, p. 11 9; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 63,
pl. 212, figs. 1, la, dQ.
Euthalia bellata, Distant (nec Druce), Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 436,
pl. 37, fig. 4 ¢, & pl. 43, fir. 12 9.
Race gupta.
2a-20,5 2.
Bassarona ira, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 61, pl. 211,
nos. alae
3. Closely resembles D. teuta S. Upperside differs in the
spots that compose the macular discal band crossing the wings being
outwardly more pointed and the three anterior spots very small.
Underside differs in the very much paler tint of the ground-
DOPHLA. 259
colour ; the bases of the wings, the costal margin preapically of
the fore wing, and the terminal half of both fore and hind wings
slightly suffused with grey. Antenne dark ochraceous; head,
thorax and abdomen very dark brown, beneath brownish white,
paler than in D. teuta 6.— 2. “ Larger and very much paler
than the male; anterior wings above with the transverse pale
spots with a slight bluish tinge, the lowermost broken and
duplex, the dark submarginal fascia (as in male) broken into a
series of spots in female, and placed in a more or less bluish-grey
area; posterior wings above with the pale spots very small, and
not extending beneath the upper median nervule, a small dark
spot at end of cell and a waved submarginal dark fascia placed on
a somewhat paler area. Wings beneath much paler than above ;
anterior wings with the spots in the cell larger and _ brighter,
greyish-white spots as above, followed by a series of dark purplish
spots, much smaller than those above; posterior wings with a
small spot in cell as above, and a discocellular spot at end of cell,
the series of pale spots as above but continued to abdominal
margin a little above anal angle, the last spot being longest, the
waved fascia above being replaced by a series of small dark spots
as on anterior wings.” (Distant.)
Eup. & 2 78-81 mm. (3°08-3°20").
Hab. Malay Peninsula, extending to the extreme south of
Tenasserim within our limits.
Race gupta, de Nicéville.— ¢. Differs from the ¢ of the typical
form in being much smaller. Upperside: ground-colour slightly
paler; the postdiscal series of dark spots on both wings more
conspicuous ; the spots composing the macular discal band with
their inner margins more even; the anterior three spots of the
band on the fore wing proportionately not so small. Underside :
ground-colour more uniform, of a pale lilacine brown, the lilac
tint iridescent, strong only in certain lights. Antenne ochra-
ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.
@. ‘ Differs from the same sex of Symphedra teuta in its
smaller size; the. upperside has the ground-colour paler. Fore
wing with the discal macular white band reduced to five decreasing
triangular spots, of which the largest is placed beneath the subcostal
nervure, the two subcostal spots obsolete, and the submarginal
diffuse spots very small. Hind wing with no trace whatever of the
broad white band present in S. ¢euta, the submarginal black dentated
band reduced to a fine dentated line with the diffused obsolescent
whitish spots above and below it in each interspace. Underside:
fore wing with the same differences as above. Hind wing with a
small white spot on the middie of the costa below the costal
nervure, followed by five discal small indistinct blackish spots, one
in each interspace, with white linear mark in continuation from
the middle of the submedian interspace to the inner margin, and
the dentate line of the. upperside obsolescent, represented by an
$2
260 NYMPHALID 2.
obscure diffuse dentate mark on the middle of each interspace.”
(de Nicéville.)
Kxp. 3 2 62-81 mm. (2°46-3:20").
Hab. Recorded from Lower Burma and Tenasserim.
281. Dophla durga, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 196; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 199; Moore
(Labranga), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 1389, pl. 246, figs. 1,
Tetons o. Ee
3 &. Upperside very dark green; a short transverse black line
and two very broad, incurved, slender black loops in cell of fore
wing; two short transverse black lines at apex of cell in hind
wing; a broad, slightly curved, pure white macular discal band
across both fore and hind wings, narrowing posteriorly and ter-
minating on vein 1 of the latter, its outer and inner margins very
sinuous and irregular, especially on the fore wing, on which the
spots in interspaces 2 and 4 project beyond the others. This
band inwardly bordered with pale blue, on the hind wing well
defined by sinuous black lines on both sides. Beyond the band
posteriorly on the fore and along its whole length on the hind
wing is a broad shading of blue extending posteriorly to the dorsal
margin of the latter. Fore and hind wings with a broad, post-
discal, dark obscure band, on the fore wing with two superposed,
preapical, snow-white, obliquely placed spots, followed by a
transverse band of the green ground-colour from apex to dorsal
margin ; on the hind wing the postdiscal band is followed by a
much narrower interrupted transverse band of pale blue; both
wings with the terminal margin velvety black ; cilia white, alter-
nated with black. Underside: the broad, white, macular discal
band as on the upperside, but on both fore and hind wings
defined by sinuous black lines; these lines somewhat obsolescent
anteriorly on the fore wing; basal area within the band bright
metallic greenish blue, this colour on the hind wing extending a
little diffusedly below and beyond the discal band ; ground-colour
of terminal portion of wings beyond the discal band dark ochra-
ceous green. Fore and hind wings with the usual basal black
markings; fore wing with the preapical white spots and post-
discal dark band as on the upperside, the latter narrower, sinuous,
much more clearly defined and broadening posteriorly ; postdiscal
band on hind wing less distinct, terminating at tornal angle in a
black ——-shaped mark. Antenne dark ochraceous brown;
head, thorax and abdomen dark greenish brown; palpi, thorax
and abdomen beneath, white.
Exp. 3 2 110-123 mm. (4°35-4°85").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan.
282. Dophla duda, Staudinger (Euthalia), Exot. Schmett. 1886, p. 152,
pl. 53; Moore (Labranga), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 140, pl. 247,
tigs. 1, la, 16, 39.
3. Very closely resembles D. durga 3. It is smaller, with a
DOPHLA. 261
proportionately narrower discal band tbat differs trom that in
D. durga in the shape and arrangement of the spots on the fore
wing as follows:—Posterior three spots diffuse, decreasing in
size upwards (in D. durga they are nearly of the same width).
On the hind wing the discal band is not bordered by black lines
and its inner and outer margins are more even. Underside:
eround-colour entirely metallic greenish blue, the terminal halves
of the wings concolorous with the basal portions within the discal
band. @ unknown.
Ezp. 3 78-80 mm. (3°08-3:11").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Khasi Hills.
283. Dophla nara, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859,
p- 78, pl. 8, fig. 1 9; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 197 ;
Moore (Limbusa), Zep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 130, pl. 240,
fizs. 2,2a—2e, 3 Q.
Adolias anyte, Hewztson, Exot. Butt. i111, Ad. 1862, pl. 2, fig. 5;
de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 198 ¢.
3 2. Fore wing differs from that of the typical form in the
more acute apex and the slightly, not deeply, concave termen.
The hind wing has the tornus more produced. 6. Upper-
side dusky olive-green. Fore wing: cell with a medial and an
apical pair of short, transverse, black, sinuous lines, the medial
pair extending into base of interspace 1; a dark-shaded very
diffuse and broad discal, somewhat curved area, margined on the
outer side anteriorly by four pale spots placed obliquely, below
these interspace 1 is broadly pale; a dark incurved postdiscal
band and a terminal slender dark line. Hind wing: the discal
dark-shaded area and postdiscal band of the fore wing continued
as diffuse discal and postdiscal bands; a large conspicuous
subcostal pale yellowish patch in interspaces 6 and 7, divided
longitudinally by vein 7, the lower portion divided transversely by
the discal band. Underside greenish ochraceous. fore wing: the
markings as on the upperside, but the pale markings are much
more clearly defined, and form a prominent, posteriorly widening,
oblique discal band. Hind wing with slender, black, loop-like basal
markings and a nearly straight pale yellow discal band, defined on
both sides by rather diffuse black lines ; the postdiscal band as on
the upperside. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen
dusky greenish ; beneath paling to yellowish.—?. Upperside
similar, but darker. Fore wing: a broad oblique discal band
from costa to interspace 2, composed of elongate detached white
spots in the interspaces, two white spots beyond, nearer apex ;
the discal dark-shaded area and postdiscal dark diffuse band as.
in the ¢. Hind wing: no discal diffuse band or yellow sub-
costal patch ; a subcostal white spot in interspace 7 and another
in 6; postdiscal dark band as in the $. Underside olive-green.
Fore wing: cellular markings, oblique white discal band, preapical
costal white spots, and postdiscal dark band as on the upperside; a.
large discal area up to bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3 purplish
262 NYMPHALID ®.
dark brown. Hind wing with the usual slender basal black
markings; a sinuous, comparatively broad, macular transverse discal
band followed by a faintly marked postdiscal dark diffuse band
as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as
in the ¢.
Exp. & 2 74-97 mm. (2°92-3°83").
Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; Assam, the Naga Hills.
284. Dophla sahadeva, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v,
1859, p. 80, pl. 8, fig. 3; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 199; Moore (Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 152, pl. 241,
figs. 1, la-le, & pl. 242, figs. 1,1la,16,¢ 9.
face narayana.
Euthalia narayana, Girose-Smuth § Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1891, Euth.
p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 4,5, 9; Moore (Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896—
99, p. 133, pl. 242, figs. 2, 2a, 2.
3 9. Shape of fore wing differs from that of the typical form
in the apex, which, though rounded, is not produced or subfalcate ;
termen only very slightly concave. Termen of both fore and
hind wing, but especially of the latter,
conspicuously scalloped. <¢. Upperside
dark velvety green. Fore wing : aslender
black circular loop at base of interspace 1;
a basal, two medial, and two apical, vel-
vety-black, short, sinuous transverse lines
in cell, the space between the medial and
apical pair of lines brownish yellow; a
broad, brownish-yellow, oblique discal
band from interspace 6 to 2 divided by
the dark veins and outwardly margined
by a pale area traversed by an ante-
riorly broad, posteriorly narrow, dark
postdiscal band, above which are two
obliquely placed subcostal spots before
Fig. 51, apex of wing, the lower spot the larger
Dophla sakadeva. and white. Hind wing: a slender loop-
like black mark at apex of cell; a
discal, outwardly pale-berdered series of from three to six
detached brownish-yellow spots, decreasing in size posteriorly,
and a black lunular postdiscal transverse fascia; cilia white
alternated with brown. Underside ochraceous green. Fore wing
with the markings much as on the upperside; interspaces 1 a
and 1 purplish black, joining on to the postdiscal black fascia,
which is diffused and ill-defined. Hind wing: the usual loop-
like slender black markings at base, the discal transverse series of
spots as on the upperside, but pale green, and the black post-
discal transverse fascia reduced to a series of diffuse spots.—
The @ differs from the ¢ as follows:—Upperside: ground-
olour darker green. Fore wing: the discal band pure white,
the postdiscal dark fascia macular. Hind wing: ground-colour
DOPHLA., 263
of terminal third paler green, the discal spots white, reduced to
two or entirely absent, and the postdiscal lunular black curved
fascia better defined. Underside similar but paler, the purplish
black in interspaces 1 a and 1 less uniform. In both sexes the
antenne are dark brown with the apex ochraceous; head, thorax
and abdomen dark green ; beneath greenish white.
Kup. 3 9 88-110 mm. (3:49-4:35),
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim ; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills.
The ground-colour in this form varies as it does in D. evelina.
Race narayana, Grose-Smith and Kirby, is known only from a
single specimen, a 9, in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith.
It is described as smaller, paler, with the white discal spots on
fore wing smaller than in the typical form. On the upperside of
the hind wing the discal spots are reduced to two, as in some
specimens of the 2 of the typical form. On the underside the
eround-colour differs; it is entirely greenish blue over both fore
-and hind wing, getting slightly paler towards the terminal margin
of the fore wing.
“Kap. 9 2-2 in.” (66 mm.).
Hab. Recorded from the Ruby Mines, Upper Burma.
285. Dophla iva, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p- 195; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 197; Moore
(Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 154, pl. 245, figs. 1, la, 9.
3 2. Upperside very dark green. Fore wing with the usual
transverse short black lines across cell, followed by a broad, curved,
obscure, black, discal, more or less diffuse band; this bears a series
of pure white elongate outwardly-pointed spots extending from
the costa to interspace 2; interspace 1 with two small white
spots, sometimes absent in the 9, and a diffuse whitish patch
near its apex ; two obliquely placed preapical white spots, followed
by an obscure, postdiscal, broad black transverse band. Hind
wing with a slender black loop-like mark at apex of cell,
discal and postdiscal obscure dark bands; the former bears
anteriorly three or four pure white spots. Underside: the greater
part of the fore wing and the apical area broadly of the hind wing
yellowish green, the base of the fore and the rest of the hind
wing greenish blue; the usual basal black markings. Fore wing:
the discal series and the preapical two white spots as on the
upperside, each spot defined narrowly in black; the greater
portion of interspace 1 purplish black; the postdiscal dark band
as on the upperside, but narrower, better defined and macular.
Hind wing with a regular curved series of six black discal spots
encircled with white, the postdiscal dark band indicated by a
row of somewhat obscure small black spots. Antenne reddish
brown, ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen dark
brownish green ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochra-
ceous white.
Exp. & 2 107-120 mm. (4°2-4°75").
Hab. Sikhim ; Manipur.
264 NYMPHALID®.
286. Dophla patala, Kollar (Adolias), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844,
p. 435; de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 196; Moore
(Zalapia), Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 135, pl. 244, figs. 1, la-Le,
ores |
Race taooana.
Adolias taooana, Moore, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 831: de N. (Euthalia)
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 197; Moore (Zalapia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-
99, p. 137, pl. 2438, figs. 2, 2a, d.
3 2. Upperside pale olive-green; basal area of wings with
the usual slender black markings. Fore wing with an oblique
white discal macular band, from costa to near apex of inter-
space 2, the spots of irregular width, the inner and outer
margins, therefore, of the band irregular, sinuous ; one or two
of the spots defined on the outer or the inner side by black;
below the band, towards apex of interspace 1, two short diffuse
transverse black obscure marks; beyond the discal band two
obliquely placed small white spots and below them a postdiscal
dark sinuous diffuse transverse band. Hind wing more uniform ;
a quadrate, outwardly emarginate, large white spot midway in
interspaces 6 and 7, and a curved, somewhat obscure, dark post-
discal band. Underside similar with similar markings, with the
addition on the fore wing of two small bluish-white spots in
interspace 1 below the termination of the discal band, and on the
hind wing three bluish-white spots in continuation posteriorly of
the white spots in interspaces 6 and 7. Antenne ochraceous
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen pale olive-green, beneath pale
ochraceous white.
Exp. S 2 100-110 mm. (38°95-4°32").
Hab. Himalayas ; Chamba to Nepal.
Race taooana, Moore, very similar to the typical form, but
larger, with proportionately larger spots in the discal band ;
eround-colour darker. On the upperside, in all the specimens
I have seen, there is a small oval white spot in interspace 1,
below termination of discal band; on the underside are two, not
one, white spots in the same position; the basal and postdiscal
black markings more prominent on both fore and hind wing ; and
on the latter an additional white spot in interspace 5 with two
dark spots in continuation in interspaces 3 and 4. Underside pale
greyish green. Hore wing with the macular discal band and black
markings as on the upperside, but somewhat blurred and paler.
Hind wing with the usual slender black basal markings, and a
discal macular pale band of five spots in interspaces 3 to 7, the
posterior three narrow. Female unknown.
Eup. & 9 115 mm. (4:54”").
Hab. The higher ranges of hills in Lower Burma and Tenas-
serim, extending into the Malay Peninsula.
DOPHLA. 265 -
287. Dophla evelina (Pl. V, fig. 37), Stoll (Papilio), Cramer’s Pap.
Exot. Suppl. v, 1790, p. 132, pl. figs. 2, 2B, 3: Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 34, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, g; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind.
ui, 1886, p. 195, ¢ only ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 104,
pl. 228, figs. 1, la-le, SQ.
Race laudabilis.
Euthalia laudabilis, Swenhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 355;
Moore (Dophla), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 104, pl. 229, fie. 1,.
larva & pupa, figs. 1 a, 16, ¢ 2; Davids. Bell § Aitk. Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 255.
EKuthalia evelina, de N. (nec Stoll) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 195,
2 only.
3. Upperside somewhat dark metallic green. Fore wing: cell
with two median sinuous short black transverse lines with a
crimson spot between them, two similar lines beyond, one before,
one after apex of cell; followed by a dark irregular transverse
- shading between the veins; apex of wing broadly and termen
narrowly edged with an obscure dark shading. Hind wing with a
slender black loop in cell; very obscure discal and subterminal
dark macular bands and the anterior third of the wing purplish.
Underside sap-green, largely suffused with plumbeous grey. Fore
wing: the transverse black slender lines and crimson spot as on,
the upperside ; a very obscure subterminal series of dark spots
parallel to terminal margin. Hind wing: three crimson spots
encircled by slender black loops near base, and a very obscure
subterminal series of dark spots in continuation of that on the
fore wing, but obsolescent posteriorly. Antenne brown; head
with a crimson streak behind the eyes; thorax and abdomen
greenish brown, beneath greyish.— 9 very similar, with precisely
similar markings above and below, but the ground-colour on
upperside paler and especially pale on the terminal halves of the
wings, in contrast with the darker basal portions.
Eep. 3& 2 83-110 mm. (3°38-4:32"),
Hab. Ceylon.
The shade of the ground-colour in this form is variable, the
females especially often have a bronzy-brown tint.
Race laudabilis, Swinhoe.—The Southern Indian continental
representative of D. evelina seems to form a very distinct race.
The male differs in the costa of the fore wing on the upperside
beyond the dark obscure discal band being broadly greyish white
with a silvery lustre up to a little distance before the apex of the
wing; this colour spreads downwards diffusely, but does not extend
below vein 6. In the female there is a similar patch, very wide
on the costa, extending as a broad transverse band with outer
diffuse and inner sinuous margin right across the wing to vein 1;
on the hind wing it is represented by a very much narrower
transverse diffuse band or irroration of grey scales. Underside,
S$ @,as in the typical form, but more densely suffused with
266 NYMPHALID 2.
plumbeous grey. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the
typical form.
Exp. & 9 93-112 mm. (3°68-4:4").
Hab. South India, from Bombay southwards.
Larva. “The larva of Huihalia laudabilis feeds on Diospyros
candolleana (Ebenacez), and is green with a vinaceous dorsal patch
on each segment, enclosing a whitish dark-centred ocellus. These
patches vary in size, those on the fourth, seventh and tenth
segments being usually the largest, and those on the fifth and
sixth small or obsolete.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘* Green, with silver spots and a bright line of the same
colour along the sides of the dorsal triangle.” (Davidson, Bell &
Aitken.)
288. Dophla derma, Kollar (Adolias), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844,
p. 436; de N. (uthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 194: Moore,
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 106, pl. 230, figs. 1, la-le, 5 Q.
Adolias eva, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 452; de N.
(Euthalia), Butt. Ind.-ii, 1886, p. 195.
3 2. Upperside rich warm brown. Fore wing with four short
transverse sinuous black lines in pairs in cell, the inner pair with
a bright crimson crescent-shaped spot between ; the space between
the inner and outer pair darker brown than the ground-colour ;
beyond cell a dark, broad, somewhat obscure, discal band of the same
tint, not reaching the costa. Hind wing: cell with transverse
short black lines and crimson spot, beyond it an obscure discal
band similar to that on the fore wing. Underside paler brown
washed with pale lilac; fore and hind wings with the usual
slender basal black markings, one crimson spot on fore wing as on
upperside, two spots on hind wing; the dark interspace between
the inner and outer pair of short transverse cellular black Imes on
upperside ot fore wing and the discal band on both fore and hind
wings indicated by the pale brown ground-colour of the wings not
overlaid with the pale lilac tint ; in addition, on fore wing similar
obscure broad transverse subterminal and terminal bands of the
ground-colour. Antenne ochraceous brown; head, thorax and
abdomen brown, the head with a line of crimson behind each eye ;
beneath pale lilacine brown.
Exp. $ 2 81-113 mm. (3°2-4:4").
Hab. Sylhet; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending far into
the Malayan Subregion.
Kollar gives Mussooree as a locality ; but D. derma has not, of
late years at any rate, been procured further west than Sylhet.
289. Dophla dunya, Doubleday (Adolias), Dblday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 291, pl. 44, fig. 3 g ; de N. (Kuthalia)
Butt. Ind, ii, 1886, p. 195; Moore (Rangasa), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 66, pl. 215, figs. 1, la, 5 Q.
3 2. Upperside rich brown. Fore wing with a subcostal black
DOPHLA.—EUTHALIA. 267
spot in middle of cell, minute white spots on both inner and outer
side, and a short reddish band at apex of cell, the latter two
margined with black; a minute spot at base of interspace 6,
another at base of interspace 8, and a discal row of spots in inter-
spaces 1, 2 and 3, white; latter varying in size but all encircled
with diffuse black. Hind wing: a dusky black short transverse bar
across apex of cell, a much curved discal row of detached white
spots, encircled with diffuse black, the anterior two much larger
than the others, quadrate and outwardly emarginate, the others
small, round or oval, the posterior four placed in a slightly con-
cave line. Both fore and hind wing with a more or less indistinct
dusky-black band of marks in the interspaces. Underside pale
green, the markings as on the upperside but very pale, the cellular
spot and band pink, the white spots paler green than the ground-
colour ; the postdiscal band of spots only more distinct than on
- the upperside, the spots connected by a diffuse shade between
- them, giving the appearance of a continuous band. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the palpi, thorax, and abdomen
beneath greenish white.
Hep. & Q 84-100 mm. (3°3-3°95”").
Hab. South Tenasserim, Tavoy and Mergui; Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Borneo.
Genus EUTHALIA.
Kuthalia, Hiibner, Verz..bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 41; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1880, p. 31; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 191; Moore, Lep. Ind.
ui, 1896-99, p. 111, pt. .
Nora, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1893, p. 44.
Saparona, Haramba, Cynitia, Kirontisa, Tasinga, Sonepisa, et
Chucapa, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1897, pp. 85, 86, 93, 100, 101,
110, & 137.
Type, £. lubentina, Cramer, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region, extending to China.
3 Q@. Fore wing typically triangular ; costa arched ; apex sub-
acute ; termen straight anteriorly, then slightly concave; tornus
well-marked, dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell to upper apex not half
length of fore wing; upper discocellular minute, middle strongly
concave, lower absent; cell open; veins 10 and 11 free, 11 often
anastomosed with 12 in one or both sexes. Hind wing more or
less subquadrate ; costa slightly arched; apex broadly rounded,
termen slightly arched; tornus generally produced, often angulated ;
abdominal fold broad, dorsum consequently much arched ; cell
open, vein 7 as close to 8 as to 6 or closer. Antenne considerably
longer than half length of fore wing; club long, narrow and .
eradual; palpi generally short, broad anteriorly, densely clothed
with scales or short scale-like hairs, third joint conical, sometimes
attenuate ; eyesnaked. Sexes generally unlike. One section with
secondary sex-mark of specialized scales at base of upperside of
hind wing in ¢.
268 - NYMPHALID”.
The shape of the wings is slightly variable in this genus ; that of:
the fore wing depends upon the apex being only subacute as in
the type form and many others, or strongly produced, falcate, and
acutely angular as in Z. anosia. Sometimes the apex of the fore
wing is truncate, as in L. lepidea and its close allies. In the hind
wing the tornus is sometimes acutely produced as in L. anosia, or
more or less rounded as in EH. appiades.
The widespread forms in this genus have one or more geo-
graphical races and are remarkable for the similarity between the
males of the typical form and of the race, while the difference
between the females of the same is very striking and almost suffi-
cient to allow of their separation as distinct forms.
Key to the forms of Kuthalia.
A. Fore wing: vein 9 emitted from middle of
veins oe
a, Sexes not similar: ¢ upperside blackish
brown with a very broad grey band on
hind wing occupying fully terminal half
of wing; 2 upperside dark brown with a
transverse inwardly-oblique darker discal
band, no terminal band on hind wing .. £. cocytus, p. 271.
b. Sexes similar: ¢ Q upperside blackish
brown with a comparatively narrow band
on hind wing occupying about terminal
third of wing.
aw Uhisyband palevorey *)). ee. sieees ) En depidea,tpe2a2.
OM nistband bright biue.,s. ve) aa: .. Race andersoni, p. 278.
B. Fore wing: vein 9 emitted from basal half of
vein 7.
a. Apical joint of palpi attenuate from base
to apex.
a. $ Q. Interspace between discal and
postdiscal transverse lines on upper
and under sides of fore and hind wings
pune wilties® Aise, BM SERIO See) cet RS 344
b'. Interspace between discal and_ post-
discal transverse lines on upperside of
fore and hind wings, in ¢ concolorous
with ground-colour of wing; in 9
more or less concolorous with ground-
colour on hind wing, paling to white
or brownish white anteriorly on fore
wing.
a*, Hind wing: 3 upperside with a blue
terminal band: @ ground-colour
underside more or less washed with
greenish blue.
4 ; ;
a’. $. Hind wing upperside: terminal
blue band comparatively narrow,
not extending on inner side beyond
postdiscal dark fascia. 2. Fore-
wing upperside: interspace be-
tween discal and postdiscal dark
E. cibaritis, p. 2738.
EUTHALIA. 269
fascize equal to space between post- | 2. appiades typical,
discal fascia and termen........ p- 274, and var.
6°, g. Hind wing upperside : terminal sedeva, p. 275.
blue band comparatively broad,
extending on inner side to beyond
postdiscal dark fascia. @. Fore
wing upperside: space between
discal and postdiscal dark fascize
less than space between post-
discal fascia and termen........ Race juli, p. 275.
b*. Hind wing: ¢ upperside without a
blue terminal band: 2 ground-colour
not washed with greenish blue .... L. jahnu, p. 276.
4. Apical joint of palpi conical, stout, not
attenuated.
a’. Fore and hind wings, upper and under
sides, with numerous crimson spots .. L. lubentina, p. 278.
b'. Fore and hind wings, upper and under
sides, without any crimson spots.
a. $ Q. Fore and hind wings: upper
and under sides crossed by a promi-
nent white or yellowish-white discal
band, band not forked or widened
anteriorly on fore wing .......... EK. france, p. 279.
6*, Fore and hind wings: upper and under
sides, g, not crossed by white discal
band; @ similar, or if white or
brownish-white discal band present,
this band either widened or forked
anteriorly on fore wing.
a*. Upperside ground-colour some
shade of brown or blackish brown;
fore wing: apex rounded or acute
but never falcate.
a‘, $ hind wing upperside with a
blue subterminal or terminal
band: 9 fore wing upperside
with a very oblique, white, dis-
cal band, or a curved series of
detached white discal spots.
a’. Fore wing upperside: ¢ with
a series of slender white
streaks beyond apex of cell;
© with a comparatively broad
white discal band, breadth of
band equal one-fifth of length
OF LOTESWANG) J6)0s er WS jokes 2 LE. phemius, p. 280.
6°. Fore wing upperside: ¢ with-
out any white streaks beyond
cell: 2 without white discal
band.
a°, Fore wing upperside: ¢ a
small patch of blue on tor-
nal angle: 2 witha curved
series of four or five white
discal spots, no spots be-
WONG eaten of Sakis ap L. telchinia, p. 281,
270 NYMPHALID-¥.
6°. Fore wing upperside:
without any blue on tornal
angle: 9 unknown.
a’. Hind wing underside :
ground-colournot washed
over with greenish blue .
6°. Wind wing underside:
eround - colour largely
washed over with green-
ish blue...... LiL. BRS
¢. Hind wing upperside without
a blue subterminal or terminal
band; 92 fore wing upperside
with a broad, more or less ver-
tical greyish or white, or very
oblique narrow discal band, or
acurved series of detached white
discal spots.
a®. Underside more or less yellow
a bright ochraceous.
, Fore and hind wing upper-
side: ¢ with a more or
less vertical broad discal
band irrorated with greyish
scales, inver margin “of this
band: on fore wing not
sinuous: Q with similar
discal band traversed by a
dark broad lunular sinuous
PAS CLAN son, 22) hence A ee
6°. Fore and hind wing upper-
side: ¢ with discal band
similar to that in typical
form, but with inner margin
of band on fore wing
sinuous: Q with narrow
brownish-whitediscal band
broadening below costa on
TOKO MWATIO YE cnet ee siate eee
6°. Underside brown, sometimes
slightly ochraceous, never
yellow.
a’. 3. Fore wing upperside with
white discal spots: 9 hind
wing underside not suffused
ee ereenish blue.
21d) o: Fore wing upper-
side: curved series of
four or five white discal
spots present..........
6’, Kore wing upperside: 3
discal white spots faint,
ill-defined, ar.d more or
less obsolescent ; under-
side ochraceous brown:
© with a very narrow
and oblique white discal
E. ziehrt, p.. 281.
L. binghami, p. 282.
Li. kesava, p. 276.
Lp.
Nace rangoonensis,
Lh. garuda, p. 282.
Dies
EUTHALIA. ial
band, breadth of band
about one-ninth length
GE VOTO WAND £56 5 ic x'onehs Race vasanta, p. 283.
c’, Fore wing upperside:
discal white spots as in
race vasanta, but under-
side suffused with lilacine
white: 92 with a broad
more or less vertical
white discal band con-
tinued on to hind wing
anteriorly, forking below
costa of fore wing .... hate acontius, p. 283.
b". g$. Fore wing upperside
without white discal spots :
© hind wing underside not
suffused or suffused with
greenish blue.
a. 6 Q. Fore wing upper-
side with a series of
slender white strealis be-
yond apex of cell. Q.
Hind wing underside not
suffused with greenish
Whwes + Syl ube eee 2058: L. gama, p. 284.
b". § 2. Fore wing upper-
side without such streaks.
a’. 3 9. Fore wing under-
sideapex touched with
pale lilac. ©. Hind
wing underside more
or less suffused with .
greenish blue ...... Li. apicalis, p. 285.
6°. ¢. Fore wing underside
apex not touched with
lilac. 9 unknown ,. £. kanda, p. 286.
b®, Upperside ground-colour greenish
grey ; fore wing faleate, apex very
PEI v oh 8 rie aly 2k oo Cee ae ate a EL. anosia, p. 286.
c®, Upperside ground-colour orange
with black markings; fore wing
apex more or less rounded...... EE. nais, p. 287.
290. Euthalia cocytus, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 29 3 ;
Moore (Cynitia), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 94, pl. 224, figs. 1,
la-ld, 3 Q@.
Adolias satropaces, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 150,
3 2; de N, (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 206.
3 9. Fore wing: apex produced, strongly falcate, costa much
arched ; apex above falcation truncate, termen below falcation
slightly concave, tornus broadly rounded, dorsum straight. Hind
wing much as in typical forms. 3. Upperside dark velvety brown.
Fore wing: the cellular area and a spot beyond with three broad
transverse bars irrorated with bluish scales, those in the cellular
272 | NYMPHALID &.
area bordered with lines of very dark brown. Hind wing: basal
half uniform. A broad terminal band on both wings commencing
below falcation on the fore wing and gradually widening up to the
dorsal margin and tornus of the hind wing, dull greenish blue.
Underside ochraceous yellow. Fore wing: cellular area crossed by
four very slender sinuous dark brown lines. Fore and hind wings
crossed postdiscally by a straight, somewhat lunular dark brown
narrow band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown,
beneath ochraceous.—@. Upperside pale brown. Fore wing:
cellular area crossed by a basal and two medial, short, sinuous,
dark lines continued irregularly below the cell, followed by two
postapical dark lines and a discal curved row of dingy white
spots as follows :—small oval spots in mterspaces 2 and 4, much
larger spots placed obliquely to the costa in interspaces 5 and 6,
with a minute spot beyond in interspace 6; a slight irroration
preapically of bluish scales, an inwardly oblique dark brown band
from apex of falcation to midway on the dorsal margin, the
termen narrowly below the falcation dark brown. Hind wing:
four transverse short lines in cellular area, a discal band in con-
tinuation of the oblique band on the fore wing, a more obscure
postdiscal incomplete band and the terminal margin broadly, dark
brown. Underside bright ochraceous yellow, the dark lines across
cellular area on both fore and hind wing and the white spots
on the fore wing as on the upperside, the latter encircled with
irrorations of black scales; a black postdiscal lunular band on
both fore and hind wing and an apical white patch on fore wing.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but paler.
Exp. 3 2 68-86 mm. (2°7-3°4").
Hab. Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Siam.
291. Euthalia lepidea, Butler (Adolias), A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868,
p- 71; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 203, pl. 19, fig. 78 3; Moore
(Cynitia), Zep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 96, pl. 225, figs. 1, la-le,
3d 2; Davidson § Aitk. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 276.
Race anderson.
Euthalia andersoni, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 18; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 208; Moore (Cynitia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p. 98, pl. 226, figs. 2, 2a2¢, GQ.
3 @. Shape of fore wing as in L. cocytus. Upperside dark
brown, paler in the 9, with very obscure black markings of
transverse lines across the cells of both fore and hind wings and an
oblique discal fascia on the fore wing; an ash-grey continuous band
along the termen of both fore and hind wings, gradually broaden-
ing from the apex of the fore, where it is very narrow, to the
tornus of the hind wing, where it covers about one-third of the
wing. In the Q this band is outwardly narrowly bordered with
brown. Cilia white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown above; beneath, the antenne ochraceous, the rest dusky
white washed with ochraceous. Underside: ¢ ochraceous brown,
BUTHALIA. De
? bright ochraceous. In both sexes the colours paler on the hind
wing; the fore wing somewhat narrowly, the hind wing much
more broadly suffused with lilacine-grey on the terminal
margins and along the dorsal margin of the hind wing; cells of
: both wings with dark brown
sinuous transverse lines and loop-
like markings; both fore and
hind wings crossed by some-
what diffuse broad discal and
narrower postdiseal dark bands,
prominent on the fore, obscure
on the hind wing. Male with a
patch of specialized dark scales
above vein + on the upperside of
the hind wing.
Exp. 3 2 70-80 mm. (2°75-
3°15").
Hab. On the continent of India
in the low hot valleys of the
Himalayas eastward from Al-
mora; in Orissa, Bengal and south-
52.—Euthalia lepidea, 9. 1. wards in the Central Provinces,
the Nilgiris, Canara, Mysore and
Travancore. East of the Bay of Bengal from Assam to the
Malay Peninsula. :
Larva. “Of the usual Luthatia form; colour green with
dorsal row of light red ocelli with blue centres; spines tipped with
yellow.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. “More narrowed at the head than E. garuda, green, all
the points golden tipped with black, and a few large spots of gold
between.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Food-plant, Melastoma malabatharicum.
Fi
g.
ka)
Race andersoni, Moore.— $ 2. Closely resembles the typical
form in the shape of the wings, in colour and markings ; but on
the upperside the terminal band on both fore and hind wing is
rich purplish blue, not grey, and in the 2 has a more or less
distinct outer edging of the ground-colour of the wings. On the
underside the resemblance is still greater, the colours only being
brighter, the markings identical.
Exp. 3 2 66-76 mm. (2°6-3").
Hab. Recorded so far only from Tavoy and Mergui in Tenas-.
serim.
292. Euthalia cibaritis, Hewitson (Adolias), A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874,
. 358; de N. (Tanecia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 223, pl. xix,
tig. 77 3 ; Moore (Saparona), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 85, pl. 220,
figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q.
3 Q. Upperside warm dark brown. Fore and hind wings with
slender black loop-like marks on the basal third, a postdiscal,
VOL: I. T
274 NYMPHALIDE.
transverse, very sinuous, broad white band followed by a subterminal
row of triangular black marks, their apices pointed inward and
bordered on the fore wing with pale brownish white; on the
hind wing in the ¢ the tornal triangular spot, in the 9 the
posterior four spots, are bordered inwardly with bluish violet. The
white band is at the costa very broad, its inner margin angu-
late or squarely indented in interspace 4. Underside, §: greyish
blue, the basal area on the fore wing below the median vein
pinkish brown, the black loop-shaped marks, the white postdiscal
sinuous transverse band and the subterminal series of black
triangular spots as on the upperside, the outermost of the loop-
shaped marks ochraceous within; the white band tinged with
pink and defined on both sides by black spots. Underside, 9:
differs as follows—the ground-colour of the fore wing is somewhat
ochraceous brown, touched here and there with bluish green;
the hind wing entirely bluish green, of a brighter, more metallic
tint than in the ¢, the terminal margin narrowly brown; the
markings as in the 3 but better defined, except the portion of the
postdiscal band on the hind wing, which outwardly is defined by a
somewhat obscure series of black lunular markings. Antenne dark
brown; head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath greenish white.
Exp. & Q 72-88 mm. (2°87-3°5"),
Hab. The Andamans, Nankauri in the Nicobars *.
4
293. Euthalia appiades, Ménétriés (Adolias), Exum. Corp. An. Mus.
Petr., Lep. ii, 1857, p. 120, pl. 9, tig. 4 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 207; cd. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 350; Moore
(Haramba), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 88, pl. 221, figs. 2, 2a,
26 :
Adoles ee Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. 1857, p. 194;. de N.
(Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 210; Moore (Haramba), Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 90, pl. 222, tigs. 1, la-le, 3 @.
Adolias sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, new ser. v, p. 68,
pl. 4, fig. 3; zd. (Haramba) Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 91, pl. 223,
nace Ika enG y
Adolias balarama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 766, pl. 41, fig. 3 3;
de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 208. ;
Euthalia khasiana, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 354 ¢.
Raee juli.
Nymula julii, Bougainville, Voy. ‘ Thetis,’ 11, 1837, p. 845, pl. 44,
figs. 4,4 bis, 9; Moore (Haramba), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 92.
Adolias xiphiones, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 609, pi. 45, fig. 6 3;
de N. (Buthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 209.
Adolias parvata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831, pl. 52, fig. 3 9.
3S. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing: basal area crossed by
five sinuous short black lines, of which the fifth defines the disco-
cellulars ; a slightly oblique discal series and an erect postdiscal
series of obscure dusky lunular markings. Hind wing: some
* Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Indian Forest Department, my indebtedness to
whom I have already acknowledged, has sent me long series of this beautiful
form from both the Andamans and the Nicobars.
EUTHALIA. 275
slender loop-shaped black marks at base and across the cell,
followed by transverse discal and postdiscal slender lunular black
lines in the interspaces and a broad terminal blue band narrowing
towards but not reaching the apex of the wing; abdominal fold
pale brown. Underside dull ochraceous; hind wing at base
suffused obscurely with olive-green, broadly posteriorly, more nar-
rowly along the terminal margin; black markings similar to but
larger and more clearly defined than those on the upperside, the
postdiscal lunular markings of the upperside forming spots below,
on both fore and hind wing, on the latter edged inwardly with
blue; no terminal blue band on the hind wing. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown ; palpi, thorax and abdomen pale
ochraceous beneath.— 2. Upperside pale brown, the dark markings
similar to those in the ¢ but larger; the obscure discal and post-
discal series of marks on the fore wing have a dull whitish mark
close to the costal margin, on the discal band outwardly, on the
postdiscal inwardly ; no terminal blue band on the hind wing.
Underside ochraceous brown; on the hind wing overlaid with
greenish blue, except narrowly along the terminal margin ;
markings as on the upperside but more clearly defined ; a large
diffuse spot of lilacine white at\apex of fore wing, the discal series
of lunules on the hind wing on a brown ground, the postdiscal
series of spots obsolescent posteriorly. :
Exp. 3 9 76-94 mm. (3-3°7").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Bhutan ;
Assam, Cachar; Arrakan; Upper Burma.
C. appiades towards the east of its range becomes highly
variable, the typical form being found as well as C. adima and
C. sedeva, which, so far as I can judge, are nothing more than
varieties.
Var. C. adima, Moore, differs as follows :—d. The blue band
on the upperside of the hind wing entirely wanting or with only
a few detached terminal spots posteriorly (=Huthalia khasiana,
Swinh.).— @ resembles the 9 of the typical form, or it sometimes
has the area between the discal and postdiscal series of markings
on both fore and hind wings paler than the ground-colour of the
rest of the wings, gradually changing into dusky white towards
the costal margin of the fore wing.
Var. sedeva, Moore.— 3. Similar to the § of the typical form,
but the ground-colour on the upperside paler, the discal and post-
discal series of markings on the fore wing closer together (this is
variable), and the intervening ground-colour slightly paler than
on the rest of the wing.— 2 either resembles the 9 of the typical
form or, as in var. adyma, has the area between the discal and
postdiscal series of markings distinctly paler, merging into two
jarge dusky-white subcostal spots on the fore wing.
Race julii, Bougainville=azphiones, Butler, is the Southern form,
and differs from typical C. appiades as follows :—d. Upperside
hind wing: the blue terminal band invariably very much broader.
T 2
276 NYMPHALIDA.
Underside hind wing: the ground-colour entirely metallic blue-
green, the black spots below the cell and in the terminal series
more distinctly margined with blue-—@ more variable; some
specimens resemble the typical form of 2 appiades, others have
the dusky-white subcostal spots between the discal and postdiscal
series of markings, but the ground-colour of the fore wing on the
underside is always brighter ochraceous than in appiades and its
varieties.
Exp. 3 2 68-78 mm. (2°68-3°07").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay
Peninsula.
294. Euthalia jahnu, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p- 192; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 211; Moore (Haramba)
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 87, pl. 221, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ @.
Adolias sananda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 76,
ple 1, fis. @ "2
3. Upperside rich purplish brown. Fore wing: basal and
subbasal transverse sinuous black lines; a dusky brown trans-
verse bar at apex of cell, defined on both ‘sides by black lines; a —
discal lunular narrow black band double from costa to vein 4, the
outer band outwardly angulate above vein 4, and then bent in-
wards and concave ; followed by an erect postdiscal similar band.
Hind wing: four transverse black lines across the cell followed by
discal and postdiscal transverse lunular curved narrow black bands ;
the abdominal fold pale brown. Underside ochraceous ferruginous,
the markings as on the upperside, but more clearly defined, the
postdiscal bands on hind wing not lunular, but formed into a series
of dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen purplish brown ;
the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath ochraceous.— 9. Upper-
side vandyke-brown, the basal markings and the postdiscal lunular
band on both fore and hind wing as in the ¢, but dark brown and
broader, the discal band much broader and diffuse inwardly ; the
area between the discal and postdiscal bands very pale brown with
a purplish gloss, in some specimens getting markedly whitish
towards its broadened costal end. Underside yellowish brown, the
markings much as on the upperside, but on the fore wing an
elongate preapical and somewhat broader apical spot, white; the
postdiscal band on the inner margin and sometimes also along the
outer margin touched with white. Hind wing: the basal half
anteriorly up to the discal band, and posteriorly below vein 4 up
to the termen, suffused with blue.
Exp. & 2 74-81 mm. (2°92-3°2").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Arrakan; Burma; Tenasserim.
?
295. Euthalia kesava, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new sev. v,
1859, p. 67, pl. 3, fig. 5, donly ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 212;
Moore (Nora), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 107, pl. 251, figs. 1,
la-ld, SQ.
Euthalia discispilota, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831 Q.
EUTHALIA, 214
Race rangoonensis.
Kuthalia rangoonensis, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 35
Moore (Nora), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 109, pl. 232, figs.
la-ld,3Q.
3. Upperside velvety black. Fore wing: cellular area with five
deeper black, short, sinuous, transverse narrow bands, and a very
broad vertical discal fascia, irrorated with greyish-blue scales, this
fascia not reaching the costa, narrowest in the middle and very
broad on the dorsal margin. Hind wing: the anterior third
with a yellowish-red tint, the cell with some obscure deep black
transverse marks, the terminal half of the wing, except a narrow
outer margin, densely irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Under-
side rich chrome-yellow, the cellular area of both fore and hind
wing with the usual transverse dark lines, a black spot at base of
interspace 1, and an ill-defined postdiscal transverse dark band on
the fore wing; the discal margin broadly of the hind wing paler
yellow than the ground-colour. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen velvety black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
yellow.— 2. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; fore and hind wings
crossed by a very broad discal pale grey band, traversed by a
narrow lunular postdiscal broad dark line ; the inner margin of the
band crenulate, marked at base of interspaces 3 and 6 on fore wing
by a white spot, the outer margin of the band diffuse ; the cellular
area of both fore and hind wing with the usual dark transverse
markings. Underside somewhat bright ochraceous ; the usual five
dark transverse short lines in cellular area of fore wing and slender
dark loops on basal area of hind wing; both fore and hind wing
with discal and postdiscal somewhat lunular and diffuse dark lines,
the former with the white spots in interspaces 3 and 6 as on the
upperside, the latter on the fore wing terminating posteriorly in a
large diffuse spot, on the hind wing faint and macular; dorsal
margin broadly washed with greyish blue. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen much as in the 6.
Exp. S$ 2 66-76 mm. (2°6-3”).
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the hill-ranges of Assam.
04;
1,
Race rangoonensis, Swinhoe.—Very closely resembles the
typical form, the males being practically identical. 92. Upperside
much paler brown, the discal fascia dingy white, not grey,
narrowed from the outside and thus having the appearance of being
farther from the terminal margin than in the typical form ; its
outer margin very sinuous and crenulate. On the hind wing the
discal fascia terminates above vein 4. Underside differs from that
of the typical form as follows: ground-colour of a paler ochra-
ceous, the broad dingy white discal band as on the upperside
but continued on the hind wing down to vein 1, the whole
basal and dorsal area of the hind wing suffused with greyish
blue.
Exp. 3 Q 62-78 mm. (2°43-3:07").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim.
278 NYMPHALIDA.
A male labelled as from Taungoo and a stunted female labelled
as collected by Limborg in Tenasserim, in the British Museum
collection, belong, the former possibly, the latter certainly, to the
kesava form, but I think both localities are open to doubt. In
two fairly long series which I have had an opportunity of examining
no true kesava 2 occurs further south than the hill-ranges in
Assam.
296. Euthalia lubentina (PI. V, fig. 33), Cramer (Papilio), Pap.
Evot. ii, 1779, pl. 155, figs. C, D; Htibner, Verz. bek. Schmett.
1816, p. 41,; Moore, Lep. Cey. 1, 1880, p. Sli) pl WG ese
la, 16, ¢ Q, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 220;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 112, pl. 233, figs. 1, 1 a-Le,
larva & pupa, 5 Q.
3. Upperside dark greenish brown. Fore wing: a bar across
middle and a bar beyond apex of cell crimson bordered with black :
a slightly oblique transverse discal series of small white spots
from costa to interspace 1, followed by a preapical curved row ot
four similar spots and a transverse subterminal series of elongate
black spots forming an obscure band. Hind wing: a crescent-
shaped black loop near apex of cell-area; a curved postdiscal
series of four or five crimson spots outwardly bordered with
black, the subcostal spot the largest, followed by a subterminal
‘series of velvety-black subquadrate spots, the anterior three and
the tornal spot outwardly crimson. Underside dark purplish
brown suffused slightly with ochraceous, the markings as on the
upperside but larger and more clearly defined, and in addition :—
fore wing: two small black spots at base; basal half of costal
margin crimson ; hind wing: four crimson spots bordered with
black at base; costal and dorsal margins crimson ; another
spot in the postdiscal series; the velvety-black spotting of the
upperside more or less obsolete. Antenne dark brown, club
beneath crimson ; head, thorax and abdomen dark greenish brown ;
beneath, the palpi and the fore legs crimson, the rest pale brown.—
Q@. Similar, paler. Upperside. Yore wing: the transverse crimson
bands in cell obscure with a broad black-bordered white band
interposed, the diseal series of white spots very large, very
irregular in shape. Hind wing: the ground-colour suffused with
greenish blue on terminal posterior half of wing; markings similar
to those of the ¢. Underside brown, the tornal halt of the
hind wing bluish green. Fore wing: the markings as on the
upperside with the addition of two small black spots at base and
an obscure broad terminal pale band. Hind wing with four
black-bordered transverse crimson spots at base in addition to the
markings as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the d, but paler; the palpi beneath with a stripe
of pink, the fore legs whitish.
Exp. 3 2 68-84 mm. (2°68-3°35").
Hab. The lower foot-hills of the Himalayas from Hardwir to
EUTHALIA. 279
Sikhim, but recorded from Mussooree, at 10,000 ft.; Oudh;
Bengal; eastward through Bhutan, Assam, Cachar to Burma,
Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. On continental
India southward from Bombay.
Larva. “ Armed with ten pairs of long, horizontally projected,
very delicately-branched spines. Colour grass-green with a dorsal
row of large purplish-brown angulated spots each with or without
a small pure white diamond-spot in its middle, these dorsal spots
placed on the anterior half of the 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th
and 12th segments ; the lateral spines green tipped with purple-
brown.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “ Green, but with two lateral brown marks, each with a
dirty-white centre and two brown points equally with whitish
centres between these and the terminating projection.” (A. Grote
apud Moore.)
297. Euthalia francie (Pl. V, fig. 35), Gray (Adolias), Lep. Ins.
Nep. 1846, p. 12, pl. 14; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 202;
Moore (Chueapa), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 138, pl. 245, figs. 1,
la-ld, 39.
3 9. Upperside dark blackish green; fore wing near tornus
and dise of hind wing posteriorly suffused with blue. Fore wing:
cellular area with the usual short transverse dark lines. Fore
and hind wings with a prominent, slightly curved, discal, macular
white band traversed by the dark veins; on the fore wing the
spot in the band at base of interspace 3 out of line, angulated
outwards ; beyond this two obliquely-placed spots in interspaces
a and 6 respectively, followed by an obscure broad dark post-
discal macular band, and a subterminal row of obscure white
somewhat diffuse spots. Hind wing with the dark postdiscal
and subterminal markings of the fore wing continued to the
tornus, the former better defined, the latter distinct only
subapically, the spots obsolescent towards the tornus. Underside
a beautiful silvery blue. Fore and hind wings with the usual
slender cellular and basal dark marks respectively; the two
oblique spots on fore wing, the discal white band and subterminal
row of white spots on both wings, as on the upperside, but the
last more continuous, forming a narrow band, all traversed
outwardly by a narrow border of pale lilac; on the fore wing the
dark postdiscal band of the upperside indicated near the tornal
angle by a large patch of dusky black, and on the hind wing by a
somewhat obscure narrow sinuous white band. Antenne dark
brown, ochraceous at apex beneath; head, thorax and abdomen
dark green, beneath pale blue.
Exp. & 2 78-111 mm. (3:07-4-4’).
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma, Ruby
Mines district and Northern Shan States.
280 NYMPHALID &.
298. Euthalia phemius, Doubleday (Itanus), wm Dblday., Westw. §
Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1848, pl. 41, fig. 4 3 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 218; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 128, pl. 238,
mals INS IG ves Sp Se
3. Upperside brown. Fore wing: the basal half and a broad
postdiscal transverse band of a darker brown than the ground-
colour; cellular area with six short transverse blackish-brown
lines, in pairs, the space between
each pair conspicuously paler ; two
spots at. base of interspace 3, and
a series of slender lines above them
in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, dingy
white, the upper three lines broadly
interrupted, their apices forming
mere dots. Hind wing: basal half
uniform ; a postdiscal pale blue band,
broad in interspace 1, gradually
narrowing to a point in interspace 5,
followed by a narrow subterminal
white band and a slender black
terminal line. Underside pale
ochraceous brown, the terminal
Fig. 53. margins of both fore and hind wing
Euthalia phemius, $. 1. somewhat broadly pale lilac, bounded
outwardly by an anticiliary black ~
line ; cilia white. Fore wing: a small circular loop at base of
interspace 1, and five short sinuous transverse lines in cellular
area black ; white spots at base of interspace 3 and the streaks
above them as on upperside ; the postdiscal broad brown transverse
band of the upperside showing as a series of much narrower
diffuse transverse spots. Hind wing with four short transverse
black lines in cellular area, and slender oval black loops at base of
interspaces 6 and 7. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark ;
beneath, the antenne excepted, ochraceous.— 2. Upperside paler
brown than in ¢, the tornus of the fore and the terminal half of
the hind wing still paler. Fore wing: cellular transverse black
lines as in the 3, followed by a broad, very oblique, discal white
band from costa to near termen at apex of interspace 2, two pre-
apical white spots and the dark brown postdiscal transverse band
as inthe ¢. Hind wing: two transverse short black lines in cellular
area and a postdiscal series of obscure transverse short broad bars
in the interspaces. Underside: ground-colour and terminal lilac
border to the wings as in the ¢, but very much paler, the oblique
white discal band and preapical spots as on the upperside; the
basal and cellular markings and postdiscal transverse dark diffuse
bands similar to those in the ¢. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen paler brown than in the ¢.
Exp. & 9 64-84 mm. (2°53-3°35”).
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan, through the hill-ranges of Assam,
Burma, and Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, extending to Siam
and China.
EUTHALIA. 281
299. Euthalia telchinia, Ménétriés (Adolias), Enum. Corp. An. Mus.
Petr., Lep. ii, 1857, p. 120, pl. 9, fig. 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, oO
p: 206 ; Moore (Kirontisa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 100, pl. 2 227,
fies. 1, la-le, og.
3 2. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, not falcate below apex,
which is slightly truncate ; termen slightly concave, tornus rounded
but very distinct, dorsum straight. Hind wing broadly pear-
shaped, the costa, apex and termen roundly curved ; tornus slightly
produced; dorsum arched, slightly emarginate above tornus.
3. Upperside dark velvety brown. Fore wing: basal area, cell and
wing beyond apex of latter crossed by broad, short, paler brown
bars, and a pale brown preapical patch. Hind wing uniform.
Fore and hind wings with a brilliant metallic blue terminal band,
commencing just above the tornus on the fore and gradually
widening to the tornus on the hind wing. Underside rich
fuliginous brown, basal area below the cell of the fore and basal
area of the hind wing with loop-like black markings; cellular
area of fore wing crossed by five transverse, short, sinuous, black
lines ; both fore and hind wing with broad, lunular, very obscure,
dark discal broad and postdiscal narrow transverse bands.—
The © curiously resembles the 2 of EF. cocytus, but apart from the
difference in the shape of the fore wing the ground-colour on the
upperside is a darker brown ; there are five not four dingy white
discal spots, the upper two and the lower two subequal; the
inwardly oblique postdiscal dark band very diffuse and much
broader. The underside is of a much paler ochraceous, but
the markings are similar, Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown in both sexes ; beneath in the ¢ pale brownish, in the
2 ochraceous.
Exp. 3 2 78-101 mm. (3°1-4”).
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Assam ; Cachar.
300. Euthalia zichri, Butler (Adolias), Cist. Ent. i, 1869, p. 6 o ;
Mist. Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 488, pl. 43, fig. 6 ¢ ; Moore, Lep
Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 126, pl. 240, figs. 1, 1a, d. y
3. Resembles HL. phemius, Doubleday, but on the upperside the
eround-colour is slightly darker, the fore wing entirely lacks the
white postcellular streaks and preapical two white spots. Hind
wing: the terminal third of the wing paler brown, traversed by a
postdiscal row of dark spots and a broad shining metallic blue
terminal band between veins 1 and 6. Underside pale brown,
the usual cellular and basal dark markings on fore and hind
wing respectively, followed by a common broad irregular dark
brown discal band; a postdiscal similar band broadening poste-
riorly on the fore wing, faint, indistinct on the hind wing,
traversed by a well-marked row of very dark brown spots.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the
antenne red; the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown.—
Female unknown.
282 NYMPHALID®.
Exp. 3 FO mm. 2-76").
fab. Recorded within our limits from Lower Burma and
Tenasserim (rare); found in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
301. Euthalia binghami, de Micéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895,
p- 264, pl. N, fig. 7, ¢ only; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p. 128, pl..239, fies. 2,24, 1G... —
3. Closely resembles £. zichri, Butler, of which it is probably
only a very dark aberration with the underside of the hind wing
more or less suffused with greenish blue. So far as I know,
the type, which was taken by myself in a pass in the Dawnat
Range in Tenasserim, is the only specimen recorded.—Female
unknown.
Hep. S$ 7 mm, (2787),
flab, Tenasserim.
The © described and referred to this form by the late Mr. de
Nicéville turns out to be the 2 of &. apicalis, Butler.
302, Kuthalia garuda, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i,
1857, p. 186, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 216; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 115, pl. 234,
figs. 1, 1 a—1 d, larva & pupa, dQ.
Euthalia merilia, Seeznhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 286.
ftace vasanta.
Adolias vasanta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 77,
pl. 7, fig. 2 2 ; ed. (Huthalia) Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 33, pl. 17,
figs.2,2a,26, 3 Q, larva & pupa; de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind.
ui, 1886, p. 217 ; Moore (Kuthalia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 120,
pl. 236, figs. 1, la-ld, g Q, larva & pupa.
Race acontius.
Adolias acontius, Hewitson, A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 357; de N.
(Euthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 215; Moore (Euthalia), Zep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 121, pl. 235, figs. 2, 2a, 28, SQ.
3. Upperside olivaceous brown. Fore wing: two transverse
short black lines at base, a black loop across middle, and another
beyond apex of cell, with their centres dark brown, followed by
an angulated discal dark brown band bordered outwardly by a
series of five white spots; two preapical white spots beyond and
a broad, somewhat diffuse, subterminal black band broadening over
the apex and angulated inwards in interspace 1. Hind wing
shaded with dark brown at base, two crescent-shaped dark brown
loop-like marks in cell; a discal series of dark brown, elongate, out-
wardly acute, inwardly diffuse, somewhat hastate spots, followed
by a subterminal series of small spots of the same colour.
Underside ochraceous brown. Fore wing: five transverse slender
black lines across cell; a black spot below median nervure; discal
and preapical white spots as on the upperside, succeeded by a
postdiscal series of somewhat diffuse crescent-shaped black marks,
EUTHALIA. 283
and a broad terminal pale lilac band not reaching the apex, bordered
narrowly along the termen with dark brown. Hind wing with
four or five slender black loops at base, a posteriorly obsolescent
postdiscal series of diffuse black marks and a subterminal series
of black dots; the termen near apex touched with pale lilac.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antenne
ochraceous at apex, the body paler beneath.— 2. Similar but of a
paler shade. Upperside: fore wing differs from that of the ¢ in
the absence of the dark discal and subterminal bands, and in the
series of discal spots being elongate, much larger. Hind wing:
the discal series of outwardly pointed black markings nearly
obsolescent. Underside similar to that of the g, but the ground-
colour more ochraceous, the markings larger, more diffuse.
Exp. & 2 68-79 mm. (2°65-3°1").
Hab. Throughout peninsular India, except in the desert tracts,
and the higher ranges of the Himalayas; Assam; Burma;
- Tenasserim, extending to the peninsula, and Sumatra. Moore
gives Ceylon as a habitat, but I have seen no typical specimen from
there.
Var. merilia, Swinhoe, is probably a seasonal form of garuda.
It differs in the paler shade of both upper and under sides, while
the discal series of white spots is reduced to two or altogether
absent ; the dark tranverse fasciz obsolescent.
Exp. 3 2 64-77 mm. (2°5-3”).
Race vasanta, Moore.—Closely resembles the typical form, but in
the ¢ the white spots on the fore wing are entirely absent, above
and below ; the discal band on both fore and hind wing on the
upperside is more irregular and not nearly so well-defined ; on the
fore wing the interspace between it and the subterminal band
and on the hind wing the posterior half suffused with dark
green; the terminal margin of the fore and anterior half of
the hind wing tinged with pink. Underside similar, but both the
ground-colour and markings paler; the latter less prominent.—
@. Differs prominently on both upper and under sides in the discal
row of white spots being more oblique and complete, extending
from the costa to near the apex of interspace 2. The rest much
as in HL. garuda 9°.
Exp. & Q 67-76 mm. (2°7-3").
Hab. Ceylon.
Race acontius, Hewitson.— 3. Closely resembles the ¢ of the
typical form, but the ground-colour is very much darker and
consequently the blackish-brown markings, though similar, are
less prominent. There are on the upperside of the fore wing
only traces of the discal and preapical white spots so conspicuous
in the typical form. On the underside, with the exception that
the discal white spots are absent, the markings are similar,
but the brownish ground-colour is overlaid, especially on the
basal halves of both fore and hind wings, with lilacine white.—
284 NYMPHALIDA.
2 differs considerably. Upperside rich umber-brown, the usual
slender black markings on both fore and hind wing. Fore wing
with a somewhat oblique broad macular discal band from costa to
interspace | lilacine white, the spot in interspace 2 very large,
outwardly emarginate, the spot in interspace 1 shifted inwards.
Fore and hind wings with a broad lilacine-white postdiscal band,
outwardly margined by a series of very dark brown spots; those
on the fore wing large and acutely pointed on the inner side; on
the fore wing also there are three or four subcostal white spots
before the apex; apex of hind wing lilacine white. Underside :
the pale brown ground-colour overlaid with bluish green on the
basal halves of both fore and hind wing; the markings nearly as
on the upperside, the lilacine-white postdiscal band absent on the
fore, present on the hind wing; both fore and hind wing with a
broad subterminal band beyond the row of spots pale lilac, the
terminal margin narrowly brown. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the typical form.
Kap. 3S 2 66-86 mm. (2°71-3:4").
Hab. The Andamans.
303. Euthalia jama, Felder (Adolias\, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1866,
p. 481; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 219; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 122, pl. 287, figs. 1, la-le, $ @.
3. Upperside brown. Fore wing: cellular area with five
transverse, sinuous, very short blackish lines, the four outer form-
ing a pair of irregular loops; discal and postdiscal dark-shaded
obscure bands, both inclined obliquely inwards, and a subcostal series
of five somewhat obscure white streaks above vein 5. Hind wing
with a pair of irregular dark loop-like marks in cellular area and
the discal and postdiscal dark-shaded obscure bands as on the fore
wing. Underside: basal half of wings dull pale ochraceous,
shading into ochraceous brown towards the terminal margins.
Fore wing: cellular area with the dark transverse lines as on the
upperside but not forming loops, a small slender oval mark below
cell at base of interspace 1, and a dark-shaded broad postdiscal
somewhat diffuse band. Hind wing: basal and cellular area with
four slender dark loops and a postdiscal series of small dark spots.
Antenne brown, club ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen
brown, beneath ochraceous white.— 2 very similar. Upperside:
the white subcostal streaks on fore wing broader and more
pronounced, the discal dark shade spreading to bases of interspaces
1, 2 and 3; the postdiscal band on both fore and hind wing much
narrower, better defined and Junular ; apex of fore wing touched
with lilacine white. Underside asin ¢ but paler, markings similar.
Fore wing : the discal dark shading beyond cellular area irregularly
curved, the white subcostal streaks beyond it broader than on
upperside, forming a conspicuous more or less triangular patch ;
postdiscal band lunular, well-defined. Hind wing as in the dg,
but a faint discal band in addition to the postdiscal series of spots.
EUTHALIA. 285
Apices of both wings touched with pale lilac. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen similar to those of the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 70-86 mm. (2°75-3°4"),
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam and Burma.
304. Euthalia apicalis, Vollenhoven (Adolias), Tijd. v. Ent. 1862,
p: 186, pl. 10; fie. 1 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p.. 125,
pl. 239, tigs. 1, la-le, dQ.
Kuthalia binghamil, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895,
p- 264, pl. N, fie. 8, 2 only.
Euthalia eriphyle, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891,
p. 359, pl. F, fig. 7 g¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 127,
pl. 238, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
Kuthalia delmana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 287 3.
3. Upperside resembles LE. garuda &, but the ground-colour is
of a duller brown, the black markings similar but very indistinct,
-and the white spots on the fore wing entirely absent. Underside
like that in #. garuda, but the ground-colour of a duller darker
ochraceous brown, no white spots on the fore wing, instead of
these a discal dark obscure band from costa beyond cell curved
downwards and continued somewhat faintly across the hind wing,
followed by a subterminal series of minute black dots, crossing both
fore and hind wing, the two spots in interspaces 1 and 2 of fore
wing much larger and diffuse; apex of fore wing touched with
blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath,
the antennz ochraceous red, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
whitish brown.— @. Differs on the upperside from EH. garuda 2
in being much paler, the cellular markings on both fore and hind
wings broad and diffuse, the discal short series of whitish spots
on the fore wing smaller; the fore as well as the hind wing with
a distinct postdiscal series of small dark spots. Underside:
eround-colour a yellower brown than in &. garuda 2, the usual
slender cellular and basal dark markings on fore and hind wing
respectively ; the hind wing, except the apical area, broadly, and
the termen narrowly, overlaid with metallic blue; the white
discal spots on fore wing as on the upperside, but placed on a
dark brown diffuse discal band which is continued across the hind
wing into the blue area; on the hind wing this band is lunular;
finally, a subterminal row of dark dots on the fore wing bordered
outwardly by a narrow lilac band broadening over the apex of
the wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but
paler.
Eup. 3 9 68-77 mm. (2°68-3:05").
Hab. Lower Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay
Peninsula and Borneo.
Moore is probably right in identifying as the 2 of this
form the insect named and figured by de Nicéville as the @ of
K. binghamt. I am quite unable, however, to accept, as Moore
has, EH. eriphyle, de Nicéville=#. delmana, Swinhoe, as distinct
from #, apicalis, Butler.
286 NYMPHALIDA,
305. Euthalia kanda, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v,
1859, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 5; ed. (Sonepisa) Lep. Ind. i111, 1896-99,
p. 110, pl. 228, fies. 2, 2a, ¢.
Euthala elicius, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 205,
pl Dis. 8.6.
$. Fore and hind wings as in type of genus, but apex of fore
wing more pointed, tornus less rounded, and in hind wing tornus
more produced. Upperside very dark umber-brown, with the
following darker brown markings :—Fore wing: cellular area with
tive short transverse sinuous lines. Hind wing: cell with two similar
lines; both fore and hind wing with fairly distinct discal and very
obscure postdiscal transverse lunular bands. Underside pale
ochraceous; basal area of hind wing and cell of fore wing with
four or five slender transverse short dark lines, followed by discal
and postdiscal ill-defined narrow dark bands.—Female unknown.
Keep. 5 66 mm. (2°61").
Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
306. Euthalia anosia, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i,—
1857, p. 187 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1882, p. 222; Moore (Tasinga),
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 101, pl. 227, figs. 2,24, ¢ Q.
S. Upperside dark greyish green. Fore wing: basal area to a
little beyond the apex of cell, apex of wing and terminal margin
broadly darker, almost fuliginous ; cell-area and interspaces below
it with three irregular transverse sinuous black lines, bordered
with greyish-green scales on both sides; beyond cell-area two
similar short lines not descending below vein 4, and a postdiscal
line of obscure, black, inwardly pale greenish-bordered spots,
curving outwards to the apex. Hind wing: the irroration of
greyish-green scales confined to the cell-area and the disc pos-
teriorly, former with two transverse black loops bordered with
ereyish scales; the costal margin broadly and the anal fold
pinkish brown ; the postdiscal row of obscure spots as in the fore
wing. Underside pale olivescent grey. Fore wing: interspace 1
at base with two, cell-area with three transverse irregular black
loops ; basal area outwardly margined by a diffuse lunular broad
line of black scales; a patch of similarly diffuse black scales
near the tornus; the postdiscal row of black spots as on the
upperside but very indistinct. Hind wing: two black loops in
cell-area, smaller loops in interspaces 5, 6 and 7; discal and post-
discal transverse rows of black irrorations, but very diffuse and
ill-defined. Antenne ochraceous brown, paler beneath; head,
thorax and abdomen dark greyish green, whitish beneath.— 2
similar; vein 11 in fore wing anastomosed with vein 12. Upper-
side: fore wing with a short strongly-curved discal row of
outwardly-pointed large white spots from interspace 2 to costa.
Hind wing very similar to that of the ¢. Underside also similar
to that of the ¢, except that on the fore wing the curved discal
row of white spots and all the black irrorations are more
prominent.
EUTHALIA.—PARTHENOS, 287
Exp. 3 2 66-84 mm. (2°6-3°3").
Hab. Sikhim; through Assam and Cachar to Burma down to
the south of ‘Tenasserim.
307. Euthalia nais, Forster (Papilio), Nov. Spec. Ins. Cent. i, 1771,
p. 73; Moore (Sympheedra), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 35; de N.
(Sympheedra), Butt. Ind. 11. 1886, p. 186; Moore (Symphedra),
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 56, pl. 209, figs. 1, 1 a-1 g, larva & pupa,
3g.
Sympheedra alcandra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 40.
3 2. Upperside tawny yellow, base of both fore and hind
wing dusted with fuscous scales; cilia black, alternated with
white. Fore wing with the following black markings: a trans-
verse line below apex of cell, an oval transverse spot beyond
encircling a small yellow spot, a broad short oblique discal bar
-and an angulated postdiscal lunular band; the costa narrowly
_and the termen shaded with black. Hind wing: a comparatively
large triangular patch below the middle of the costa, a post-
discal evenly-curved series of spots and a broad band along the
termen black. Underside dark ochraceous red. Fore wing: the
base shaded with fuscous black, two spots at base of cell and
a transverse line beyond crimson-pink, edged with black; a
very broad oblique discal band, angulated downwards below
vein 4, bordered posteriorly by a large black spot on the inner
side and outwardly and anteriorly by an oblique broad black
band, followed by tour anterior obliquely-placed ochraceous-white
spots, and beyond by a very narrow lunular black band bent
downwards below vein 6. _Hind wing: a crimson short line at
extreme base, two crimson black-bordered spots in cell; a compara-
tively broad transverse discal white band often broken up into a
large spot below middle of costa, with two or three spots in line
below it; finally, a postdiscal series of small black spots. Antenne
black, bright ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen
tawny red above, brown shaded with crimson-pink below.
Exp. & 2 58-70 mm. (2:2-2°75").
Hab. The plains of India and the Lower Himalayas ; Southern
India ; Ceylon.
Larva. “ Light green with a dorsal row of purple spots, the
sides armed with a row of ten very long horizontally-projected
fleshy spines numerously covered with fine green hairs of a non-
irritating character.” (Moore.)
Pupa. ‘“ Short, broad, dorsum keeled ; broadly triangular across
the middle; head bifid ; colour green, with dark gold spots and
lines.” (Moore.)
Genus PARTHENOS.
Parthenos, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 38; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1880, p.46; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 146; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 49.
Mimetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol., Lép. 1832, p. 126.
Type, P. sylvia, Cramer, from Java.
288 _. NYMPHALIDA.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 @. Fore wing elongate triangular; costa slightly arched ;
apex broad, rounded; termen slightly scalloped ; dorsum short, the
tornus forming an obtuse angle; cell closed, comparatively long,
about half length of wing, narrow; discocellulars oblique, upper
minute or wanting, veins 6 and 7 consequently from a point,
middle short, shghtly concave, lower long, coneave ; vein 4 directed
upwards and then bent downwards at an obtuse angle; veins 8
and 9 out of 7, almost from a point, 10 and 11 free, 10 touching
11 but not anastomosing with it. Hind wing subquadrate, costa
slightly arched ; termen scalloped, from apex to vein 4 straight
posteriorly, from vein 4 to tornus slightly produced; dorsum
angulate in the middle; cell closed, vein 4 bent strongly upwards ;
a narrow transverse prediscoidal cel] present. Antenne long,
over half length of fore wing, slender, gradually clavate ; palpi
short, pointing forwards, third joint short ; eyes naked.
The forms in this genus are very closely allied and greatly
resemble one another. They have a peculiar flight, soaring on
outstretched wings with only an occasional flap, but often turning
suddenly with a jerk, so that they are not easy to catch.
Key to the forms of Parthenos.
Subhyaline white spots forming discal band
on fore wing continuous, separated only by
veins.
a’. A diffuse bluish patch at posterior ter-
mination of discal band on upperside of
LORE NENG TS TAD: Bhs sR Rs oA liars P. gambrisius, p. 288.
b'. No bluish patch at posterior termination
of discal band on upperside of fore wing. Race rvepstorffi, p. 289.
b. Subbyaline white spots forming discal band
on fore wing not continuous, posterior spots
widely separated.
a’. Upperside ground-colour bright eneous
a.
~
SEEOOUI ATs uctara Pesnedolede mci ysas marta nts the eden P, virens, p. 289:
b'. Upperside ground-colour pale greyish
biue,-no trace ol green) an). e-slaees Race cyaneus, p. 290.
308. Parthenos gambrisius (PI. V, fig. 38), Pub. (Papilio) Mant.
Ins. ii, 1787, p.12; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p.147 ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 52, pl. 207, figs. 1,la, 5 Q.
Parthenos apicalis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829.
Race roepstorfii.
Parthenos roepstorfi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p, 54, pl. 207,
fig. 2 3.
3 2. Upperside dark olive-green. Fore wing with two broad
black streaks from base, the upper along both sides of the median
vein giving off a slender upward spur inside cell; a transverse
PARTHENOS. 289
oblique black line across cell, followed by a white transverse bar,
two more or less triangular subhyaline white spots and, beyond, a
white subcostal similar but elongate spot, all these spots bordered
by black on both sides. Following these is an inwardly-oblique
discal band of large subhyaline white spots of varying shape,
running from the costa, just before the apex, to interspace 1,
where it terminates in a bluish diffuse patch; black postdiscal
and terminal macular broad bands; the narrow line of green
ground-colour between the bands sinuous. Hind wing: a basal and
a subbasal transverse black streak, ending outwardly in white spots,
a transverse discal series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly,
succeeded by a postdiscal series of narrow linear paired streaks in
the interspaces, each pair more or less confluent in the middle; a
postdiscal curved series of triangular black spots and a terminal
broad black band. Underside: fore wing diffusely pale bluish
green, the broad discal band and the markings in cell and beyond
it towards apex very similar to those on the upperside, the two
black streaks from base wanting, the postdiscal and terminal
black bands faint and very ill-defined. Hind wing: basal half
pale bluish green, apical half white or in some specimens ochra-
ceous grey ; the transverse basal and subbasal black streaks absent ;
a discal, highly sinuous, somewhat interrupted, transverse black
line and the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal black markings as
on the upperside, but very faint and ill-defined. Antenne black,
head, thorax and abdomen olive-green barred with black ; beneath
whitish.
Exp. $ 2 98-120 mm. (3°87-4:75").
Hab. Eastern Bengal; Manipur; Assam; Burma, and Tenas-
seri.
Var. apicalis, Moore, is a slight variety, having the apex of the
fore wing pale as if rubbed—a variation which becomes constant
in the Andaman race. Many specimens from Tenasserim have the
base and the space between the black bars and discal line of spots on
hind wing blue—a feature which is constant in the Chinese and
Malaccan race (sylla, Donovan=lliacinus, Butler).
Race roepstorffi, Moore.—Similar both on the upper and under
sides to the typical form. Differs in being on the whole smaller
and in the entire absence either on the fore or the hind wing of
any suffusion of blue on the upperside; the apex of the fore wing
always has a rubbed appearance.
Exp. 3 2 94-104 mm. (3°7-4-1”).
Hab. Andamans and Nicobars.
309. Parthenos virens, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 47; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 149; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 274, pl. B, figs. 3, 3a, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 51, pl. 206, figs. 1, 1 a-le, larva & pupa,
a
VOL. I. U
290 NYMPHALID&.
Race cyaneus (Pl. V, fig. 38).
Parthenos cyaneus, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 46; td. Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 46, pl. 24, figs. 1, la; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 149, pl. 21, fig. 95 § ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 54,
pl. 208, tigs. 1, 1 a-c, larva & pupa, ¢ @.
3 Q. Closely allied to and resembling P. gambrisius, from
which it differs as follows :— Upperside: ground-colour a bright
bronze-green, the subhyaline white spots near apex of cell in the
fore wing more opaque, the broad discal band of large white spots
proportionately more basal further from the termen and very
irregular, the spots, especially towards the hinder part of the wing,
more widely separated, the spot in interspace 5 more acutely tri-
angular and smaller, the two spots above shifted obliquely inwards
towards the costa, making the outer margin of the discal band
angulate at interspaces 5 and 6. Hind wing: the postdiscal and sub-
terminal markings broader and more diffuse than in P. gambrisius,
giving a dark shade to the whole of the apical half of the wing.
Underside pale greenish grey. ore wing: the spots and markings
except the basal black streaks as on the upperside, the ground-.
colour fading to an ashy grey towards the terminal margin.
Hind wing similar to the underside of hind wing of P. gambrisius,
but the discal transverse sinuous black line very broken and
incomplete, the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal black mark-
ings somewhat better defined. Antenne black; head, thorax and
abdomen bronze green, barred with black above ; beneath whitish.
Exp. 6 Q@ 112-120 mm. (4-4°75").
Hab. 8S. India from Canara to Travancore.
Larva. Cylindrical ; head and anal segment with short simple
spines; segments 3 to 12 with longer branched spines, reddish
brown in colour, those on 3 and 4 comparatively very long.
Colour pale green, with yellowish-white lateral stripes one on each
side.
Pupa “brown, boat-shaped.” (After Davidson g Aitken.)
Race cyaneus, Moore, differs from P. virens on the upperside in
the ground-colour being of a beautiful pale greyish blue, the discal
band of spots on the fore wing proportionately closer to the
termen, and the spots, especially towards the hinder part of the
wing, even more widely separate. In the hind wing the postdiscal
paired streaks in the interspaces do not generally coalesce, but
are separate ; the subterminal black spots are more lunular than
triangular in shape, and the terminal black band more sinuous.
Underside pale greyish green, the markings similar to the markings
in the typical form.
Exp. & 2 110-126 mm. (3:97-4:97).
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva. ‘Cylindrical ; pale yellowish purplish brown, darker
beneath, with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines and transverse
white-doitted segmental lines; head and legs dark brown, head
and anal segment spined; other segments slightly hairy ; third
and twelfth segments armed with erect rather long dark purplish
MODUZA. 291
branched spines, which are longest on the 3rd, 4th, 11th and 12th
segments.” (Moore.) ‘‘ Feeds on Modecea.” (Thwaites.)
Pupa. “ Boat-shaped, pale purplish brown ; head pointed and
cleft.” (Moore.)
Genus MODUZA.
Liminitis, pt., Felder, Ein Neues Lep. 1861, p. 30; de NV. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 155.
Moduza, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 47; 2d. Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p. 161.
Type, WM. procris, Cramer, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing: costa arched; apex produced, rounded ;
termen scalloped, concave in the middle, slightly convex below
_ apex and above tornus; dorsum straight; cell about half length
of wing, slenderly closed; upper discocellular very short, middle
sloping outwards, lower transverse, outwardly convex ; vein 3 from
well before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing
subtriangular ; costa much arched at base, then nearly straight to
apex, which is well marked; termen arched, scalloped ; dorsum
slightly arched ; cell open; vein 7 at base closer to 8 than to 6.
Antenne long, well over half length of fore wing ; club very long,
narrow and gradual ; palpi broad, third joint short, conical; eyes
naked.
Key to the forms of Moduza.
a. Ground-colour of upperside of wings ferru-
ginous red.
a’. Ground-colour bright; white spot at apex
of cell on upperside of fore wing generally
HaEce, always presemt) 2.5 )ats «cts oho oe M. procris, p. 291.
b'. Ground-colour dark; white spot at apex of
cell on upperside of fore wing small or
EMPIRE AW ANTAIG: 5), 0184 acl aie <i'cle la sbehe e's + Var. anarta, p. 293.
6. Ground-colour of upperside of wings fuliginous
PROMI aerate teeta Gils toy iho oie) sn) 'ohehassusheyeenc;'0 tex! my 2 Race calidasa, p. 298.
edadad
310. Moduza procris, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 106,
figs, E, F, 2 ; de N. (Liminitis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 163;
Davidson § Aitken (Limenitis), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vy, 1890,
p- 274; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 161, pl. 253, figs. 1, 1 a—
1 d, larva & pupa, d &.
Liminitis anarta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 585; de N. (var. anarta)
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 164; Moore (Moduza), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 164, pl. 254, figs. 1, la, ¢ @.
Race calidasa.
Liminitis calidasa, Moore, A. M. N. H. (3) 1, 1858, p. 48; 2d. (Moduza)
Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1881, p. 48, pl. 25, figs. 1, la, g, larva & pupa; de
N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 164; Moore (Mcduza), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 165, pl. 254, figs. 2, 2.a, 26, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
3 Q. Upperside rich ferruginous red. Fore and hind wings with
U2
292 NYMPHALID&A.
a series of short black transverse lines at base, three on the fore, four
on the hind wing; on the hind wing these lines occur in cellular area
only and are very slender, with a black
spot in each of the interspaces above
them ; a white spot varying in size
at apex of cell in fore wing; a broad
white macular slightly-curved com-
mon discal band, set in a dusky-
black background, interrupted an-
teriorly on fore wing, the spots in
interspaces 4, 5 and 6 are detached
and slightly out of line, the first
very small. Fore wing: terminal mar-
gin somewhat broadly dusky black,
the black produced in conical shape
inwardly in the interspaces, and tra-
Fig. 54.—Moduza procris,$. 1, versed by two slender lunular pale
lines. Hind wing: a postdiscal series
of transverse black spots, followed by an outer row of smaller spots ;
a subterminal lunular black line, and a narrow terminai black band ;
a pale somewhat sinuous line interposed between the subterminal
and terminal markings. Underside with similar but more clearly-
defined markings ; base of fore and basal two-thirds of the hind
wing pale blue ; on the hind wing the white discal band with its
dusky-black margins superposed on the blue area ; the postdiscal
series of black spots on the hind wing diffuse ; the sinuous lines
traversing the black terminal margin on both fore and hind wing
broader, more prominent, and the interspaces along the extreme
margin touched with white. Antenne black, ochraceous at apex ;
head, thorax and abdomen dark ferruginous red; beneath bluish
white.
Lep. 3 2 62-78 mm. (2°47-3:08"):
Hab. Peninsular India in regions of heavy rainfall; Assam ;
Burma and Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion.
Larva. ** Found from July to October on Musscenda frondosa.
When young it is slender cylindrical, evenly clothed with short
spinous tubercles and of a uniform dark brown colour. It remains
on one leaf eating it regularly back from the point, but leaving
the midrib, and as it eats, 1t fringes the eaten margin with its
excrement, held together by silk, among which it is absolutely
undistinguishable. After its last mouit it abandons these strange
habits and lives openly on the upper side of a leaf .... Its head
is now very large and closely set with short stout simple spines, on
the back there is a double row of strong spines or sharp tubercles,
clustered at the ends cf short stems ; on the third segment there
are two pairs, more laterally situated, of processes similar to those
on the back, but three times as long, and on the fourth segment
one pair longer still. The colour is still dark brown.” (David-
son & Aitken.)
Food-plant, Mussenda.
MODUZA.—LIMINITIS, 293
Pupa. “ Abdominal part slender with small dorsal tubercles ;
thorax stout; wing-cases much dilated laterally ; head produced
into two foliaceous, hammer-shaped processes which meet at their
ends, leaving a circular hole in the middle. Colour dark brown.
Hasily passes for a small withered and twisted leaf.” (Davidson &
Aitken.)
Var. anarta, Moore, differs from the typical form in being on
the upperside generally darker, the dusky-black shading more
extensive, the discal white macular band narrower, and the white
spot at apex of cell of fore wing very small, sometimes entirely
absent. Underside also slightly darker, the outer postdiscal row of
round black spots on the hind wing superposed on cone-shaped
lilac-blue markings.
Exp. 3 Q asin the typical form.
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim ; the Andamans.
In Burma I procured both the typical form and anarta the
dark variety.
Race calidasa, Moore, is a still darker form, the ground-colour
on the upperside dusky brown with only a transverse mark in
the discoidal cells of both fore and hind wings, the terminal
portions of the wings more or less ferruginous. The markings
are almost identical, but the cell of the fore wing always lacks both
on upper and under sides the white spot at apex. On the whole,
too, the inner margin of the discal white band both on fore and
hind wings is straighter and more even. Antenne black ; head,
thorax and abdomen brown; palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath
bluish white.
kup. $ 2 61-75 mm. (2°3—2:98").
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva. “‘ Pale greenish yellow or reddish; head spined; the
segments armed with short spiny tubercles, and a long dorsal
divergent pair on third and fourth segments. Feeds on Cinchona,
Musscenda, &¢.”
Pupa. “ Reddish purple-brown ; wing-cases dilated ; head-piece
bifid, twisted and bent outwards at the tips.” (Moore. )
Genus LIMINITIS.
Liminitis, Fabr. Ivhg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 281; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 155, pt.; Moore, Lep. ’ Ind. ii, 1896— 99, p. 146.
Najas, "Hiibner, Tentamen, 1806, p- 1 (uo deser.).
Parasarpa, Sumalia, & Najas, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1898, p. 146.
_ Type, Z. camilla, from Europe.
Range. North America, Europe, Asia. In India confined to
the Himalayas and hill-ranges of Assam ; Burma and Tenasserim.
3 2. Fore wing: costa very slightly arched ; apex produced but
rounded; termen oblique, even or slightly scalloped, in some
forms slichtly concave ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight ; cell less
than half length of wing, slenderly closed ; upper “discocellular
294 NYMPHALID,
very short, middle strongly concave, lower slightly oblique ; veins
3 and 4 approximate ; vein 8 from middle of 7; veins 10 and 11
free. Hind wing pear-shaped, costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
termen even or slightly scalloped, tornus rounded, dorsum arched ;
cell open, vein 7 closer to 6 than to 8. Antenne typically about
half length of fore wing, in all Indian forms much longer than
half; club long, narrow and gradual; palpi short, moderately
broad in front, studded with lax scales and soft subporrect. hairs,
third joint short ; eyes hairy, in two forms naked ; tibize and tarsi
of intermediate and posterior legs spinose.
Key to the forms of Liminitis.
A. Eyes hairy.
a. Broad discal band crossing wings on ‘upper-
side, yellow on fore, silvery w ‘hite on hind
WHEL fc fore, dgovsuabecalln d teee tetoraratce Me cael chal a orange LL. zayla, p. 294.
b. Broad discal band crossing wines on upperside
_concolorous throughout.
. This band pale green on upperside........ L. daraxa, p. 295.
a oe band white on upperside.
. Discal band continuous throughout, not
mactlanantentOrlyp eave et reer L. dudu, p. 296.
6°. Discal band not continuous, macular an-
teriorly, the upper three spots on fore
wing well separate ........ sds venetieks mesa LL, sulema, p. 297.
B. Eyes not hairy.
a, Discal band on hind wing very broad, about
one-third lenethvolwwaitie? Gatien. see oe L, trivena, p. 297.
6. Discal band on hind wing comparatively
narrow, not one-quarter length of wing .... L. ligyes, p. 298.
311. Liminitis zayla (PI. VI, fig. 45), Doubleday, in Dolday., Westw.
& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 276, pl. 35, fig. 4; de N. Butt.
Ind. i1, 1886, p. 159; Moore (Parasarpa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99,
p. 147, pl. 248, figs. 1, 1a, 16, 6 @.
& 9. Upperside olivescent brown, basal area of wings
sprinkled with golden scales. Fore wing: two or three circular
loop-lke slender black marks at base of interspace 1; the cell
crossed by a median and an apical pair and an intermediate short
black line, the space between the pairs of lines ochraceous; a
broad yellow discal band, its inner margin sinuous but sharply
defined, its outer margin straight; above this band a yellow
streak along costa to near apex, joining a sinuous, narrow, trans-
verse, postdiscal ferruginous-red band, traversed by a series of brown
broad lunules, and followed by a subterminal dark brown broad
line; a narrower outer pale line and a terminal margin of the
brown ground-colour. Between the discal and postdiscal bands
the ground-colour forms a broad band darkening outwardly.
Hind wing: basal area with some obscure black slender short
lines ; a discal straight band in continuation of the band on the fore
LIMINITIS. 295
wine silvery white and rapidly narrowing posteriorly to a point,
followed by a narrow interval of the brown ground-colour and a dark
brown, somewhat irregular band ; a postdiscal series of ferruginous-
red lunules, lined outwardly with dark brown ; subterminal dark
brown and pale lines and terminal margin as on the fore wing;
abdominal fold thickly sprinkled with golden scales. Underside
similar with similar markings, but ground-colour and markings all
very much paler, tke latter blurred and ill-defined. Fore wing: a
transverse series of diffuse whitish marks in the interspaces beyond
discal band, a pale line on the inner as well as on the outer side of
the subterminal dark line. Hind wing: basal area suffused with
shining blue, outwardly defined by a black line, the transverse row
of whitish diffuse marks beyond discal band as on fore wing, but
continuous, not detached. Antennze brown; head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown; palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath white.
— Bep. & Q 90-100 mm. (3°56-3:°92"),.
Hab. Sikhim, 6000-8000 ft.: Assam, the Khasi Hills.
312. Liminitis daraxa (Pl. VI, fig. 43), Doubleday, on Dblday., Westw.
&§& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 4; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 158; Moore (Sumalia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p- 152, pl. 250, figs. 2, 2a, 2 6.
3 2. Upperside dark velvety brown. Fore and hind wings
with the usual basal markings black but very obscure against the
dark brown ground-colour; a comparatively broad pale green
macular discal band traversed by the dark veins, the anterior
three spots detached and in a line towards apex, the apical spot very
small; a postdiscal obscure black transverse band followed by a.
row of yelvety-black spots, more distinct on the hind than
on the fore wing; a subterminal similarly coloured band on
the hind wing only; a terminal band also; cilia black, alternated
with white ; a ferruginous-red patch on the tornus of hind wing
surrounding the subtornal two black spots of the postdiscal series.
Underside ferruginous. Fore and hind wings with the basal
markings darker ferruginous ; in fore wing the base, the space:
between the medial and apical pair of short lines in cell, and a bar
beyond apex of cell pale llac, the loop-like spot in the base of
interspace 1 surrounded by lilacine white ; in hind wing the basal
area and abdominal fold suffused with lilacine; the discal band
crossing both wings as on the upperside, but very much paler,.
almost white; the postdiscal row of spots very small, each spot
placed on a bright lilac ground, margined inwardly on the hind
wing by a dark ferruginous lunule ; subterminal and terminal dark
ferruginous bands with a pale line interposed between them.
Exp. 3 2 70-75 mm. (2°75-2°93"').
Hab. The Himalayas, Kumaun to Sylhet; Bhutan; Cachar;
Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills ; Burma ; Tenasserim, extending:
to the Malay Peninsula.
296 NYMPHALID#.
318. Liminitis dudu, Westwood, in Dolday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. ii, 1850, p. 276; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 159, pl. 24,
fig. 112 $; Moore (Sumalia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 150,
pl 20, tes: IE la Ooo 2
3 @. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing: cell with a
medial and an apical transverse short red band, each margined
inwardly and outwardly by short dark black lines, the medial
band crossing over into interspace 1,
the apical band along the disco-
cellulars; both fore and hind wing
with a common broad, transverse,
white discal band, narrowing and bent
inwards above vein 4 on fore wing
and at that point its outer margin
somewhat diffuse ; the brown ground-
colour extends as a streak inwards
in interspaces 4 and 5, the outer
margin posteriorly on fore wing and
along its whole length on hind wing
bordered by a dark slightly sinuous
line followed by a narrow pale inter-
space, above which the costa of fore
Fig. 55.—Liminitis dudu. 1. Wing is touched with red; a post-
discal band of lunules, pale on the
fore, dark red on the hind wing, and pale ashy-brown sub-
terminal and terminal lines divided by a narrow band of the dark
brown ground-colour, these pale lines turning to red at the
tornal angle. Underside pale lilac washed with silvery white.
Fore wing: the red transverse cellular marks much as on the
upperside, but paler; similar basal marks in interspace 1; the
discal band as on the upperside, but broader, margined on both
sides by chestnut-red lines; a preapical chestnut-red patch
merging into an ochraceous patch on apex; below the apex the
termen broadly chestnut-red to vein 1, traversed subterminally by
a transverse dark chestnut line. Hind wing with two oval silvery
spots in cell and a similar larger spot at base of interspace 7 ;
the transverse white discal band as on the fore wing, the outer
bordering chestnut-red line widened at tornal angle into a large
chestnut-red patch ; termen narrowly white, touched in the inter-
spaces with pale lilac and defined on the inner side by a dark
line. Antenne brown, the club ochraceous beneath ; head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
lhilacine white.
Kap. 3 2 72-92 mm. (2°82-3:6").
Hab. Sikhim; Nepal, eastwards through the Naga and Khasi
Hills in Assam to the hills in Uvper Burma.
LIMINITIS. 297
314. Liminitis zulema, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. ii, 1850, p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 159; Moore (Sumalia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 153, pl. 251,
esi ika—Wwens 2:
3 2. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing: cell and base of
interspace 1 golden brown; cell crossed by four short velvety-
black lines, a medial and an apical red bar, basal area of inter-
space 1 with transverse black lies in form of a figure of 8
enclosing red spots ; a broad oblique white discal band traversed
by the dark veins, and anteriorly broken into three elongate
spots with a slender subcostal streak above them, followed by a
double row of somewhat lunular black postdiscal spots divided by
a ferruginous-red narrow band; an inner and an outer sub-
terminal pale line; two small white subcostal spots near apex
bordering the inner postdiscal row of black lunules. Hind wing:
_ basal area with some transverse black lines, the spaces between
them touched with ferruginous, a broad white continuous discal
band, postdiscal rows of cone-shaped black spots divided by a
ferruginous-red narrow band; pale subterminal and terminal lines
as on the fore wing. Underside similar, with similar markings,
but slightly broader; basal area and cell of fore wing greyish
white ; basal area of hind wing broadly bluish grey, diminishing
to a point near the tornus.
Eup. 3 2 65-82 mm. (2°6-3°2").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim.
315. Liminitis trivena, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. Nov. 1864, p. 133;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 161; Moore (Najas), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 168, pl. 255, figs. 1, la, 16, 3 Q.
3 Q. Upperside dull black; base of wings irrorated with
greyish, sometimes ochraceous, scales; cell of fore wing with a
white preapical, sinuous, short transverse band, sometimes an
inner spot of white, and one or even two white spots in the
interspace below. Fore and hind wings with a broad white discal
band, continuous on the hind wing, traversed only by the dark
veins, macular on the fore wing; the posterior spots very
irregular in size and well separated anteriorly on the fore wing ;
this band curves inwards to the costa beyond apex of cell, and
is followed by three white subcostal spots in transverse order;
a postdiscal row of black spots outwardly margined with white
and an obscure pale subterminal line with an anteciliary very
slender black line; cilia white, alternated with black. Underside
bright ochraceous yellow; base of fore wing much paler, the
white preapical band in cell and the broad white discal band
across both fore and hind wing as on the upperside, but the
spots composing it on the fore wing larger, closer together, lined
inwardly and outwardly with fuscous black ; the three preapical
white spots as on the upperside, but less prominent; postdiscal
298 NYMPHALIDA.
series of black spots of the upperside absent on the hind wing,
represented on the fore wing by black irregular spots in inter-
spaces 1, 2 and 3; finally, an anteciliary slender black line as on
the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown;
palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath whitish.
Lap. 3 2 61-68 mm. (2°42-3°7"),
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kashmir to Kulu.
316. Liminitis ligyes, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864 (pt. 2),
p- 246, J 15, figs. 3, 4; de N. (trivena var. ligyes) Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 161, pl. 24, fig. 118 $; Moore (Najas), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 169, pl. 356 figs. 2, 24, 28, 3 9.
Liminitis hydaspes, Moore, reas: 1874, p. 270, pl. 48, fig. 2 5;
de N. (trivena var. hydaspes) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, Pe 162 ; ‘Moore,
Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 170, pl. 256, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
3 2. Closely resembles Z. trivena. Differs on both upper and
under sides by the narrowness of the discal band, which is only
about two-thirds the width of the discal band in L. trivena.
Moreover, the spots composing the band are well separated on the
hind wing as well as on the fore. In typical specimens the
postdiscal series of black spots is margined outwardly with ferru-
ginous red, but this is variable; in some it is absent, while in
others (var. hydaspes) there is an additional row of ferruginous-
red dots on the inner side of the postdiscal series of black spots.
Underside similar to the underside in Z. trivena, but on the whole
of a darker ochraceous yellow, with the markings more prominent.
In the majority of specimens also the apical half of cell and the
area bounded by the discal band in the fore wing and a postdiscal
and subterminal row of large round spots on the hind wing are of
a deep ochraceous orange.
Exp. & 2 68-82 mm. (2°7-3°22").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kashmir, Chitral.
Genus LEBADEA.
Lebadea, Felder, Ein Neues Lep. 1861, p. 28; de N. Butt. Ind. ui,
1886, p. 151; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 156.
Type, LZ. martha, Fabr., from Sikhim.
ftange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing long and narrow, costa very slightly arched ;
apex very strongly produced, blunt and rounded ; termen concave,
tornus angulate ; dorsum straight; cell to upper apex more than
half length of wing; discocellulars inwardly oblique, upper
minute, middle short, about one-fourth as long as lower, lower
incurved, slender only in its posterior half; vein 3 from before
lower apex of cell, 4 from apex ; vein 8 from just before middle of 7,
10 and 11 free. Hind wing subtriangular; costa much arched
at base, then nearly straight; apex rounded; termen slightly
arched, scalloped ; tornus produced, dorsum long ; cell very short,
not half length of wing, slenderly clesed ; veins 3 and 4 stalked,
LEBADEA, — 299
branching from well beyond lower apex of cell, 6 as close to 7 as
to5. Antenne very long, nearly two-thirds leneth of fore wing ;
club long, narrow, gradual: palpi subporrect, short ; eyes naked.
317. Lebadea martha (Pl. X, fig. 73), Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii,
1787, p. 56 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 158, pl. 252,
figs. 2, 2a-2¢, dQ.
Liminitis ismene, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. ii, 1850, p. 276, pl. 34, fig. 2 ¢; de N. (Lebadea) Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 152, pl. 19, fig. 79 3; Moore (Lebadea), Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 157, pl. 252, figs. 1, la, 3 @.
Lebadea attenuata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 152.
3 2. Upperside deep tawny. Fore and hind wings crossed
obliquely by a straight white discal band, on the fore wing
-wacular and curved slightly inward beyond apex of cell; the
basal area of the wings, on the inner side of the discal band,
crossed by several black sinuous short transverse lines, and the
cell of the fore wing, near its apex, by a pale transverse black-
margined short band. Beyond the discal line and running to near
the apex of the wing is aseries of slender, white, outwardly dusky-
bordered lunules, followed by a highly sinuous subterminal black
line, inwardly somewhat faintly margined with white; apex of
fore wing touched with white; termen of fore wing in most
specimens broadly suffused with greyish brown; the spots com-
posing the discal band on the fore wing outwardly concave ;
outer margin of the same band on the hind wing sinuous. Under-
side dull pale ochraceous brown, the basal area of the wings
irrorated with greenish-white scales; the markings as on the
upperside, but the white markings broader and somewhat diffuse ;
the subterminal highly sinuous dark line comparatively broadly
margined on both sides with white. Antenne brown, the club
preapically touched with white ; head, thorax and abdomen tawny;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. 3 2 64-77 mm. (2°53-3°03").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim.
A very variable form. The following is a brief summary of the
variations that are commonly to be found:—The width of the
discal band may range on the hind wing from a mere broad white
line to a prominent band 4 mm. or over in width. Many speci-
mens are intermediate between the two. This variation seems
not to depend entirely on locality. There are specimens in the
British Museum of both extremes as to width of band from
the same place in Upper Burma. The ground-colour, especially
of the fore wing, is also very variable. Sometimes the fore wing
is entirely brown, the deep tawny colour being restricted to a
spot or two within the encircling black marks at the base of the
wing. In parts of Burma there is also a slight difference between
the wet-season and dry-season forms, the markings in the latter
being more obscure and the underside paler.
300 NYMPHALID®.
Genus AUZAKTIA.
Liminitis, pt., de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 156.
Auzakia, Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 148.
Bhagadatta, Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1898, p. 154.
Type, A. danava, Moore, from the Himalayas.
Range. The Himalayas: hills of Assam and Upper Burma to
China.
3 @. Fore wing: costa slightly arched; apex produced ;
termen slightly concave ; tornus bluntly angulate; dorsum slightly
sinuous ; cell not half length of wing; upper discocellular minute,
middle very short, straight, lower comparatively long, slender ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, 8 out of basal half of 7,
9 and 10 free. Hind wing: costa and termen widely arched,
latter slightly scalloped; apex rounded; tornus produced, acute,
rounded in some forms; dorsum widely curved; cell slenderly
closed ; veins 3 and 4 approximate from lower apex of cell, vein 6
closer to 5 than to 7. Antenne over half length of fore wing;
club long, narrow, gradual; palpi short, stout, third joint acutely
pointed ; eyes naked.
Key to the forms of Auzakia.
a. Upperside ground-colour fuliginous with broad
very dark brown basal markings .......... A, danava, p. 300.
6. Upperside yvround-colour rich warm umber-
brown, with comparatively slender dark
brown ‘basal! morkimoset', 02°05 oh: 8). ance A. austenia, p. 301.
318. Auzakia danava, Moore (Liminitis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.1,
1857, p. 180, pl. 6a, fig. 2, ¢ 2; de N. (Liminitis) Batt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 157; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 149, pl. 249,
ofeysed Elk oa ey She
3. Upperside fuliginous brown, paling on the terminal half of
the wings. Fore wing: the basal area below the cell, two broad
bands across the latter, and a patch beyond its apex to costa dark
brownish black, the outer margin ot the dark area crenulate,
extended angularly along the veins; this is followed by a pale
olive-brown obscure band, a discal dark brown band widening
below costa, and a subterminal narrower band of the same shade;
between discal and subterminal bands is a series of faintly de-
fined dark transverse spots in the interspaces. Hind wing: basal
third dark brown, followed by a. pale olive-brown interspace ;
discal, postdiscal and subterminal bands as on the fore wing ;
tornus suffused with green. Underside pale ochraceous, suitused
with lilacine ; cell of fore wing crossed by a medial and an apical
brighter lilac band bordered with dark lines on both sides; base
and cell of hind wing with the usual loop-like slender dark marks
with pale centres; a lilac discal band, lunular and curved inwards
anteriorly on the fore wing, broad and straight on the hind wing,
AUZAKIA. 301
followed on both wings by a yellow postdiscal diffuse narrow band.
Fore wing with a patch of purplish white on apex; hind wing
with a broad transverse subterminal diffuse lilac band traversed by
a series of lunular obscure brownish marks; termen of both fore
and hind wing brownish yellow. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
pale lilacine white— 2. Upperside similar to that of the 3g, but
fore and hind wings crossed obliquely by broad, outwardly some-
what diffuse, prominent white discal and postdiscal bands. These
bands slightly tinged with fuliginous and on the fore wing some-
what lunular. The postdiscal band on both fore and hind wing
outwardly traversed by a series of detached dark lunules; the
dark interspace between the two bands much paler, suffused with
green on its inner half. Underside as in the ¢, but very much
paler; the series of postdiscal detached lunules as on the
upperside.
- Hep. & 2 76-90 mm. (3-3°53"),
Hab. The Himalayas ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma.
319. Auzakia austenia, Moore (Lebadea), P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 560, pl. 32,
fiz. 1 $; de N. (Liminitis), Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 157; Moore
(Bhagadatta), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 155, pl. 251, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3. Upperside rich warm umber-brown; cell of fore wing with
five short transverse dark brown sinuous lines and one just beyond
the discocellulars ; cell of hind wing with three similar lines and
one beyond the discocellulars; a very pale brown broad trans-
verse discal band crossing both fore and hind wing, its inner
margin very sinuous on the fore wing, sharply defined through-
out, and its outer margin very diffuse, shading into the brown of
the ground-colour, followed by a postdiscal somewhat similar and
a subterminal much narrower pale band. The subterminal pale
band traversed by a series of very narrow long dark brown
lunules, which on the apical area of fore wing are very slenderly
margined on the inner and outer sides by white, posteriorly they
become shorter and more open, until near the tornal angle of the
-hind wing they form mere double rounded approximate spots.
Cilia white alternated with brown. Underside paler brown; basal
area of fore and hind wings washed with pale lilac, turning to
greenish blue along dorsal margin of the hind wing; markings as
on the upperside, but the discal and postdiscal transverse bands
much paler, almost white; the former somewhat lunular.— 9 very
similar, of a paler brown, with the discal and postdiscal trans-
verse bands proportionately paler; the band of narrow dark
brown lunules on the latter nearly all margined narrowly with
white. Underside also paler than in the ¢ and suffused through-
out with lilacine, the discal and postdiscal bands whiter still, the
latter on the hind wing outwardly bordered with a faint suffusion
of pink; almost the whole basal area of fore and hind wings in
302 NYMPHALID-£.
certain lights pale bluish. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. 3 2 88-96 mm. (3°45-3°8").
Hab. Assam, the Khasi Hills ; Cachar.
Genus PANTOPORIA.
Pantoporia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 44; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 56; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 193.
Athyma, pt., de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 171.
Tatisia, Condochates, Kironga, Moore, Lep. Ind. ili, 1898, pp. 179,
187, 209.
Type, P. nefte, Cramer, from Java.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing short, broad, triangular; costa well arched ;
apex blunt; termen nearly straight; tornus bluntly angulated ;
dorsum straight ; cell slenderly closed; upper discocellular minute,
middle deeply rounded and concave, lower convex, slightly sinuous ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, 9 from about middle of 7,
10 and 11 free. Hind wing: costa and termen rounded, forming —
together half an ellipse of which the dorsum is the chord, the last
nearly straight; cell open, vein 7 equidistant from 6 and 8.
Antenne over half length of fore wing; club long, narrow and
gradual ; palpi broad in front, clad with close scales, third joint
short conical ; eyes naked, in a few forms hairy.
Key to the forms of Pantoporia.
A. Eyes not hairy.
a. Hind wing : underside with five conspicuous
blaclvspotsiali basehigwn. S88... teense P. sulpitia, p. 305.
6. Hind wing: underside without any such
Spots.
a. 3. Fore wing upperside: discoidal streak
white, distinct, divided into four;
apical portion never large, nor widely
separated from rest.
a. $ @. Hind wing: underside without
any distinct series of black spots
between postdiscal and subterminal
markings. 2 black with orange-
yellow markings *.
a. ¢§. Fore wing upperside: lower
portion of discal band not extend- [p. 305.
IMSVINTOMMLES PACE a. -\-welie eel <1 P. nefte, race nivifera,
b°. g. Fore wing upperside: lower
portion of discal band extending
into interspace 3.
a‘, Hind wing upperside: postdiscal
banelyhi fe ce tose «utter ane er: Race asita, p. 306.
b*. Hind wing upperside: postdiscal
band orange-yellow .......... Race mara, p. 306.
* The females of P. nivifera and races cannot be separated. The males
vary, but the local races are distinguishable.
PANTOPORIA.
b?, § 2. Hind wing: underside with a
distinct series of black spots between
postdiscal and subterminal marking.
© black with white markings ; discal
band outwardly suffused with yellow.
b'. g. Fore wing upperside: discoidal streak
white, distinct, divided, apical portion
large, triangular, widely separated from
rest of streak, or discoidal streak in-
distinct, ferruginous red.
a, $. Fore wing upperside: discal band
not extending into interspace 3.
a, ¢. Fore wing upperside: discoidal
streak white.
a’. $. Hind wing upperside: sub-
basal band distinctly widening
from dorsum to costa. @ black
with pure white markings
b4. g. Hind wing upperside: sub-
basal band of even width through-
out. @ olivaceous black, with
sullied brownish-white diffuse
TAT Kei OS)-05 se eiese L aepeksy bias.
6°, g. Fore wing upperside: discoidal
streak ferruginous red. Q black
with orange-yellow markings ....
b*. 3g. Fore wing upperside: ciseal band
extending into interspace 3.
a’, $. Underside: ground-colour bright
chestnut-red; discoidal streak in
fore wing much broken and divided.
Q black with white markings
L3, ¢. Underside : ground-colour darker
chestnut ; discoidal streak in fore
wing sinuous, only subapically
divided. 9Q olivaceous dull black
with fuliginous-white markings ..
B. Eyes hairy.
a. 6 &. Fore wing upperside: a large trian-
gular white spot just beyond apex of
Cel Ne AN oes etal sions caeiavsinga let» iy ch sins. Sie
b. 6 2. Fore wing upperside: no triangular
white spot just beyond apex of cell.
a’. 6 2. Fore wing upperside : no discoidal
streak, but an anterior medial and a
transverse subapical white spot in cell. .
b'. ¢ Q. Fore wing upperside : a very short
slender white discoidal streak with a
large round spot beyond it in cell ..
303
P. rufula, p. 207.
P, kanwa, p. 307.
P. kresna, p. 308.
P. cama, p. 309.
P. selcnophora, ps. 310.
P. zeroca, p. 311.
P. opalina, p. 312.
P. ranga, p. 312.
P. abiasa, p. 514.
320. Pantoporia sulpitia, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. iii, 1779,
pl. 214, figs. HE, F; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 174.
Liminitis strophia (Godart), Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2,
1844, p. 249.
Parathyma adamsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 175, pl. 256,
figs. 2,2a,26, SQ.
304 NYMPHALID®.
3 Q. Upperside dull black with the following white markings:—
Fore wing: a clavate undivided but anteriorly notched discoidal
| streak ; three elongate spots or short
streaks in the interspaces beyond the
cell; a slightly curved series of dis-
cal spots; those in interspaces 1 a’,
1 and 2 large, the anterior five
minute; an inner subterminal series
of transverse short lines in inter-
spaces 1 to 4, and an outer very
obscure pale, not white, subterminal
line. Hind wing with a subbasal
comparatively broad (broader in the
2) macular transverse band, fol-
lowed by a series of obscure dark
discal marks, darker than the ground-
Fig. 56. colour in the interspaces; a post-
Pantoporia sulpitia. {. discal series of subquadrate spots,
these spots emarginate on their
inner sides, and a subterminal pale broad line. Cilia of both fore
and hind wings black alternated with white. Underside bright
ochraceous chestnut ; the white markings as on the upperside, but
on the fore wing the inner and outer subterminal marking white,
lunular and broad, not extending anteriorly beyond interspace 4;
on the hind wing the subterminal pale line represented by a
regular series of white lunuies. Fore wing: bases of interspaces
1a, land 2 shaded with fuliginous black, and a spot of the same
colour beyond the discal bandin interspaces 1 and 2. Hind wing:
basal area very bright ochraceous chestnut with five jet-black
spots; the white subbasal band margined anteriorly on the inner
side by a black line, and beyond it a discal series of very dark
chestnut-red spots ; the postdiscal series of white spots margined
inwardly by a line of black dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdo-
men black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen bluish white.
Exp. 3 @ 62-71 mm. (2°41-2°8").
Hab. Mussooree? (Kollar); Burma, extending into China.
In a collection purchased and sent to me from Mussooree there
isasingle ¢ of this form, bnt, notwithstanding that Kollar gives
it from Mussooree, I am doubtful of the locality. I procured a
single specimen at Bhamo in Upper Burma, where it was taken also
by Col. C. H. E. Adamson.
321. Pantoporia nefte, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. ii, 1782, pl. 256,
fies. Ki, F.
Race nivitera, Butler.
Athyma nivifera, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser. Zool. 1, 1879,
p- 540, pl. 69, fig. 4 ¢ ; Moore (Pantoporia), Lep. Ind. iil,
1896-99, p. 194, pl. 262, figs. 2, 24,26, dQ.
PANTOPORIA. 305
Race asita.
Athyma asita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 13 63; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 180; Moore (Pantoporia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p. 199, pl. 263, figs. 2, 2a, 5 Q.
Race inara (Pl. IX, fig. 62).
Liminitis inara, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. ii, 1850, pl. 34, fig. 3 ¢; de N.(Athyma) Butt. Indi,
1886, p. 179; Moore (Pantoporia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 196,
pl. 264, figs. 1, La-le, dQ.
Race nivifera, Butler. 3. Upperside black with snow-white
markings more or less edged with irrorations of bluescales. Fore
wing: discoidal streak obscurely divided and uneven along its
upper margin; a much-curved and broadly-interrupted discal band
- white; the latter composed of three outwardly oblique quadrate
_ spots in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2, and three oblong spots inclined
inwards in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, no spot in interspace 3; beyond
this an inner and an outer subterminal pale line divided by a
transverse narrow black band, the former terminating near apex
in an obliquely-placed small narrow white spot. Hind wing: the
discal band of the fore wing continued as a subbasal transverse
white band: a postdiscal, narrower, more or less macular band
also white, and a very distinct pale, still narrower, subterminal band.
The interspace between the postdiscal and the subterminal bands
darker than the general ground-colour of the wing, and the post-
discal band on the inner side margined with similarly coloured
cone-shaped marks. Underside brown, the white markings as on
the upperside but somewhat diffuse, the interspaces of the ground-
colour more or less blotched with darker brown, forming on the
hind wing a conspicuous discal transverse series of spots in the
interspaces; the dorsal margin of the hind wing broadly bluish white.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen above dark brownish black, the
thorax and base of the abdomen respectively crossed by a bar of
bluish white ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen bluish white.
— 2. Upperside black, the markings similar to those in the ¢, but
orange-yellow and much broader; on the fore wing the discal
band complete, the inner subterminal band much broader and
better defined. Underside: the ground-colour a paler brown than
in the ¢, the markings as on the upperside but pinkish white, the
dark brown blotches in the interspaces and the series of dark
discal spots on the hind wing more prominent.
Exp. 3 Q 60-68 mm. (2°38-2°7").
Hab. Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, extending up to the
Mergui Islands.
This race differs from the typical Javan form P. nefte in the
narrower discal band on the fore wing and markedly in the
narrowness of the subbasal band on the hind wing. In the ¢g the
ground-colour of the underside is of a darker brown than in
typical P. nefte.
VOL, I. x
306 NYMPHALID®.
Race asita, Moore.— $ 2 differ from nivifera ¢ 2 as follows:—
3. Upperside. Fore wing: discoidal streak more clearly divided,
the preapical portion prominent ; discal band broader, the anterior
spot composing its posterior half not wider than the others, not
outwardly conical ; two conspicuous preapical orange-yellow spots.
Hind wing: subbasal band slightly broader. Underside: ground-
colour a more ochraceous brown ; fore wing preapically orange-
yellow.— 9. Upperside: the markings of a somewhat deeper
orange-yellow ; the discal band on fore and postdiscal band on
hind wing distinctly broader ; the inner subterminal narrow band
on fore wing ill-defined posteriorly ; the preapical spots much
smaller. Underside: ground-colour much more ochraceous.
Eup. 3 Q 65-71 mm. (2°59-2°81").
Hab. Recorded from the Shan States in Upper Burma; Lower
Burma ; Tenasserim.
Northwards in Burma this form seems to merge into the race
inara, Doubleday. Many specimens have the postdiscal band on
the hind wing more or less suffused with orange-yellow.
Race inara, Doubleday.— ¢ and 9 differ from nivifera g and
2 as follows :— ¢. Upperside. Fore wing: discoidal streak from
dusky white to dark ferruginous, with the exception of the
preapical portion which is always prominently white ; discal band
much broader, straighter, farther from the terminal margin and
‘more complete, there being a small spot in interspace 3. Inner
subterminal band orange-yellow, macular, well-defined, the pre-
apical spots large. Hind wing: the postdiscal band entirely
orange-yellow, broader and continuous, divided only by the black
veins. Underside ochraceous light brown, shaded with orange-
yellow on apex of fore wing and on the anterior portion of the
postdiscal band on the hind wing; the dark brown blotchings in
the spaces between the markings sinaller and more restricted than
in nivifera; the discoidal streak and posterior half of inner sub-
terminal band on fore wing and the postdiscal band posteriorly on
the hind wing suffused with very pale bluish pink.— 2. Upper-
‘side: the markings of a somewhat paler orange-yellow than in
mivifera 2 ; the discal band very much broader; the inner sub-
terminal band on fore wing reduced to a tornal and two or three
preapical spots. Underside: ground-colour bright ochraceous
yellow, the markings pinkish white, but in great part suffused with
pale yellow; the dark brown blotchings on the fore wing large
and in strong contrast with the ground-colour.
Exp. 3 Q 66-74 mm. (2°6-2:92”").
Hab, Sikhim, Bhutan and Nepal in North-eastern India ;
Orissa; Canara; Mysore in Southern India. In further India
through the hills of Assam to Upper Burma.
The above is a description of the wet-season form. The dry-
season form, especially of the ¢,1is very similar. Inthe 9 the
eround-colour is paler, the markings comparatively broader and on
the underside somewhat diffuse.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, with six rows of fine branched spines, the
PANTOPORIA. 307
dorsal being lower than the lateral and those on the third and
fourth segments lower than the rest, the second segment unarmed 5
the bases of the legs set with short simple spines; colour pure
green, with a large brown patch on the ninth segment; spines
brown and head dark brown, head covered with short simple brown
spines and white tubercles....... Feeds on Glochidion velutinum
and G'. zelanicum.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. “ Like that of A. mahesa, but of the curious processes on
the back, the posterior one is much longer and more inclined
forwards.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
322. Pantoporia rufula, de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 181
2; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 199, pl. 265, figs. 1,l a, dQ.
This insular form closely resembles P. nefte, Cramer, race
nivifera, Butler, so far as the males are concerned, but the sexes
are much more alike in it than in the Malaccan form. It differs
as follows:—¢. Upperside. Fore wing: discoidal streak ill-
defined, divided into four, the preapical portion forming a promi-
nent white spot; the discal band very much broader; the inner
and outer subterminal lines nearly obsolete ; preapical spot orange-
yellow. Hind wing: subbasal band broader, postdiscal band
faint, obsolescent, the inner border of black cone-shaped marks
and the outer black band more distinct than in nwifera. Under-
side ochraceous, the markings broader, the dark blotches between
them on the ground-colour of the fore wing and the discal series
of dark spots more heavily marked ; also the subterminal narrow
band on the hind wing is more or less distinctly margined on the
inner side by a row of black transverse spots.— 2. Very closely
resembles its own 3, the markings are white on both upper and
under sides, but the spots that compose the discal band on the
fore wing are outwardly suffused with orange-yellow, and on the
underside of the hind wing the spots on the inner margin of the
subterminal band are much larger and more clearly defined.
Kxp. 3 2 67-72 mm. (2°64-2°85").
Hab. The Andamans.
323. Pantoporia kanwa, Moore (Athyma), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 17, pl. 51,
fie. 2; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 169; Moore
(Tatisia), Lep. Ind. i1, 1896-99, p. 179, pl. 258, -figs. 2, 2 a, 2 d,
dQ.
3 Q. Upperside black (in 2 blackish brown) with white markings.
Fore wing : discoidal streak narrow clavate, followed by an acutely
pointed, long, triangular spot beyond apex of cell; discal curved
band macular, the spots that compose it well separated, those in
interspaces 1 and 2 broadly oval, no spot in interspace 3, a very
small rounded spot in interspace 4, and elongate oval spots in 5
and 6; an inner and an outer subterminal line dusky white formed
of short, transverse, ill-defined slender lines in the interspaces,
XZ
308 NYMPHALID A.
the latter line obscure. Hind wing: the subbasal band widening
from dorsum to costa; postdiscal band comparatively narrow,
sinuous, macular, also widening slightly from costa to dorsum; a
pale subterminal somewhat diffuse line. Underside: greyish
brown, 2 pale brown; markings as on the upperside, but broader
and not so sharply defined; these markings slightly broader in the
2 than in the $; the dark-brown blotched shading between the
white markings on the fore wing and the dark spots bordering
the postdiscal band on the inner side in the hind wing diffuse ;
dorsai margin of the hind wing broadly greenish blue. Antenne
black, ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen black,
blackish brown in the @ ; in both sexes the thorax anteriorly
and the base of the abdomen with a prominent transverse bluish-
white bar; beneath, the palpi white, thorax and abdomen bluish
white.
Exp. 5 2 65-70 mm, (2°59-2°76").
Hab. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malayan
Subregion.
324. Pantoporia kresna, Mvore (Athyma), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 12, pl. 50,
fic. 4 g; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 1738; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 195, pl. 263, figs. 1, la-le, o Q.
Athyma subrata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 18, pl. 51, fig. 1 2;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 181 &.
3. Upperside rich velvety black. Fore wing: discoidal streak
white, clavate, divided into four, the apical portion impinging on
the discocellulars, large, conical, subacute at apex, widely separated
from the rest ; discal band white, narrow, macular, curved, broadly
interrupted, the spot in interspace 2 large, broadly oval; no spot
in interspace 3; a postdiscal, very narrow, white band formed of
two curved portions, the anterior and posterior each of three trans-
verse spots or short lines. Hind wing: the discal white band on
the fore wing continued as a narrow subbasal undivided transverse
band ; a postdiscal macular, somewhat sinuous, narrower band and
a subterminal pale line. Underside brown, the markings as on the
upperside but somewhat broader, the interspace of ground-colour
between them blotched with dark brown ; these blotchings form
on the fore and hind wings a broad dark inner border to the post-
discal markings. Cilia black alternated with white ; dorsal margin
of hind wing broadly greenish blue. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen black, the thorax anteriorly and abdomen at base with
transverse bars of bluish white; beneath, the club of the antenne
dark ochraceous, the palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish.— ? . Upper-
side fuliginous brown shaded with black, the markings similar to
those in tae ¢, but pale brownish white and diffuse ; on the fore
wing the discoidal streak notched anteriorly, not divided, the
apical portion narrowing acutely to a point and extended nearly
to the discal band. Underside similar but paler, the markings
suffused with pale pink, the dark brown blotching broad and
PANTOPORIA. 309
prominent. Antenne very dark ochraceous red, head, thorax
and abdomen velvety black, an ochraceous bar across the base of
the last ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen brownish white.
Exp. $ 2 64-72 mm. (2°52-2°83").
Hab. Assam; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to the
Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
325. Pantoporia cama (PI. IX, fig. 63, 2), Moore (Athyma), Cat.
Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 174, pl. 5, fig. 5, ¢ 9 ; de N. Butt.
Ind. 11, 1886, p. 178; Moore (Pantoporia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
p- 200, pl. 265, figs. 2,2a-2c, § 2, & pl. 266, figs. 1, la-le, 5 @.
3. Upperside rich brownish black. Fore and hind wings with
a broad, more or less macular, white band crossing the wings,
discal, curved and interrupted in interspaces 3 and 4 on the fore
wing, subbasal and complete on the hind
wing; fore wing with an obscure dull
ferruginous discoidal streak, a quadrate
orange preapical spot; postdiseal and
subterminal pale lines, the postdiscal
emitting a short fork inwards above
vein 4. Hind wing with a broad diffuse
subterminal and a narrower terminal
pale band. Underside rich ochraceous ;
markings as on the upperside, but all
more or less bluish white, the discoidal
streak on fore wing more prominent; a
i white black-centred spot at base of inter-
= space 1; a triangular very dark chestnut
Fig. 57. patch on tornal area. On the hind wing,
Pantoporia cama, §. 3. interspace 7 white, a discal incomplete
series of dark chestnut spots ; the dorsal
margin broadly suffused with bluish. On both fore and hind
wing the subterminal and terminal markings are suffused with
blue and somewhat diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black, a bluish-white bar across base of abdomen; beneath, the
club of the antenne ochraceous, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
white.— 9. Upperside black; all the markings as in the dg, but
with the exception of the subterminal pale bands, on both fore
and hind wing, more or less orange-yellow; on the fore wing
the discoidal streak is narrower, longer, more prominent than
in the ¢, the anterior portion of the discal band more oblique,
emarginate on the inner side; the postdiscal band obscure and
irregular. Hind wing: postdiscal band sinuous, orange only up
to vein 7, pale in interspace 7, the subterminal pale band broad,
complete. Underside ochraceous olive-brown; the markings as
on the upperside, but pinkish white and blurred ; the dorsal margin
of hind wing and the thorax beneath irrorated with metallic blue
scales. Antenne, head and thorax black; abdomen ochraceous,
with a transverse bluish-white bar at base asin the ¢.
310 NYMPHALID#.
Exp. 3 Q 67-86 mm. (2°68-3°4").
Hab. The Himalayas, Mussooree to Sikhim; Assam; Upper
Burma.
The dry-season form has the ground-colour both on the upper
and under sides duller, the markings all very much broader and
in the 2 of a paler and duller yellow.
326. Pantoporia selenophora, Kollar (Liminitis), Hiigel’s Kaschmir,
iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 426, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, ¢ ; de N. (Athyma)
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 176 ; Davidson, Bell § Aitken, Jour. Bomb.
N. H, Soc. x, pt. 11, 1896, p. 254; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99,
py 202 up) 267) hes ome o ioe
3. Upperside black. Fore wing: discoidal streak deep red,
twice divided, the apical portion dusky white; three elongate oval
white spots in the interspaces beyond; a distinct white band,
variable in width, from dorsum to interspace 3; an obscure inner
subterminal line of transverse whitish marks, and a still more
obscure outer subterminal pale line. Hind wing with the broad
white discal band of the fore wing continued across to vein 1, a
postdiscal narrow diffuse pale macular band, and a subterminal
pale line ; abdominal fold dusky grey ; cilia of both fore and hind
wings black, alternated with white. Undersede bright chestnut-
red; the markings as on the upperside but all white, on the
terminal portions of the wings diffuse; discoidal streak in fore
wing white, diffuse, more broadly divided ; interspace 8 white
at base, with a dark chestnut-red loop below it in interspace 7
crossing into the cellular area; very dark postdiscal blotches in
interspaces 1a, 1to 3 on fore wing; and a series of very dark
chestnut-red marks between discal and postdiscal bands on the hind
wing; dorsal margin of hind wing broadly blue. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen very dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax
and abdomen white faintly tinged with blue.— 9 . Upperside velvety
brownish black with white and pale markings. Fore wing: the
discoidal streak clavate, twice divided, a large elongate triangular
spot beyond apex of cell ; a macular discal band of four large spots
inclined outwards from dorsum, and three obliquely placed spots
from beyond the middle of the costa, the lowest spot of these
minute, the next two large, elongate, with a very slender short
streak above them on the costa; an inner subterminal series. of
transverse spots and an outer subterminal pale incomplete line.
Hind wing: the subbasal broad band widening towards costa; a
postdiscal series of large, inwardly bluntly conical spots and a broad
subterminal pale line. Underside as in the ¢, but the white
markings broader, the ground-colour not so bright. Antenne,
thorax and abdomen as in the ¢, but the abdomen with a white
transverse band at base.
Exp. 3 2 66-72 mm. (2°6-2°83").
Hab. The Himalayas ; Southern India, the Nilgiris, Kanara and
Mysore; Assam; Burma and Northern Tenasserin.
PANTOPORIA, oll
In the dry-season form the ground-colour in both sexes is brown,
paler in the 2 than in the g; the discal band variable in width,
but on the whole broader both on the upper and under sides, and
the ground-colour on the underside ochraceous brown.
Larva and pupa. ‘ Like that of A. mara, Doubleday & Hewit-
son, but the dorsal patch is much smaller and there are some
white spots on the sides. The pupa is distinguished from that of
A, inara by slight differences in the shape of the grotesque
processes on the head and thorax. The common food-plant is the
Adnia cordifolia.” (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.)
327. Pantoporia zeroca, Moore (Athyma), P. Z. 8S. 1872, p. 564 ¢ ;
de N.(Athyma) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 177; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iii, 1896-99, p. 205, pl. 268, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
3. Upperside superficially resembles the upperside of A. seleno-
_ phora 3; but on the fore wing the discoidal streak is more obscure,
the three obliquely-placed white spots composing the anterior por-
tion of the discal band are preapically transverse on the wing and
are sometimes not white but fuliginous brown ; the postdiscal and
subterminal lines on the hind wing are more continuous. Underside
also resembles, but more closely, the underside of A. selenophora 3,
but the ground-colour is darker, the discoidal streak and transverse
preapical spots on the fore wing and the postdiscal and subterminal
lines on the hind wing lilac, the latter two more continuous, not
macular.— 2 altogether different. Upperside fuliginous brown
with diffuse sulied white markings. Fore wing with the discoidal
streak long and undivided; beyond apex of cell an elongate narrow
triangular spot; discal band long and narrow posteriorly and very
oblique, extending in interspace 3 diffusely to the inner subterminal
band; the three spots composing its anterior portion also very
oblique ; the inner subterminal band broad and distinct; outer
subterminal band distinct only posteriorly. Hind wing with the
usual subbasal, postdiscal and subterminal bands, the former two
sullied white, the postdiscal very diffuse, the subterminal pale
brown. Underside ochraceous brown, the sullied white markings
as on the upperside, a series of dark ferruginous diffuse marks
resembling stains from near apex of fore to dorsal margin of
hind wing; this last broadly bluish. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen white
suffused with pale blue. The usual abdominal bar at base above.
Hap. 3S 2 64-68 mm. (2°52-2°71").
Hab. Kumaun to Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam; Burma and Tenas-
serim.
The dry-season form in the ¢ has the markings broader, the
eround-colour a duller ochraceous brown.— 2. Ground-colour
paler on both upper and under sides, the markings broader, more
diffuse.
312 NYMPHALIDA.
328. Pantoporia opalina (Pl. IX, fig. 61), Kollar (Liminitis),
Lhigel’s Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 427; de N. (Athyma) Butt.
Ind. 11, 1886, p. 173; : Moore (Condochates), Lep. Ind. i11, 1896-99,
Pp. 188, pl. 261, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, larva & pupa, ¢ Q.
Athyma_ orientalis, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 354, pl. 9,
fig. 4 3; id. P. ZS. 1891, p. 277
3 2. Upperside dark brownish black, paler in the 2 than in
the ¢. A trifid discoidal clavate white streak on fore wing with a
subtriangular spot just beyond apex of cell ; a strongly curved series
of discal spots in the interspaces, decreasing in size from inter-
space 1 to 4, thence bent inwards and elongate to interspace 6, with
an oblique small preapical spot also white. Hind wing: a more
or less continuous subbasal band (broad in the dry-season, narrower
in the wet-season specimens), traversed by the dark veins, and a
postdiscal macular band, not quite reaching either the dorsal or
costal margins, white. Fore and hind wings with pale subterminal
narrow bands and the cilia white alternated with blackish brown.
Underside: ground-colour on anterior half of both fore and hind
wing chocolate-brown, posterior half duller, suffused on the hind
wing with shining pale lilacine; the white markings and pale
subterminal band as on the upperside but broader ; the posterior
half of the terminal margin on fore wing whitish with some imner
dusky black markings ; the dorsal margin of hind wing broadly
suffused with greenish blue.
Exp. & 2 57-72 mm. (2:25-2°83").
Hab. The Himalayas ; the hills of Assam and Burma.
Larva. Cylindrical; in preserved specimen yellow, in life pro-
bably pale green, with a dark lateral stripe; head with two dark
brown divergent broad stripes in front, studded with numerous
small white tubercies and a double row of short spines; a series
of long black-branched spines on the segments from 3 to 10, the
longest on the 3rd and 4th segments, a lateral row of shorter
spines on each side and numerous small papille.
Pupa. *‘ Abdomen attenuated posteriorly, with a short dorsal
projecting keel on each segment; a large broad-keeled anterio-
dorsal dilated prominence and a thoracic conical prominence ;
wing-cases dilated and pointed anteriorly, rounded posteriorly ;
head-piece bifid, the tips lengthened, pointed laterally, divergent,
auriform and twisted; ventral surface arched. Colour pale
yellowish testaceous, processes partly dark brown; two parallel
macular brown stripes on the abdomen below and a lateral row of
brown spots.” (Moore.)
329. Pantoporia ranga, Moore (Athyma), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L. C. i,
1857, p. 175, ‘pl. 5a, fig. 6 g ; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 172 ; Moore (Kironga), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 210,
pl. 269, figs. TL Wag. 2) Sop. 21 pl. 270, figs. 1, La, 18,
larva & pupa, ‘3 Or
see mahesa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 176, pl. 5,
fig. 7 3d: de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 171; Davidson, Bell &
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N.H. Soe. v, 1890, Dp: 350, & x, pt. 2, 1696:
p. 254, pl. i, figs. 4, 4a, larva & pupa.
PANTOPORIA. ails
3 2. Upperside: g velvety black, 9 very dark brown, suffused
with bluish in certain ights. Fore wing: a medial anterior and
a preapical larger whitish spot in cell; posteriorly in the cell,
beyond its apex and below it at base of interspace 1, some dull
obscure blue spots; a discal series of white spots, three elongate
placed obliquely from just beyond middle of costa, two more
inwards in interspaces 2 and 3, one in middle of interspaces 1 a
and 1; the spot in interspace 2 very large truncate exteriorly,
the spot in interspace 3 elongate. Beyond these spots an inner
and an outer subterminal line of transverse white marks irrorated
more or less with blackish scales. Hind wing: a subbasal broad
transverse macular white band, the anterior spots that compose it
more widely separated than the others, a postdiscal series of white
spots, irrorated with black scales, and a subterminal line of short
detached narrow transverse pale marks in the interspaces ; cilia on
fore and hind wings black alternated with white. Underside very
dark brown, shaded and blotched with black between the white
markings ; these latter as on the upperside, but all pure white,
much larger, much more clearly defined ; dorsal margin of hind
wing broadly pale blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black ; the thorax anteriorly obscurely glossed with blue; the
abdomen with a series of lateral white spots on each side from
base ; body beneath white, glossed on thorax with pale blue; eyes
hairy.
Exp. 3 9 64-80 mm. (2°52-3°12”).
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim.
Found also in Southern India, Kanara and the Nilgiris.
The dry-season form has the ground-colour above dark brown in
both sexes and the markings broader and sullied white; on the
underside the ground-colour is distinctly ochraceous brown.
Larva. ““In form the larva was exactly similar to that of
Laminitis (Moduza) procris . . . .; in colour it was green, with a
whitish band round the 9th segment. Its habits were also like
those of L. procris, but not quite the same. It selected one of the
side nerves of a leaf and ate away the soft parts on each side till
the bare nerve stood out ; then having barricaded the approach to
this with fragments of leaf which it had contrived to cut off in
feeding, mixed with excrement and silk, it rested motionless on the
very point of the rib unapproachable by ants or spiders. After
the last moult it gave up these habits and rested on the upper side
of a leaf, where it was conspicuous enough. We infer that the
worst enemies of this species are not birds or parasites but small
spiders and predaceous insects.” (Davidson & Aitken.) Food-plants,
Olea dioica and Linociera malabarica.
Pupa. “Of the most brilliant silver-colour, the segments and
parts being outlined in brown. It is suspended perpendicularly ;
abdominal segments slender, the thoracic region larger and
expanded laterally ; two long sharp horns issuing from the sides
of the head and at first parallel, diverge and point laterally; on
the back there are two prominent processes curved towards each
other, and many small points and tubercles.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
314 NYMPHALID&.
330. Pantoporia abiasa, Moore (Athyma), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 16, pl. 59,
fig. 7 3g; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 174; Moore
(IMironga), Lep. Ind. ii1, 1896-99, p. 213, pl. 270, figs. 2,2 a, 5 2.
Athyma clerica, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1, 1877, p. 540, pl. 69, |
fir. 5 Ss.
3 &. Upperside dark brownish black with white markings,
narrower in the 2 than in the g. Fore wing: discoidal streak
short, slender, with a large spot well separated beyond it, aud a
faint transverse short line on the discocellulars; discal band
slightly curved, much interrupted, composed of a spot in inter-
space la, another in the posterior portion of interspace 1, a
larger oval spot in interspace 2, well separated from the one below
it, a small contiguous spot in interspace 5, and an oblique series of
small spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, the spot in 4 minute; a
postdiscal line of transverse small spots followed by a subterminal
obscure pale line. Hind wing with the usual subbasal broad
band; a sinuous postdiscal series of conical spots, and a pale
obscure subterminal line. Underside purplish brown, the spots
and bands tinged with pale pinkish blue, all larger and the outer
ones better defined than on the upperside; the interspace of
eround-colour between the markings broadly blotched with dark
brown ; the dorsal margin of the hind wing broadly greenish blue.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black, the
abdomen with a basal transverse white bar; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen bluish white.
Exp. & 2 60-66 mm. (2°38—2°6").
Hab. Malayan Subregion, extending into our limits at Mereui
in 8. Tenasserim.
Genus ATHYMA.
Athyma, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii,
1850, p. 272; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 165; Moore, Lep. Ind.
ili, 1896-99, p. 183.
Tacorea, Tharasia, Chendrana, et Tacola, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii,
1898, pp. 176, 180, 182 & 192.
Type, A. pertus, Linn., from India.
fiange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing short, broad, triangular; costa moderately
arched, apex blunt; termen nearly straight, slightly concave
in the middle; tornus angular; dorsum slightly sinuous; cell
open; veins 5, 6 and 7 very closely approximate at base, upper
and middle discocellulars therefore minute; vein 9 from middle
of 7,10 and 11 free, from apical third of subcostal. Hind wing
ovate ; costa strongly curved near base, then nearly straight ;
apex rounded; termen widely arched, scalloped; tornus well
marked; abdominal fold broad; cell open; vein 7 equidistant
from 6 and 8 at base. Antenne long, nearly two-thirds length of
fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual; palpi short, broad, densely
scaled, third joint short and conical; eyes typically naked, in
ATHYMA, 315
one form hairy; thorax short and robust ; intermediate and
posterior tibize shorter than the femora, spined along the under-
side.
Key to the forms of Athyma.
A. Eyes not hairy.
a. Fore wing upperside: discoidal streak
divided.
a’. Fore wing upperside: macular discal
band not interrupted, all spots com-
OSIM GUD SP RESCMIG tne peers a ee cua eo shel A. perius, p. 31d.
6’. Fore wing upperside: macular discal
band interrupted, spot in interspace 3
BOBO Se 5 Slog Go Bowe ecko one dois ctl A. larymna, p. 316.
6. Fore wing upperside: discoidal streak
not divided.
a'. A spot beyond apex of discoidal streak.
a>. Hind wing underside: spots com-
posing postdiscal macular band with
Dlackvcentre 1m:eachia es) .2) 5: A, asura, p. 317.
6°. Hind wing underside: spots com-
posing postdiscal macular band
without black centre spots ...... Race zdita, p. 318.
b'. No spot beyond apex of discoidal
SUSIH ECU Ma MY Ba eon ese, PUR Beant ek een A. pravara, p. 318.
AREY CO MTV iep nets aut shspeuey orn = a ep ahe, aaa ee aia. A. yma, p. 319.
331. Athyma perius, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p.471; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 166, pl. 20, fig. 89 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iii, 1896-99, p. 184, pl. 260, figs. 1, 1 ald, larva & pupa, dQ.
3 2. Upperside black (in the @ blackish brown) with the
following white markings :—Fore
wing: a clavate discoidal streak,
twice divided, a cone-shaped large
spot beyond ; a much curved discal
macular band, the spots composing
it in interspaces la, 1 and 2 broad,
rectangular, in interspace 3 small,
subtriangular, in interspace 4 cir-
cular or oval, in 5 and 6 elongate,
shifted obliquely inwards; a post-
discal sinuous line of narrow trans-
verse spots, and a subterminal line
of obscure short lunules. Hind
Fig, 58.—Athyma perius. }. wing: discal band of fore wing
continued subbasally across, broad
and not macular, traversed only by the veins; a_postdiscal
macular band, inwardly margined by a series of round black dots,
and a subterminal line of obscure lunules as on the fore wing.
Underside golden ochraceous yellow; the white markings as on
the upperside but heavily margined and defined with black ;
interspace 1a with subbasal and preapical patches in interspace 1
316 NYMPHALIDE,
of fore wing fuliginous black; postdiscal band on hind wing
margined inwardly with pale blue, bearing a superposed series
of black spots, the pale blue extended along the veins crossing
the band; both fore and hind wing with a prominent terminal
narrow black band; the cilia white alternated with brown.
Antenne black ; head with a spot of golden ochraceous between
the eyes; thorax with a band or two of bluish spots anteriorly
and posteriorly ; abdomen transversely and narrowly barred with
bluish white; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pure
white ; in the 2 the abdomen has a double lateral row of minute
black dots.
Exp. 3 2 60-76 mm. (2°38-3").
JTab. Throughout the Himalayas; the hills of Central, Hastern
and Western India; Southern India, but not, so far as is known,
Ceylon ; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and the Malay
Peninsula.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, of equal thickness throughout its length ;
head larger than the following segment, black, thickly covered
with obtuse castaneous spines ; body pale green ; beneath and legs
castaneous, armed with a subdorsal series of long and a spiracular—
series of shorter spined castaneous tubercles, one in each series
on each segment, those on the fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth and
thirteenth segments in the subdorsal series shorter than the others,
spiracles black.” (de Nicéville.)
Pupa. ‘“ Brown, richly gilt, head ending in two points, thorax
foliaceous.” (de Nicévitle. )
Food-plants recorded, Glochidion lanceolatum and G. velutinum.
332. Athyma larymna, Doubleday (Liminitis), in Dblday., Westw. s
Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, pl. 35, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, Bs 167 ; Moore (Tacola), Lep. Ind. ‘iii, 1896-99, p. 192,
pl. 262, figs. Ih Ma, ANGy GF, Qin
3 2. Upperside black, in Q very dark brownish black, with
pure white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak divided into
four, the basal two divisions very narrow, the intervening portion
forming a small round spot, the preapical and apical portions of
the streak broad, triangular, very acute at their apices; a discal,
macular, broadly interrupted band, composed as follows: an
elongate spot in interspace 1a, an outwardly conical, inwardly
truncate or slightly emarginate large spot in interspace 1, an
oval large spot in interspace 2, no spots in interspace 3, elongate
narrow spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 6 respectively, with two
slender streaks above them on costa; the posterior three spots in
an oblique line from middle of dorsum towards apex of wing, the
anterior three in an oblique line from just beyond middle of costa
towards upper portion of termen; beyond these a sinuous series
of transverse, short, somewhat lunular lines in interspaces 1, 2, 3,
5 and 6, and a pale subterminal broad line. Hind wing: a trans-
verse subbasal band in continuation of the discal band on the fore
ATHYMA, Filey,
wing ; a postdiscal macular band, the spots composing it broadly
divided by the veins and a pale subterminal broad line as on the
fore wing. Underside ochraceous brown, in @ dull grey-brown ;
the white markings as on the upperside with, on the posterior half
of the fore wing and between the subbasal and postdiscal bands
on the hind wing, darker brown intervening shadings and blotches ;
the basal two divisions of the discoidal streak in fore wing obscure,
the subterminal markings somewhat diffuse. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen black; the thorax anteriorly and the base of
the abdomen crossed by a bar of bluish white.
Exp. 3 Q 82-96 mm. (3:23-3°8").
Hab. The Malayan Subregion, extending into Tenasserim.
333. Athyma asura, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 171,
pl. 5a, fiz. 1 g ; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 168; Moore
(Tacorea), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 177, pl. 257, figs. 1, 1 a—
le, SQ.
Race idita.
Athyma idita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 16, pl. 51, fig. 3 g ; de N.
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 168; Moore (Tacorea), Lep. Ind. iii,
1896-99, p. 178, pl. 258, figs. 1, la, ¢.
3 2. Upperside black with white markings. Fore wing: dis-
coidal streak slender, narrow, undivided ; an obscure reddish lunule
below its apex and an irregular white spot beyond, followed by a
small obscure round reddish spot ; discal band macular, composed
of spots decreasing in size and directed obliquely outwards from
middle of dorsum to interspace 4, and two short streaks shifted
inwards obliquely towards costal margin in interspaces 5 and 6
respectively ; beyond this a postdiscal series of short transverse
lines diminishing to dots, curved slightly inwards, followed by a
minute dot anteriorly in interspaces 5 and 6, and an obscure,
pale, transverse, subterminal lunular line. Hind wing: the discal
band of the fore wing continued subbasally across, not macular,
traversed only by the veins ; a postdiscal series of somewhat shield-
shaped spots, each spot centred with black, and a broad obscure
subterminal band. Underside bright chestnut, the white markings
much as on the upperside but broader. Fore wing: the postdiscal
series of spots black, encircled with diffuse white, the subterminal
pale line replaced by a series of very short transverse lines
in the interspaces, a black spot at base of interspace 1; inter-
spaces la and 1 blotched with blackish. Hind wing: base of
interspace 8 white ; subbasal broad white band bordered with pale
blue; the postdiscal band of white spots larger; and the sub-
terminal pale band replaced by a series of short white lines in
the interspaces. Cilia of wings white, alternated with black.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; thorax glossed with
ereen, abdomen with a pale blue transverse band at base ; beneath,
palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. 3 2 78-90 mm. (3:09-3-53"),
318 ; NYMPHALID.
Hab. Himalayas, Kulu and Simla to Mussooree ; recorded from
the hills of Assam, Arrakan, and Tenasserim.
The dry-season form is smaller, the markings whiter, the discal
spots on fore wing larger ; the subbasal band and postdiscal series
of spots on hind wing broader ; the ground-colour on the under-
side a shade darker.
Race idita, Moore.—Differs from the typical form as follows :—
Upperside purpurescent black, the markings purer white and on
the whole smaller and narrower. The most striking difference is
on the hind wing, where in the postdiscal series the spots, though
shield-shaped as in asura, are entirely without the black centres so
conspicuous in that form. ‘These are also wanting on the under-
side, while the ground-colour is darker, more of a chocolate-brown.
Kap. 3 2 72-84 mm. (2°84-3°3").
Hab. Mergui, southwards into the Malayan Subregion as far as
Borneo. '
304, Athyma pravara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 173,.
pl. 5a, fig 49; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 170; Moore
(Chendrana), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 182, pl. 259, figs. 2, 2a,
Ss 2)
3 Q. Upperside dark brownish black with the following white
markings :—Fore wing: discoidal streak long, strongly clavate ;
discal band macular, composed of three large spots piaced in an
outwardly oblique line from the middle of the dorsum, in inter-
spaces la, 1 and 2, and three smaller, somewhat elongate spots
in an inwardly oblique line from middle ot interspace 4 to inter-
space 6; a postdiscal series of transverse, slender, short lines in
the interspaces and a pale subterminal line; the interspaces between
the white markings shaded with jet-black, most prominent on the
inner side of the postdiscal series of short lines. Hind wing:
the discal band on the fore wing continued subbasally across,
not macular, traversed only by the dark veins; a postdiscal
somewhat sinuous band of quadrate spots and a pale subterminal
band. Underside pale brown, the markings as on the upperside
but somewhat broader; the ground-colour on the fore wing
blotched between the white markings with dark brown; on the
hind wing, between the subbasal and postdiscal bands, there is a
row of similarly coloured large diffuse spots ; the pale subterminal
bands on both tore and hind wings more clearly defined and broader
than on the upperside ; dorsal margin of hind wing broadly greyish.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, antenn
dark ochraceous, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous
white. |
Kup. 3 2 60-68 mm. (2°38-2-69").
Hab. The hills of Assam; through Cachar, Arrakan, Burma to
Tenasserim ; extending into the Malayan Subregion.
. ATHYMA.—NEPTIS. O19
330. Athyma jina, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 172,
pl. 5a, fig. 3 6 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 169; Moore
(Tharasia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 181, pl. 259, fies, 1, la
Weeks 7H, WY rt » gs. 1, 1a,
Os .
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black, with pale creamy-white mark-
ings. Fore wing: discoidal streak long and comparatively broad,
widening towards the apex, which is bluntly pointed; discal
macular band complete, not interrupted, composed of somewhat
elongate spots ; postdiscal band widely interrupted, consisting ot
a short lunular line in interspace | and four preapical spots placed
in a curve; subterminal pale band very obscure. Hind wing:
subbasal band moderately broad, not macular, traversed by the dark
veins; postdiscal band macular, of quadrate or conical spots de-
creasing in size towards the costa ; subterminal pale band lunular.
Underside bright ochraceous chestnut; the markings as on the
upperside but broader, especially the postdiscal and subterminal
markings on both fore and hind wings; interspaces 1a, 1 and the
greater part of 2 on fore wing brown ; interspace 8 on hind wing
white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ;
base of abdomen with a transverse white band; beneath, club of
antenne dark ochraceous, palpi, thorax and abdomen white ; eyes
hairy.
Exp. 3 2 74-84 mm. (2:93-3°33").
Hab. Sikhim, Nepal.
Genus NEPTIS.
Neptis, Fabr. Ilhg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 282; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 54; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 75; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iii, 1896-99, p. 226.
Andrapana, Bimbasara, Pandassana, Stabrobates, et Lasippa,
Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1898, p. 146.
Type, NV. aceris, Linn., from Europe.
Hab. Eastern and Southern Europe; Western, Southern and
Eastern Africa; Madagascar ; Mauritius ; India; China; Japan,
and southwards through the Malayan Subregion to Australia.
3 @. Fore wing elongate, triangular; costa slightly arched;
apex blunt or subacute; termen variable, straight, slightly convex,
in some forms slightly concave; dorsum sinuous; cell open ;
upper and middle discocellulars only present, short, variable, but
the latter typically concave; vein 9 from middle of 7, 10 and 11
free. Hind wing broadly ovate; costa variable from slightiy to
strongly arched; apex rounded; termen arched, sometimes scal-
loped ; tornus rounded ; dorsum slightly arched ; cell open ; vein 7
closer to 6 than to 8 at base; vein 8 typically not extending to
apex of wing, terminating on the costal margin. Antenne slender,
about half length of fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi
slender, short, clothed with somewhat loose, lax scales and hairs,
third joint short, pointed; eyes naked; thorax and body com-
320 NYMPHALID®.
paratively slender; tibie and tarsi beneath of intermediate and
posterior legs spined.
The forms of Neptis are in the minor details of shades of ground-
colour and markings extremely variable, in consequence of which
the number of so-called “ species” has been enormously multiplied.
Races of WV. eurynome, the most widely distributed form of the
genus, have in India alone received about a dozen names. The
coloration on the upperside in the majority of the forms is black
with white markings. These latter on the fore wing consist of a
prominent discoidal streak with or without a separate spot beyond,
and a discal curved series of spots ; those on the posterior portion
of the wing in a line directed obliquely outwards from the middle
of the dorsum, those on the anterior portion of the wing in a line
directed obliquely outwards from beyond the middle of the costa;
beyond the discal spots the markings are smaller and less clearly
defined. On the hind wing there is always a subbasal more or
less continuous transverse band in continuation of the discal series
of spots on the fore wing, and a postdiscal series of spots with
generally faint ill-defined discal and subterminal lines. In many
forms the white is replaced by orange-yellow, in a few the white
markings are strongly suffused with fuliginous brown.
Key to the forms of Neptis.
A. Upperside fore wing: discoidal streak with
a more or less well-separated triangular
spot beyond.
a, Underside hind wing: transverse subbasal
band and postdiscal series of spots always
more or less margined by black lines.
a’. Underside hind wing: transverse sub-
basal band nearly of even width
throughout, not broadest in middle ;
ground-colour ochraceous.
a’. Upperside hind wing: spots in post-
discal series quadrate, often longer
han ,pwoads 15 Cab 2eeA taken... Lae N. eurynome, p. 328.
b°, Upperside hind wing: spots in post-
discal series transverse not quadrate,
always broader than long ........ Race andamana, p. 325.
6’. Underside hind wing: transverse sub-
basal band not of even width, narrower
at either end, broadest in middle ;
eround-colour always darker........ Race nicobarica, p. 325.
4. Underside hind wing: transverse subbasal
band and postdiscal series of spots not
margined by black lines.
a’, Hind wing: subbasal band not extend-
ing to costal margin.
a’. Underside ground-colour ochraceous
brown.
a®*. Underside fore wing: interspaces
between veins without dark chest-
nut-browmn markings) (se. ec N. columella, p. 326.
sy)
bo
paar
NEPTIS.
b°. Underside fore wing: interspaces
between veins with prominent
dark chestnut-brown markings .. . swmbah, p. 327.
4°. Underside ground-colour dusky pur-
plish brown.
a, Upperside hind wing: spots of
postdiscal series rounded or conical.
a*. Underside hind wing: band be-
yond subbasal band white .... NV. magadha, p. 328.
b*. Underside hind wing: band be-
yond subbasal band distinctly
PUD Nee oe ae ole cee ann ort ins Race khastana, p. 328.
b°. Upperside hind wing: spots of
postdiscal series transverse, never
Founded oniconical 2 7, foc ve N. nata, p. 329.
4’, Hind wing: subbasal band extending
to costal margin.
a>. Hind wing: subbasal band distinctly
widening towards costal margin.
a>. Upperside fore wing: spot beyond
apex of discoidal streak short,
Comical lumi tes. ee ee 3 op N. mahendra, p. 329.
b°, Upperside fore wing: spot beyond ;
apex of discoidal streak movye
elongate, acutely pointed ...... N. yerburi, p. 380.
4°, Hind wing: subbasal band of nearly
even width throughout or slightly
attenuated at each end.
a®, Hind wing: subbasal band not at-
tenuated at each end.
a‘, Upperside markings not pure
white, more or less sullied with
USC OWS 3.53) 2) smite ia at cue Navan. N. soma, p. 330.
b*. Upperside markings pure white.
a. Kore wing underside: mark-
ings broad; spots of discal
series in interspaces 2 and 3
outwardly rounded ........ race hampsont, p. ddl.
L°, Wore wing underside: mark-
ing’s narrower ; spots of discal
series in interspaces 2 and 3
outwardly truncate or emar-
CANNES COPMENE EGE NSE, epee eR rT eee Race celinia, p. 332.
6°, Wind wing: subbasal band dis-
tinctly attenuate at each end.... Race kallaura, p. 331.
B. Upperside fore wing: discoidal streak joined
to triangular spot beyond.
a. Upperside: colour brownish or fuliginous
black with white markings, not sullied
but sometimes slightly irrorated with
dusky dark scales.
a’. Upperside fore wing: no white spot at
base of interspace 3.
a’. Upperside fore wing: discal series of
white spots completed by a small
spot in interspace 4.
VOL, I. Y
o22 NYMPHALID&.
a>, Lower and upper spots of this
series respectively not connate
among themselves, not forming
separate short bands .......... WN. sankara, p. 332.
6°. Lower and upper spots respec-
tively of this series connate among
themselves el ae separate short
bandsene Mee Bee icMreee | ELACe AT, Daaaar
“, Upperside fore wing : discal series of
white spots not complete. No spot
in interspace 4.
a’. Upperside fore wing: lower por-
tion of discal series consisting of
four spots, in interspaces la, 1, \ N. cartica, p. 333.
DP aL Bin so Se petegtteseseterns | RACesOummerannaey se
6°. Upperside fore wing: lower por-
tion of discal series consisting of
three spots, in interspaces la, 1
ANd 2. , 2... eee ress eene errs Lace nashona, p. 334,
b’. Upperside fore wing : a white spot at
nines of interspace 3.
. This spot small, triangular’ ...... . LV. narayana, p. 334.
. This spot large, forming with dis-
coidal streak a curved “club-shaped
mark.
Underside: ground-colour pale
ochraceous yellow 0-7. 2s...) Na mandse meat:
6°. Underside: ground-colour rich
purplish brown, ochraceous only
at apex and tornus of fore and
along costa and termen of hind
NUN MR ee enter since cepts rent .. Race nyctea, p. 336
6. Upperside : colour brownish or fuliginous
black with white markings strongly
suffused with yellow.
w, Underside: ground-cclour dark ferru- N. narayana,
SAMOUSHOLONVIN sete). Se aR asaesiele } Race nana, p. 335.
b'. Underside : eround- colour “ violaceous (Ny. narayanda,
with markings of dark reddish brown” | Race asterastilis, p. 335.
c’. Underside : eround- colour pale ochra-
CEOUST 4h aie. cbs Sitiont Sue scone nee Cane ene . WN. zarda, p. 336.
c. Upperside: colour brownish or fulicinous
black, with whitish markings strongly
suffused with dusky brown.
a’. Upperside hind wing: interspace be-
tween postdiscal ‘and subterminal
markings formed into a series of black
spots darker than ground-colour .... WV. harita, p. 337.
', Upperside hind wing: interspace be-
tween postdiscal inl subterminal | NV. vikasz, [p. 338.
markings not macular.............. | Race pseudovikast,
d. Upperside: colour very dark brown or
black with pale brown markings, no tint
Ae white or fuliginous white.
. Underside markings as on the upperside,
pale brown ........ fs ccke tes A elgmnosas so.
. Underside markings rich violaceous .. WV. anjand, p. 339.
NEPTIS. See
e. Upperside: colour deep velvety black with
orange-yellow markings.
a'. Underside markings more orless strongly
suffused with violaceous orsilvery purple.
a*, Of large size: expanse over 80 mm.
Upperside fore wing: an orange spot
aibase of interspace’ a... . 6s sy ws N, radha, p. 339.
b?, Smaller: expanse under 80 mm.
Upperside fore wing without any
spot at base of interspace 38.
a®, Upperside fore wing: medial spot
of discal series large, rounded, well
separated from spot next belowit. NN. ananta, p. 340,
b°. Upperside fore wing: medial spot
of discal series comparatively
small, quadrate, separated from
spot next below only by vein.
a‘. Upperside hind wing: subbasal
band always much narrower
than space between it and post-
discalbandyy:. sees yuna - N. miah, p. 41.
b'. Upperside hind wing: subbasal
band equal in width to space
between it and postdiscal band. Race nolana, p. 341.
6’. Underside markings not suffused with
violaceous or silvery purple.
a’. Of comparatively large size, expanse
over55mm. Underside hind wine :
subterminal band very narrow,
PIR WACIME LEA. oy, fad pnN ae. Sakura Nabe <= N. viraja, p. 342.
6°. Of comparatively small size, expanse
under 55 mm. — Underside hind
wing: subterminal band _ broad,
OTADPEVEULOM) ANE fa faatar sce N. heliodore, p. 342.
336. Neptis eurynome (Pl. IX, fig. 64), Westwood (Liminitis),
Donovan's Ins. China, 2nd ed. 1842, p. 66, pl. 35, fig. 4.
Neptis astola, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 560; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 99; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 227, pl. 274,
figs aaloe oD.
Neptis emodes, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 561, pl. 32, fig. 2; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 99.
Neptis varmona, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 561; td. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 54, pl. 28, figs. 1, la, SJ, 16, larva & pupa; de N.
Butt. Ind, i. 1886, p. 95; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 230,
pl. 276, figs. 1, 1 a-Lh, larva & pupa, d @.
Neptis kamarupa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 570; de N. Butt. Ind.
i1, 1886, p. 98.
Neptis disrupta, Moore, A. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1877, p. 339; zd. Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 55, pl. 28, figs. 4, 4a, 2 (aberration).
Neptis adara, Moore, P. Z. S, 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 97; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1896-99, p. 229, pl. 275,
figs, [yl alg, o:
Neptis meetana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 97.
Mie,
of
B24 NYMPHALID®,
Neptis swinhoel, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 9.
Neptis eurymene, Butler, ELS. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. a6.
Race andamana.
Neptis andamana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt. Ind.
il, 1886, p. 94; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896- 99, p. 282, pl. 277,
figs, ii, 1 a-lg, 3 Qe
Race nicobarica.
Neptis nicobarica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, .1886, p. 94; Moore, Lep. Ind. iui, ” 1896-99, p. 2383, pl. 278,
fies. l,la-lg, S o..
Dry-season form—d 2. Upperside black, with pure white
markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak clavate, apically truncate,
subapically either notched or sometimes
indistinctly divided; triangular spot be-
yond broad, well-defined, acute at apex,
but not elongate ; discal series of spots
separate, not connate, each about twice
as long as broad; postdiscal transverse
series of small spots incomplete, but
some are always present. Hind wing:
subbasal band of even or nearly even
width ; discal and subterminal pale lines
obscure ; postdiscal series of spots well
separated, quadrate or subquadrate, very
seldom narrow. Underside from pale
golden ochraceous to dark ochraceous
almost chocolate ; white markings as on
the upperside, but broader and defined in black. Fore wing:
interspaces 1 a@and1 from base to near the apex shaded with
black, some narrow transverse white markings on either side of
the transverse postdiscal series of small spots. Hind wing: a
streak of white on costal margin at base, a more slender white
streak below it; the discal and subterminal pale lines of the
upperside replaced by narrow white lines with still narrower
margins of black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; the
palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dusky white.
Wet-season form.—Ditiers only in the narrowness of the white
markings and in the slightly darker ground-colour and broader
black margins to the spots and bands on the underside.
Exp. & 2 44-70 mm. (1°75-2°75").
Hab. Throughout Continental India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma;
Tenasserim, extending to China and the Malayan Subregion.
Larva (varmona = eurynome). Moore describes this from a
drawing by Mr. 8. N. Wards as follows :—“ Head larger than
anterior segment, vertex with two short pointed spines, cheeks
obtusely spined ; third, fourth, sixth and twelfth segments armed
with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny processes, those on the
fourth segment longest. Colour pale green ; face, tip of processes
Fig. 59.
Neptis eurynome. }.
NEPTIS. avo
and segments slightly washed with pale pinkish, a slight pinkish
oblique lateral fascia from anal process; a small, dark, lateral spot
on sixth segment.”
Pupa. “ Rather short; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex
pointed ; thorax dorsally prominent and angular ; dorsum angular
at base ; abdominal segments slightly angled dorsally ; wing-cases
somewhat dilated laterally. Colour pale brownish ochreous, with
lateral thoracic golden spots.”
I have united under Westwood’s name a very large number
of forms separated by Moore and Butler on what, so far as I
have been able to find out, are variable characters. I have not
done this without prolonged and careful study and comparison of
large numbers of specimens of the so-called distinct forms from
Dr. Moore’s own collection. All I can say is, that I have been
unable to find one single character that could serve invariably,
or indeed in the majority of cases, to distinguish the forms
restricted under the various names. The Andaman and the
Nicobar forms, however, seem to be somewhat constant, and I have,
but still with much hesitation, retained them as slightly differ-
entiated insular races of VV. ewrynome, Westwood. Regarding the
rest, typically the Eastern form eurynome is larger than typical
varmona or astola, and has the subbasal band on the underside of
the hind wing heavily black-bordered, but this bordering is not so
wide as in the above-mentioned insular races, nor is its width
constant. Typical varmona has this same bordering slightly more
pronounced than in astola, while the ground-colour on the under-
side of the latter is, in the majority of specimens, a shade darker
than in varmona. It is, however, worthy of note that in the
specimens now in the collection of the British Museum, marked as
types of .V. varmona and N. astola respectively, the shade of this
eround-colour is identical.
Race andamana, Moore, ¢ 2 .—Almost identical in colour and
markings with some of the wet-season Burmese specimens of the
typical form, but in every specimen (and I have examined some two
hundred) the spots of the postdiscal series on the upperside of the
hind wing are very narrow, and the subbasal band on the underside
of the same wing very heavily bordered with black.
Exp. $ 2 52-59 mm. (2:08-2°34"),
Hab. The Andamans.
Race nicobarica, Moore, ¢ 9 .—Ditfers from the typical form
in the much darker colouring of the ground-colour on the under-
side, and in the subbasal band of the hind wing being slightly
fusiform, narrower at dorsal and costal margins than in the middle.
This is more clearly apparent on the underside. Like the Andaman
race, the above band is very heavily bordered with black on the
underside of the wing.
Lup. & 2 56-64 mm. (2°23-2°52"),
Hab. The Nicobars.
326 NYMPHALID®.,
I have been able to make this careful examination through the
kindness of Mr. Gilbert Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests
in the Andamans, from whom I have received some hundreds of
specimens.
337. Neptis columella (Pl. LX, fig. 66), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot.
3 iv, 1782, pl. 296, figs. A, B,2; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind. 111,
1896-99, p. 218, pl. 271, figs. I, la-le, ¢ Q.
Neptis ophiana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 561 g; de N. Butt. Ind.
1, 1886, p. 105.
Neptis martabana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 106.
Neptis ophiana, var. nilgirica, Moore, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888,
pt. 2, p. 353.
3 2. Upperside black, with white markings. ore wing: dis-
coidal streak widening towards apex, notched preapically on the
anterior margin and obliquely truncate at apex ; spot beyond large,
broadly triangular, well separated ; discal spots in pairs varying in
size, spot of this series in interspace 1 a always elongate; spots in
transverse postdiscal series obscure, not all well defined, margined
on both sides with deeper black than that of the ground-colour ;
the space between the series and the discal spots and also the
terminal margin beyond it with obscure transverse pale markings.
Hind wing: costal margin broadly greyish brown; subbasal band
not extending to the costa, of varying width; discal and sub-
terminal pale transverse lines, the space between them darker than
the ground-colour, traversed by a prominent series of postdiscal
spots of varying size. Cilia white alternating with black. Under-
side ferruginous brown; white markings as on the upperside
but broader ; the pale markings between the discal and postdiscal
series of spots, the subterminal markings on the upperside of
the fore wing, and the discal and subterminal pale lines on the
upperside of the hind wing represented by pale lunular transverse
whitish markings. The costal margin of the hind wing above
vein 8 very broad, especially in the 9. Antenne dark brown to
black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; beneath
white.
Exp. & 2 66-75 mm. (2°59-2:98").
Hab. Western and Southern India, recorded from Mahableshwar
near Bombay, and the Nilgiris ; Sikhim, Bhutan, through the hills
of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, Siam
and Sumatra.
The dry-season form has the white markings generally broader
and the ground-colour of the underside brighter. I have received
a single specimen, a 2, of a Neptis from the Nicobars which I
refer provisionally to this form. It differs from typical JV. colu-
mella as follows :—Upperside: fore wing with only five, not six,
spots in the discal series, the small spot in interspace 1 being
absent. Underside dark chocolate-brown, the markings beyond
he discal series on the fore wing very broad and diffuse, placed
NEPTIS. Ook
on a fuliginous background. Hind wing: the terminal margin
beyond the line of postdiscal spots completely and strongly
suffused with lilacine white, traversed by an outer postdiscal and
a subterminal series of black lunular markings. It is quite possible
this is only a casual aberration.
338. Neptis jumbah, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 167,
pl. 4a, fie. 5 9; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 106; Davidson
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 273; Moore (Andra-
pana), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 220, pl. 272, figs. 1, 1 a, larva &
pupa, 1d-1f, 3 Q.
Neptis jumba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl.i, 1881, p. 55, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2a, d,
2b, larva & pupa.
3 2. Somewhat resembles JV. columella, but differs as follows :—
Upperside fuliginous black, the interspaces between the veins
deeper black, very conspicuous in
certain lights, particularly so between
the subbasal and postdiscal markings
on the hind wing; the white mark-
ings suffused with very pale bluish
green; the posterior two spots of
the discal series on the fore wing
subequal; the postdiscal macular band
on the hind wing with a tendency to
obsolescence, varying from a narrow
series of white lunules to a somewhat
diffuse transverse narrow pale band.
On the underside the ground-colour
Fig. 60.—Neptis jwmbah. }. ig paler than in N. columella, the in-
terspaces between the veins conspi-
cuously much darker; the postdiscal and subterminal markings on
both fore and hind wings diffuse and very ill-defined. IV. gumbah
can besides be at once recognized by the discal transverse series of
comparatively large dark brown spots. Jn the 2 the spots on the
fore wing and the subbasal band on the hind wing are com-
paratively broader than they are in the ¢ ; in the dry-season
form of both sexes, as compared with the wet-season form, often
conspicuously broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as
in WV. columella.
Exp. 3 2 62-70 mm. (2°-45-2°75").
Hab. Bengal; Southern India, the Nilgiris, Canara, Travan-
core; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Andamans.
Specimens from the Andamans have the lilacine white ter-
minal markings on the underside very broad and diffuse.
Larva. “Somewhat fusiform, anterior and anal segments nar-
rowed, the middle segments being thickened laterally, armed with
two dorsal, long, anteriorly-divergent fleshy processes on the fourth
segment, and two shorter posteriorly-divergent similar processes
on the twelfth segment, also two very short dorsal spiny tubercles
on the third and sixth segments. Head cleft and pointed at the
328 NYMPHALIDA,
vertex. Colour brownish-purple, anal segments dark purple-
brown spotted with green and bordering an oblique line extending
laterally from anal spine to base of spine on fourth segment; two
short, oblique, dorsal anteriorly-oblique (?) lateral streaks along
middle segments.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “Suspended vertically ; slender in the abdominal part
with a sharp dorsal ridge, much stouter and broader in the thoracic
region ; with wing-cases expanded laterally; two sharp points
on the head; colour varying from dark brown to dull white,
suffused and touched at points with gold.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
339. Neptis magadha, Welder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 427 3;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind.
ili, 1896-99, p. 223, pl. 273, figs. 2, 24, 2b, 5 Q.
Neptis charon, Butler, d. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1867, p. 400, pl. 9,
fig. 1 9; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 155, fig. 43 &.
Race khasiana.
Neptis khasiana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 562, pl. 32, fig. 7 3;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind.
ili, 1896-99, p. 224, pl. 273, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
3 Q. Upperside black, with white markings. Fore wing: dis-
coidal streak very slender, not mcised; spot beyond its apex
triangular ; discal series of spots in pairs, as in V. columella, but
smaller, spot in interspace 2 the largest ; postdiscal white spots
and subterminal pale markings as in that form. Hind wing:
transverse subbasal band very narrow, discal and subterminal pale
lines obsolescent ; postdiscal spots rounded, small. Cilia of both
fore and hind wing black alternated with white. Underside pur-
purescent brown; the markings as on the upperside but pale blue
and slightly larger ; the inner and outer postdiscal and subterminal
series of transverse markings on the fore wing and the discal,
postdiscal and subterminal markings on the hind wing very
distinct and broad; base of costal margin of hind wing broadly,
conspicuously white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen sullied white, the abdomen
with a lateral stripe on each side.
Exp. & 2 66-70 mmm. (2°61-2°75").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malayan Sub-
region. 3
Race khasiana, Moore.—d @. Differs only from the typical
form in the ground-coleur on both upper and under sides being a
shade darker, also conspicuously in the attenuation of the white
markings, which are smaller than in any other known form of
Neptis from India. These differences seem to be constant.
Hap. & 2 66 min. (2°6").
Hab. Bhutan; Assam ; Upper Burma.
NEPTIS. 329)
340. Neptis nata, Moore, Cut. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 168,
pl. 4a, fig. 6 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 243, pl. 286, figs. 1, la-ly, 3d 9.
3 2. Closely resembles VV. magadha in the ground-colour of
both upper and under sides. The markings differ as follows :—
Upperside fore wing: the discoidal streak comparatively broader,
more clavate, the triangular spot beyond narrower, more atten-
uated and elongated at apex. Hind wing: the spots of the post-
discal series narrow, transverse, never rounded or cone-shaped,
sometimes lunular. Underside: the spots and markings as on the
upperside but larger and slightly diffuse, the triangular spot beyond
discoidal streak on fore wing often joined with it; the discal and
postdiscal lines on the hind wing more continuous and greyish
white.
Exp. 3 9 56-68 mm. (2:22-2°75”).
Hab. Malayan Subregion, extending into South Tenasserim.
341. Neptis mahendra (PI. IX, fig. 65), Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 560,
pl. 32, fig. 3g; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 104; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 234, pl. 279, figs. 1, la-ly, 3 @.
Dry-season form.— 3 &. Upperside fuliginous dull black, mark-
ings pure white. Fore wing: discoidal streak clavate, obliquely
truncate at apex, spot beyond it broad, cone-shaped, acute at
apex, but not elongate; spots in discal curved row twice as
long as broad, the spot in interspace 2 always bluntly truncate,
abruptly truncate in the 2; postdiscal transverse series of small
spots generally incomplete, the middle spots absent; in the 9
more complete and with very obscure inner postdiscal and
subterminal transverse pale markings. Hind wing: subbasal
transverse band comparatively broad, widening slightly towards
costa in ¢, broader and of even width in Q; discal and sub-
terminal pale obscure lines more clearly defined in the 92 than
in the ¢ ; a prominent series of more or less quadrate spots.
Underside rich golden brown, the white maakings as on the upper-
side but broader, especially the postdiscal series of spots on both
fore and hind wing ; the obscure pale markings of the upperside
replaced by more clearly defined white transverse markings. Cilia
white alternated with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black ; beneath fuliginous, the abdomen whitish.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Differs from the dry-season form in
the somewhat duller black of the ground-colour and in the con-
spicuously narrower white markings.
kup. & 2 54-64 mm. (2°14—2°5").
Hab, Seems to be confined to the N.W. Himalayas from Busahir
and Kashmir to Kumaun.
I have a dry-season specimen, a ¢ kindly given me by Col. E. R.
Johnson, I.M.8., the envelope of which has the locality and date
as “‘ Shillong 5-83,” but as Col. Johnson collected both at Shillong
and at Simla, it seems possible that some mistake has been made.
330 NYMPHALID#.,
342. Neptis yerburil, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 360; Moore, Lep. Ind.
111, 1896-99, p. 235, pl. 280, figs. 1, la-lyg, dg @.
Neptis nandina, pt., Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1897,
p- 168; de N. (apud Moore) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 104.
3 2. In both dry- and wet-season forms closely resembles
N. mahendra, Moore, but the following differences seem to be
constant in long series of both insects :—
Upperside, $ 2: the triangular spot beyond apex of discoidal
streak on fore wing conspicuously more elongate and attenuate at
apex ; the posterior three of the discal series of spots shorter and
more obliquely placed; the postdiscal transverse series of small
spots more complete. In many specimens the markings are not
pure white as in NV. mahendra, but cream-coloured. Underside:
eround-colour paler respectively in both seasonal forms, the
general appearance of the insect paler and more whitish than
in V. mahendra, the elongate triangular spot beyond apex of
discoidal streak much closer to the latter, very often touching it.
Lap. 3 2 56-65 mm. (2°22-2°58").
Hab. Himalayas from Campbellpur and Abbotabad to Sikhim ;
the hills of Assam and Upper Burma.
343. Neptis soma, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 9, pl. 49. fig. 6 2; de N.
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 102, pl. 28, fig. 108 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iii, 1896-99, p. 241, pl. 284, tigs. 1, la-1lfd Q.
Neptis adipala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fis. 8 3; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 102; Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 242,
pl. 285, figs. 1, la-lg, dQ.
Neptis susruta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 4 dg; de N.
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 102; Moore, Lep. Ind. i111, 1896-99, p. 239,
pl. 283, figs. 1, la-lg, 5d @.
Neptis cacharica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3 9; de W.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 102.
Neptis leuconota et gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser.
Zool. i, 1879, p. 541, pl. 69, figs. 1 & 2.
Race kallaura.
Neptis kallaura, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309; de N. Butt.
ind. ii, 1886, p. 103; Moore, Lep. Ind. in, 1896-99, p. 237,
pl. 281, figs: 2,24, 2.6, 6.
Race hampsoni (Pl. 1X, fig. 67).
Neptis hampsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 237, pl. 281,
fies. 1, 1 a-ld.
Race clinia.
Neptis clinia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 568, pl. 32, fig. 5 g; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 104; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 238,
pl. 282, fies], la—-lg, 6 2.
Neptis mananda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586, pl. 58, fig. 4 9;
de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 101.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black, with some-
NEPTIS. Bol
what sullied white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak narrow,
the apex truncate, triangular spot beyond
narrow, very elongate; discal spots small,
oval, all well separated; postdiscal trans-
verse series of spots complete. Hind wing:
subbasal band very narrow, slightly sinuous ;
discal and subterminal pale lines very ob-
scure ; postdiscal series of spots transverse,
very narrow, often indicated only by a pale
band. Underside chocolate reddish brown,
markings as on the upperside, but broader
and slightly diffuse. Fore wing with the
discoidal streak and the triangular spot
beyond it diffusely connate, some transverse linear white markings
on either side of the postdiscal series of spots; the wing below
_vein 1 pale greyish brown. Hind wing: the discal and sub-
_ terminal pale markings of the upperside represented by more
clearly defined, very narrow, white bands, with, in the female, the
addition of a terminal white similar band. Antenne black; head,
thorax and abdomen fuliginous black ; beneath dusky white.
Dry-season form.— g 9. Upperside: ground-colour a more
dusky fuliginous; the markings broader and slightly whiter, not
sullied white. Underside: ground-colour a shade brighter.
Exp. & 2 64-68 mm. (2°53-2°69").
Hab. Himalayas, Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam; Burma and
Tenasserim.
I am unable to separate NV. adtpala, Moore, and 1. susruta,
Moore, from this most unstable form. Even the races briefly
described below are only slightly differentiated, and it is with much
hesitation [ keep them apart as local representatives of NV. soma.
Fig. 61.
Neptis soma. +.
Race kallaura, Moore.—Of this form I have seen only a
few specimens. Judging by the types, which are now in the
collection of the British Museum, it differs less from the typical
form than do any of the other races. As in JV. soma, the markings
are small and narrow; the subbasal band of the hind wing is,
however, attenuated at each end, and not of even width. Under-
side: ground-colour very much paler and somewhat ochraceous,
the anterior and posterior sets of spots of the discal series closer
together respectively ; the postdiscal band on the hind wing equal
in width to the subbasal band.
Exp. 3 Q 60-67 mm. (2°38-2°67"').
Hab. Recorded only so far from Travancore.
Race hampsoni, Moore.-—¢ 2. Very closely allied to the
typical form, but the markings pure white and broader in both
seasonal forms, as in the race chinia. Upperside fore wing: the
spots of the discal series oval, outwardly rounded. Underside:
eround-colour dark ferruginous, the markings broad as on the
upperside; the spots of the discal series, though closer to each
aoe NYMPHALID&.
other than in the typical form, still not connate, or forming an
upper and lower band as in the race elinia.
Eup. 3 Q 57-62 mm. (2°25-2°45").
Hab. Recorded from the Nilgiris; Anaimalai Hills and Mysore.
ftace clinia, Moore.— $ 2. Differs in both the dry- and wet-
season broods from the typical form as follows :—Upperside fore
wing: discoidal streak and spot beyond generally much closer
together, only separated by a narrow line; discal spots much
larger, outwardly truncate. Hind wing: subbasal band on the
whole broader. Underside: ground-colour paler, almost ochraceous
in some specimens; differences in the markings from the typical
form similar to those on the upperside; discoidal streak on fore
Wing continuous, only indented above and below ; the lower four
spots of the discal series by themselves and the’ upper three by
eee hae connate ; subbasal band on hind wing as a rule very
roa
Lxp. $ 2 55-62 mm. (2:18-2°45”).
Hab. The Andamans.
344. Neptis ae (Pl. IX, fig. 68), Kollar (Liminitis), Hiige I’
Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844, p. 428 2; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 175; Moore ’(Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 4,
pl. 289, fies. 1, la-lg, SQ.
Neptis amba, Moore, p ZS. NSOSs pr i ple 20, fhe 4 $3; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 88.
Neptis quilta, Swinhoe, A, M. N. H. (6) xix, 1897, p. 408; Moore
(Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 6, pl. 290, figs. 1, 1 a—
Leesiie, Se
Race nar.
Neptis nar, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 349,
pl. F, fig. 6 92; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p:/6;,pl. 288; fies. 25/24, 2.
Wet-season form.—- $ 2. Upperside fuliginous dusky black, with
pure white markings. Fore wing; discoidal streak long, acutely
pointed, attenuated at apex, anteriorly notched ; discal curved
series of spots complete, the spots elongate, separated only by the
veins, the spot in interspace 4 very small; a postdiscal transverse
series of jet-black lunular spots, and a subterminal sullied white
line. Hind wing: a subbasal comparatively broad transverse
band ; a very obscure pale discal transverse shading ; a postdiscal
transverse narrow band crossed by the dark veins, bordered out-
wardly by a rather obscure, somewhat lunular, black band, and
i. pale broad subterminal transverse line. Underside purplish
brown ; the white markings as on the upperside but broader, their
margins diffuse; in addition, on the hind wing, a short streak on
the costal margin at base, a broader and longer streak from base
below vein 8; and a discal transverse series of purplish-brown
spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour. Cilia white,
alternated narrowly with black. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen above very dark brownish black; palpi, thorax and
abdemen beneath whitish.
NEPTIS, aoe
Dry-season form.-—— 3 2. Upperside: ground-colour paler ; white
markings conspicuously broader both on the upper and under
sides.
Exp. 3 Q 63-74 mm. (2°48-2°94").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaun ; Nepal.
Var. quilta, Swinhoe.—A slightly differentiated Eastern form.
Typical specimens from Cherra Poonjee, in Assam, have the white
markings in both seasonal forms sullied olivescent white and nar-
rower than in the corresponding seasonal forms of WV. sankara.
On the underside the ground-colour is darker than in the typical
form. In Sikhim and Bhutan specimens intermediate between
the two occur. This form is recorded from Sikhim; Bhutan ;
through the hills of Assam to Upper Burma.
Race nar, de Nicéville—An insular form, the female only
known. It differs from NV. sankara, in the white markings being
narrower and sullied with brownish on the upperside; the
~ anterior and posterior spots of the discal series on the fore wing
connate among themselves respectively, so that the anterior spots
form a short band sloping obliquely outwards from the costa, and
the posterior spots a short band sloping obliquely outwards from
the dorsum. Underside: ground-colour much darker than in the
typical form, the white markings as on the upperside, but strongly
suffused with lilacine; the subbasal band on the hind wing not
extending to the costa.
Hap. 9 70;mm. (2:77 :).
Hab. The Andamans.
345. Neptis cartica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 562, ¢ 9: de N. Butt.
Ind. 11, 1886, p. 89 ; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
palpl 2st fics, haSlan oO:
Neptis carticoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309; de N.
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 90.
Race burmana.
Neptis burmana, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p. 251, pl. 11,
fig. 9; ad. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 89; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep.
Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 3, pl. 287, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
Race nashona.
Neptis nashona, Swnhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) xvii, 1896, p. 357;
Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 3, pl. 288,
ass We WEG, ie
Dry-season form.— & 9. Upperside fuliginous brown, with some-
what sullied white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak long,
narrow, joined on to the triangular spot beyond, the division
between them indicated by an incision anteriorly ; apex of spot
attenuate, elongate ; the posterior spots of the curved discal series
very obliquely placed, somewhat diffuse ; anterior spots separated ;
a postdiscal series of spots lunular and pale brownish, with some-
what indistinct transverse pale markings on either side of it, the
304. NYMPHALID#.
inner pale markings anteriorly curving towards the costa and
bordering the anterior spots of the discal series. Hind wing:
subbasal band white; discal and subterminal narrow bands pale
brownish ; spots of the postdiscal series narrow, transverse,
slightly diffuse. Underside: dark brown markings as on the
upperside, but broader, whiter, and somewhat more clearly defined.
Fore wing: the costa at base ochraceous ; the postdiscal series of
lunular spots and the markings bordering them on either side
white. Hind wing: the costal margin at base broadly white, the
discal narrow brown band bordered outwardly by a series of very
dark brown markings in the interspaces; the subterminal band
white and much broader than on the upperside. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown; the palpi, thorax and abdomen
beneath sullied white.
Wet-scason form.—Differs only in the slightly darker ground-
colour on both upper and under sides, and in the narrowness of
the markings.
Exp. 3 9 70-78 mm. (2°75-3:08").
Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; hills of Assam.
Race burmana, de Nicéville.—Very close to the typical form,
only very slightly differentiated ; the markings broader and purer
white, occasionally very slightly sullied with fuliginous.
Exp. 3 2 58-72 wm, (2°3-2°85").
Hab. Burma and Tenasserim.
Race nashona, Swinhoe.—Differs from the typical form in
having the markings on the upperside more or less sullied with
fuliginous, but not quite so dark as in WV. pseudovikasi. Further,
there are only three, not four, spots in the posterior half of the
discal series on the upperside of the fore wing.
Exp. 3 9 60-69 mm. (2°35-2°73").
Hab. Recorded from the Khasi Hills, Assam.
346, Neptis narayana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 6, pl. 49, fig. 3 3;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 87 ; Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 17, pl. 295, figs. Ily Ihe, Ges
Race nana.
Neptis nana, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. lvii, 1888, pt. 2, p. 276, pl. 18,
inoe IL eS Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, PH 18,
pl. 295, figs. 2, 2a, ¢.
Race asterastilis.
Neptis asterastilis, C. Oberthir, Etudes d@’ Ent. No. 15, June 1891,
0 JNO}, polls aby ales Oy
3 9. Upperside fuliginous black with white markings, in the
female slightly tinted with ochraceous. Fore wing: discoidal
streak long, clavate, indented anteriorly before the apex, the latter
NEPTIS. 33)
blunt, extended slightly into base of interspace 3; a small costal
spot above apex of streak; discal spots in pairs well separated, the
spots in interspaces 1a and 1 connate, divided only by the vein,
spots in 2 and 3 similarly connate, the spots in 2 large and
quadrate; the anterior spots very obliquely placed, elongate ;
beyond these an obscure subterminal line pale anteriorly, white
posteriorly. Hind wing: subbasal band of even width, comparatively
broad ; postdiscal band narrower with uneven margins, followed
by a very obscure pale subterminal line. Underside ochraceous
golden brown; markings as on the upperside, but broader and
diffuse. On the hind wing there are in addition the following
rather obscure lilacine markings: a broad streak at bases of inter-
spaces 6 and 7, a discal highly sinuous, a subterminal somewhat
curved transverse narrow band, and a narrow border to the post-
discal band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath,
palpi and thorax greyish white, abdomen white touched with
ochraceous.
Exp. 3 2 62-72 mm. (2°45-2°83").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kulu to Kumaun.
Race nana, de Nicéville-—Differs from the typical form as
follows:— ¢. Upperside: ground-colour darker; markings ochra-
ceous or warm cream-colour ; the posterior pairs of discal spots
not so widely separated, anterior spots larger and closer together.
Underside: ground-colour dark ferruginous brown: markings as
in the typical form, but the margins of those on the fore wing
slightly ochraceous; the lilacine markings on the hind wing
broader and more clearly defined. Female unknown.
Exp. 3 66 mm. (2°6").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan.
ftace asterastilis.—“ Momeit in Upper Burma (Doherty).
“This Neptis appears to me to be new. I publish herewith a
very exact figure of it by means of which the species may be
easily recognized.
“Tt is black, with pale yellow markings which are disposed
in a manner somewhat similar to that in ananta, but of a darker
shade on the disc and paler beyond.
‘¢ Below it is violaceous with spots and markings of rather dark
reddish brown. The yellow spots of the upperside appear very
pale and transparent in certain lights.
‘The colours recall those of ananta, Moore, but the lines are
more sinuous.” (Oberthur.)
T have translated M. Oberthiir’s diagnosis in full. The form is
unknown to me, but judging from the coloured figure in the
‘Etudes,’ I should say that it is much closer to WV. narayana, Moore,
than to VV. ananta, Moore.
336 NYMPHALIDA.
347. Neptis manasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 165,
pl. 4 a, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 87; Moore (Stabro-
bates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 18, pl. 295, figs. 3, 3a, ¢.
face nyctea.
Neptis nycteus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 208,
pl. D, fig. 7 $; Moore (Stabrobates), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p. 19, pl. 295, figs. 4,44, ¢.
3. Upperside dull ferruginous black, markings white. Tore
wing: discoidal streak long, very slightly indented before apex
anteriorly, acutely pointed at apex, joined on to the middle two
spots of the discal series, so that the streak and the spots together
have the shape of a hockey-club ; the other discal spots and the
costal spots above the streak as in V. narayana, but the spot in
interspace 6 long, oval, acutely pointed on the outer side, the spot
in interspace 5 small and quadrate; beyond the discal series a
subterminal pale lunular line. Hind wing as in WV. narayana, but
the white bands broader, and a discal pale transverse line indi-
cated. Underside pale ochraceous yellow, the markings as on the
upperside but broader and slightly diffuse ; on the fore wing the
discoidal streak and both posterior pairs of discal spots coalescent,
forming a broad crook-shaped mark; the bases of interspaces 1 a,
1 and 2 with a broad dusky black patch; on the hind wing in
addition to the white markings, as on the upperside, there are
fairly distinct small hlacine spots between veins 6, 7 and 8, and
broad diffuse discal and subterminal lines. Antenne dark brown;
head, thorax and abdomen dusky black; beneath, palpi, thorax
and abdomen white.
Hap. AS 5 mimnn(2:31
Hab. Recorded from N. India.
This form is at present known only from a single specimen of
a 6, the type, now in the British Museum. ‘The precise locality
where it was taken is unknown.
Race nyctea, de Nicéville— 3. Upperside differs from that of
the typical form only in the size of the anterior spots of the discal
series, which are smaller, more oval and separate. Underside
differs in the ground-colour being a rich purple-brown, ochraceous
only on the fore wing at base of costa, just before the apex, and
near the tornal angle, on the hind wing along the costa from base
to middle, and broadly along the terminal margin; the subbasal
band on the hind wing also is very much broader and the post-
discal more blurred, margined on the inner side with pale purple ;
there is also no subterminal lilacine line. Female unknown.
Exp. 3 64 mm. (2°52").
Hab. Sikhim, at from 6000-12,000 ft.
348. Neptis zaida, Doubleday, in Dolday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
p. 272, pl. 35, fig. 3 (1850) ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, L8s6y p.se ;
Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 20, ‘vl. 296,
fio, i la-le,¢o OF
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside brownish black, marking
NEPTIS, ST
pale ochraceous white. Fore wing: discoidal streak broad and
long, not indented anteriorly, acutely pointed at apex; ex-
tending slightly below vein 4 into base of interspace 3; two
obliquely placed broad lower discal patches separated by half the
width of interspace 1, and an obliquely placed anterior broad bar
from beyond the middle of the costa, followed by a broad obscure
pale subterminal transverse line. Hind wing: a broad subbasal
and much narrower postdiscal band; a very faint broad pale
subterminal line. Underside pale ochraceous; markings as on
the upperside but broader and whiter. Fore wing: bases of
interspaces 1, 2 and sometimes of 3 dark brownish black; the
markings beyond the discal patches obscure and ill-defined. Hind
wing: an obscure pale narrow discal transverse band in addition
to the markings as on the upperside; in some specimens the
postdiscal and subterminal bands bordered faintly on the inner
side with lilacine. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull greyish white.
Wet-season form.— gd 2. Differs only in the cream-white mark-
ings being of a darker shade of ochraceous yellow and in the
darker ground-colour of the underside, which is more or less of a
dull chestnut-brown.
Exp. & Q 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°75").
Hab. The Himalayas from Murree to Sikhim.
349. Neptis harita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 571, pl. 66, fig. 8 2; de
N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 92: Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 8, pl. 291, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, gd @.
3 Q. Upperside rich velvety brown, with fuliginous pale mark-
ings. Fore wing: discoidal streak shorter than in J. cartica,
preapically notched by the point of a pale, dark-bordered,
obliquely placed, subcostal Iunule; the spots of the discal series
obscure, succeeded by two transverse series of irregular very dark
brown lunular markings, the outer series bordered inwardly by a
zigzag row of pale markings, and outwardly by a transverse pale
line. Hind wing: subbasal band narrow, succeeded somewhat
closely by a discal pale ill-defined line, bordered outwardly by a
dark brown band; a postdiscal somewhat narrower sublunular
band of the same colour, margined inwardly and outwardly by
broad pale transverse lines. Underside paler brown; the markings
somewhat as on the upperside but more diffuse, ill-defined and
slightly purplish; the interspaces between the veins with dark
brown markings. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown, paler beneath.
Exp. & 9 58-64 mm. (2°3-2°54").
Hab. E. Bengal; Cachar; the hills of Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion.
“The type in the British Museum labelled E. Bengal has the
outer markings on both fore and hind wings obsolescent.
WO i Z
338 NYMPHALID®.
350. Neptis vikasi, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C..1829, pl. 5,
figs..2, 2a.
Race pseudovikasi.
Neptis pseudovikasi, Moore (Bimbisara), Zep. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 7,
pl. 291, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
Race pseudovikasi, Moore.— ¢ 2. Upperside very dark brown
with fuliginous-white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak
long and narrow, much longer than in WJ. harita, preapically
notched by the point of a pale blacik-
bordered subcostal lunule as in that
form ; the spots of the diseal series in
interspaces 1a and 3 obsolescent, the
intervening two outwardly truncate ;
the anterior spots of the same series
elongate, narrow, placed very obliquely
to the costa and in a curve; the trans-
verse postdiscal series consists of short
lines in the interspaces, inwardly bor-
dered by a series of obliquely placed
similar short pale lines. Hind wing:
_ Fig. 62. subbasal and postdiscal bands narrow,
Neptis pseudovikasi. +. discal and subterminal bands more or
less obsolescent. Underside purpures-
cent brown, the markings as on the upperside but broader and
whiter suffused with pale purple; the discal pale band on the
hind wing outwardly bordered by a broad band of very dark
brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the
palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath somewhat paler.
Hep. & 2 66-74 mm. (2°61-2°82").
Hab. Sikbim ; Bhutan; the hills of Assam.
351. Neptis fuliginosa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 90; Moore (Pandasana), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 12, pl. 293, figs. 1, la-lg, ¢ Q.
Neptis thamala, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1889, p. 36,
ple option wily
Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside fuliginous brown, markings
much paler brown, or brownish white. Fore wing with a non-
indented, entire, somewhat narrow discoidal streak ; an ill-defined
lunular mark above it just beyond middle, and two elongate spots
above its apex ; a discal curved series of spots each longer than
broad; the spot in interspace 4 small; an irregularly sinuous
postdiscal broken line, curved sharply inwards at interspace 4 and
again outwards in interspace 3; an inner subterminal straighter
transverse line, interrupted at interspace 4 by a more or
less inwardly conical spot; an outer subterminal slender line.
Hind wing with transverse subbasal and postdiscal bands com-
paratively broad, and transverse discal and inner subterminal
bands narrower; also a very ill-defined outer subterminal line.
NEPTIS, 309
Underside brown, the markings as on the upperside, but broader
and ochraceous white ; in addition, the fore wing along the sub-
costal vein from base and the hind wing below vein 8 from base
with a similarly coloured streak. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen fuliginous brown; beneath, the thorax and abdomen
ochraceous white.
Dry-season form.—Similar in both sexes and on both upper and
under sides to the wet-season form, but the ground-colour is a
shade paler and the markings distinctly broader.
Exp. 3 9 51-56 mm. (2-2°2").
Hab. Recorded from Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo.
oo2. Neptis anjana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309 ¢; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 92; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 9, pl. 292, figs. 2, 2.a,26, 5 Q.
3 2. Upperside blackish brown. Fore wing: discoidal streak
brownish yellow, long, narrow, obscure ; subapical anterior inden-
tation ill-defined ; discal series of spots slightly paler and whiter
than the streak, the anterior obliquely placed spots reduced to two,
well separated from one another; postdiscal markings transverse,
very obscure, and of the same colour as the discoidal streak. Hind
wing: subbasal band narrow, sullied white, no discal pale line,
postdiscal band narrow, submacular, prominently crossed by the
veins, curved inwards towards costa, meeting subbasal band ;
subterminal band brownish yellow, narrower than the postdiscal.
Underside dark purplish brown; markings as on the upperside but
broader and very diffuse, and, except the discal spots of fore wing
and subbasal band of hind wing, which are more or less white,
pale lilac; the subapical markings beyond the curved discal series
of spots on the fore wing very broad; on the hind wing, in
addition to the other markings, the costal margin at base broadly,
and a discal sinuous broad line pale lilac. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brownish black; beneath, the antenne brown,
the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.—@ similar, the
bands and markings slightly broader.
Exp. 3 Q 68-72 mm. (2°68-2°85").
Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra
and Borneo.
353. Neptis radha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 166,
pl. 4a, fig. 4 ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 84; Moore
(Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv. 1899-1900, p. 15. pl. 294, figs. 1
WE e éi Sa
3 2. Upperside deep black with orange-yellow markings,
paler and broader in the 2 thanin the g. Fore wing: discoidal
streak long, comparatively narrow, very slightly indented ante-
riorly, attenuate and slightly curved downwards at apex, a spot
below its apex at base of interspace 3, and two minute streaks
Z2
340 NYMPHALID &.
above it on the costa; posterior two of the discal series of spots
oblique, middle two quadrate, transverse, anterior spots oblique
from the costa, the lowest conical, outwardly truncate, the middle
elongate, the one on the costa consisting of two short slender
streaks ; the space intervening between the middle and upper
discal spots often conspicuously paler than the rest of the ground-
colour ; finally, a pale transverse subterminal line. Hind wing
with the usual subbasal and postdiscal transverse bands ; a sub-
terminal pale transverse line observable in some, obsolescent in
others. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the markings as on the
upperside but paler, broader and somewhat diffuse; on the fore
wing the preapical area and a transverse postdiscal line, on
the hind wing the base of the cell, the bases of the interspaces
above it, and the terminal third of the wing with an anteriorly
coalescent zigzag discal narrow band conspicuously overlaid with
lilacine scales. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky grey.
Hep. 3 2 84-95 mm. (3°2-3°75").
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam and Upper
Burma.
304, Neptis ananta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 166,
pl. 4a, fig.3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii. 1886, p. 85; Moore (Stabro-
bates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 22, pl. 297, figs.1,la-lg, dQ.
3 2. Upperside deep black with orange markings, broader and .
paler in the 9 than in the ¢. This form closely resembles
N. radha, but it is invariably smaller and differs in the markings
as follows :—
Wet-season form.—Fore wing: discoidal streak proportionately
narrower though not so attenuate at apex, no spot below it at base
of interspace 3; the middle spot of the discal series proportion-
ately larger. Underside: ground-colour of a redder chestnut tint
than in WV. radha; the markings similar to those on the upperside
but more diffuse and paler, the large middle spot only of the discal
series on the fore wing tinged with orange ; the subbasal band on
the hind wing white, the postdiscal band pale ochraceous, very
often margined with lilacine blue or in some specimens entirely of
that colour; complete discal and subterminal narrow bands are
generally present and conspicuous. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen asin NV. radha.
Dry-season form.—Differs‘on the upperside from the wet-season
form in the markings, which are much broader and pale yellow,
not orange. On the underside the ground-colour is of an
ochraceous brown; the markings very ill-defined, almost obsolescent
on the terminal half of the hind wing.
Exp. 3 2 64-77 mm. (2°53-3:02"). *
Hab. The Himalayas, Dalhousie, Chamba, Simla to Sikhim ;
the hills of Assam and Upper Burma, extending to the Malay
Peninsula.
NEPTIS. 341
355. Neptis miah (Pl. IX, fig. 69), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i
1857, p.164, pl. 4a, fig. 1 ¢ ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 85 ;
Mocre (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 25, pl. 299,
nose ll a libs Gh) 2s
Face nolana.
Neptis nolana, Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 105 9 ; Moore (Stabro-
bates), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 27, pl. 298, figs. 2, 2a, 3 Q.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside black with orange-yellow
markings, slightly broader and paler im the female than in the male.
Fore wing: discoidal streak narrow, indented anteriorly before the
apex; discal series of spots proportionately large, the spots in
interspaces 1 a, 1 very oblique, the spots in 2 and 3 and in4 and 5
placed transversely to the wing and nearly joined in interspace 4,
Spot in interspace 6 and the two short slender streaks above it
inclined very obliquely outwards from the costa; beyond the
discal series of spots a pale transverse subterminal line. Hind
wing with the usual transverse subbasal and postdiscal bands;
the former whitish near the dorsal end, the latter narrow, sub-
lunular, and margined on either side by a transverse series of broad
patches in the interspaces, of a deeper black than the ground-
colour. Underside deep purplish brown; the orange markings
as on the upperside, but pinkish white, very slightly tinged with
orange; on the fore wing the discal series of spots is margined
anteriorly on the outer side by a pale lilac line ; the subterminal line
of the upperside replaced by a bluish-lilac line; on the hind wing
the costa at base, a diffuse streak below vein 7 and in base of cell,
and discal and subterminal narrow transverse bands paie lilac-
biue ; the subbasal band with two or three short lilac-blue streaks
above its costal termination ; the postdiscal band diffuse. Antenna,
head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen greyish.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside: the orange markings much
broader and paler. Underside: ground-colour brighter purplish
brown, the markings more diffuse than in the wet-season form ;
the discal and subterminal lilac-blue bands broader and more
diffuse, the former zigzag.
Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°5-2°73").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; hills of Assam.
Race nolana, Druce.— ¢ 2. This can be distinguished from the
typical form by the much broader markings. On the upperside
the discal spots on the fore wing are placed as in NV. muah, but the
middle spots are joined by an outward slender extension of spots
in interspaces 3 and 4; on the hind wing the postdiscal band has
the margins more or less sinuous, while on both fore and hind
wings the subterminal line is orange-yellow, not pale brownish.
Underside as in N. miah, but the markings broader, more neatly
defined, and on the fore wing pale orange. On the hind wing the
342 NYMPHALID®.
subbasal band pale yellowish white, the postdiscal strongly suffused
with pink.
Hep. & 2 50-56 mm. (1°98-2°2").
Hab. Upper Burma; Siam ; Malay Peninsula.
3506. Neptis viraja (Pl. IX, fig. 70), Moore, P. ZS. 1872, p. 563,
pl32, tie. 6 gs de IN: ‘Butt. Ind. ll, 1886, p-. 86; Davidson g
‘Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p- 351 larva ; Davidson,
Bell § Aitken, vb. x, 1896, p. 251, pl. "2, fig. ea larva & pupa;
Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p. 23, pl. 298,
figs. 1, la—ld, larva & pupa, dQ.
3 2. Upperside black; markings orange-yellow. Fore wing:
discoidal streak very broad and long, descending a little below
vein 4; ashort broad band sloping obliquely outwards from middle
of dorsum to beyond vein 3, another short broad and somewhat
clavate band sloping obliquely outwards from apical third of costa
to below vein 5; beyond these, a subterminal slender line. Hind
wing: a subbasal, transverse, very broad, somewhat paler yellow
band; a postdiscal slightly narrower transverse band, not quite
reaching the costa, anteriorly attenuate, curved slightly inwards;
a very faint and ill-defined pale subterminal line. Underside —
dusky brownish black, the markings as on the upperside but much
blurred. Fore wing with two subterminal slender lines, the outer
not clearly defined. Hind wing: the costa at base yellowish ;
discal and subterminal pale narrow bands. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
ereyish white, the abdomen slightly ochraceous.
Exp. 3 Q 56-68 mm. (2°2-2°73").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Bengal; Orissa; S. India; Assam;
Burma and Tenasserim.
There is very little difference between the sexes, or between the
wet- and dry-seasonal broods; the latter are on the whole paler
both in ground-colour and markings.
Larva. ‘* Feeds on the blackwood tree (Dalbergia latifolia) and
also on Dalbergia racemosa, and has similar habits to those of
N. hordonia, Stoll, which it resembles in form, but the head is
bifid at the top, and the dorsal points are wanting, while the last
segment is produced into a single blunt point. The colour is dark
greenish brown, the fore part, as in VV. hordonia, being much darker
than the rest, but bordered with pale grey.” (Davidson, Bell &
Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘Like that of NV. hordonia, but rather broader and the
wines more evenly expanded.” (Davidson, Bell g Aitken.)
This form, as recorded by Mr. Bell, feeds, like VV. hordonia, on
decayed (not fresh) leaves.
357. Neptis heliodore, Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. ii, 1793, p. 180;
Moore (Lasippa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 40, ‘pl. 304, fies, mM
lale gQ.
Neptis tiga, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 4; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886,
p. 82.
NEPTIS.—RAHINDA. 343
Neptis dorelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879, p. 542,
1. 68, fig. 3.
Reni sattanga, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 311 9; de N.
(Neptis) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 85; Moore (Lasippa), Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 42, pl. 305, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ Q.
Neptis kuhasa, de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 84; Moore (Lasippa),
Lep. Ind. iv, 1889-1900, p. 41, pl. 304, figs. 2, 2a, ¢.
Dry-season form.— 3 & . Upperside black, with very broad ochra-
ceous orange markings as follow :—Fore wing: discoidal streak
anteriorly thrice indented, the preapical indentation centred with
an ochraceous wedge-shaped mark ; a crescentic spot in the middle
of the dorsum extending into interspace 1; a large obliquely
placed spot in interspace 2 extending narrowly into interspace 3,
and emarginate on the outer side; a large obliquely placed pre-
apical irregular spot from below to interspace 4, a postdiscal
continuous transverse series of triangular spots in the interspaces,
_and a narrow subterminal transverse line. Hind wing with the
usual subbasal and postdiscal bands, and subterminal somewhat
slender line. Underside similar, but the ground-colour dusky
black, the markings much broader and slightly diffuse. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi and thorax
greyish white, abdomen pale ochraceous.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside: the markings of a deeper
yellow and narrower; subterminal line on both fore and hind
wing more distinct. Underside similar, the discoidal streak on the
fore wing extending slightly below the cell; all the markings
broader than on the upperside.
Exp. & 2 44-52 mm. (1:74-2°05”).
Hab. Assam, Cachar; Upper and Lower Burma; Tenasserim :
the Malayan Subregion to Borneo and Java.
Two slightly differentiated varieties ol this insect have been
described. V. sattanga, Moore, from Upper Burma, differs, ac-
cording to Dr. Moore, in the paler yellow markings, but in
neither the type specimen nor in others that I have examined
is this difference appreciable. Further, the subterminal line on the
upperside of the hind wing is said to be grey not ochraceous.
In the type it is certainly obscure, but very pale ochraceous
in certain lights. NW. kuhasa, de Nicéville, from Cachar, is
said to differ from JV. sattanga in the width of the ochraceous-
yellow subterminal band on the hind wing, but this is a variable
character.
Genus RAHINDA.
Rahinda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 56; id. Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-
1900, p. 29.
Type, R. hordona, Stoll, from India.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region ; China.
3 2. Fore wing: costa arched ; apex bluntly angular; termen
slightly concave in the middle; tornus truncate; dorsum slightly
344 NYMPHALID2.
sinuous; cell open; upper and middle discocellulars subequal,
very short ; vein 10 out of 7 well beyond base of latter, 11 out of
subcostal, free. Hind wing: costa arched; apex distinct ; termen
arched and in the typical form scalloped; dorsum arched ; tornus
rounded; cell open. Antenne slender; club long, narrow, gradual ;
palpi as in Weptis, with lax loose scales and long porrect hairs ;
eyes naked. Male sex-mark large patches of specialized dark scales
on the costal margin of the upperside of the hind wing and on the
dorsal margin of the underside of the fore wing where the two
wings overlap each other.
Key to the forms of Rahinda.
a. Upperside hind wing: subbasal and postdiscal
bands not coalescing along dorsal margin.
a’. Underside irrorated with numerous trans-
verse short brown strie.
a’, Upperside hind wing: subbasal band
ochraceous orange.
a>. Upperside fore wing: outer margin of
both anterior and posterior portions of
discal markings evenly curved ...... R. hordonia, p. 344.
b°. Upperside fore wing; outer margin of
both anterior and posterior portions
of discal markings not evenly curved,
SUMUGUS 42 © «78: tds © Melee Lee .. Race senuata, p. 546.
6°, Upperside hind wing: subbasal band
WiIEG yal deni pase eh es « acne s emcee eed R. cnacals, p. 346.
b’ Underside not irrorated with transverse striz.
a>. Upperside fore wing: subterminal trans-
verse line forming two wide curves.... &. paraka, p. 346.
b°. Upperside fore wing: subterminal- trans-
verse line parallel to terminal margin,
interrupted in middle, but not curved .. #. aurelia, p. 347.
b. Upperside hind wing: subbasal and postdiseal
bands coalescing along dorsal margin ...... R. assamica, p. 347.
358. Rahinda hordonia (Pl. TX, fig. 71), Stoll (Papilio), Cramer’s
Pap. Exot. Suppl. 1791, pl. 33, figs. 4,4. D; de N. (Neptis) Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 78; Davidson, Bell § Artken (Neptis), Jour.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x, 1896, p. 250, pl. 2, figs. 1, la, 18,
larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 30, pl. 300,
fies. 1, 1 a-1f, larva & pupa, ¢ @.
Neptis plagiosa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 79.
Race sinuata.
Neptis sinuata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 186; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 79; Moore (Rahinda), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 56, pl. 28,
figs. 3, 8a; td. (Rahinda) Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 33, pl. 501,
figs. a Ce
Wet-season form.— § 2. Upperside black with orange markings.
Fore wing: discoidal streak broad, anteriorly twice indented, at
apex extending into base of interspace 3; posterior discal spots
RAHINDA, 348
coalescent, forming an irregular oblique short broad band ; anterior
spots also coalescent, oblique from costa ; a postdiscal obscure grey
bicurved transverse line, and a very slender, also obscure, orange
transverse subterminal line. Hind wing: a subbasal transverse
broad band, and a much narrower postdiscal band curved inwards
at the ends; beyond this the black terminal margin is traversed
by a still blacker subterminal line. Underside chestnut-brown,
covered with short, slender, transverse brown striz on the margin
of the orange markings, which are similar to those on the upperside
but broader, paler, and less clearly defined. Fore wing: the pale
transverse postdiscal and orange subterminal lines of the upperside
replaced by a postdiscal lilacine narrow band, defined by somewhat
crenulate chestnut-brown lines on each side, and a pale subterminal
line. Hind wing: the base suffused with lilacine; the subbasal
and postdiscal bands bordered outwardly by narrow hlacine bands,
the orange-yellow of the postdiscal band much obscured by the
- transverse brown striz; the terminal margin with a sinuous obscure
broad lilacine line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black;
beneath, the palpi and thorax greyish, abdomen ochraceous.
Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Similar to the wet-season form, but the
markings very much broader ; on the upperside of the fore wing
the postdiscal line generally and the subterminal line always
clearly defined, the former sometimes like the latter, orange-
yellow. Underside paler, the markings more blurred, the trans-
verse short brown striz in many specimens covering nearly the
whole surface of the wings.
Exp. 3 2 38-54 mm. (1°5-2°13").
Hab. Continental india, from the Himalayas to Travancore ;
Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Sub-
region. !
Larva. ‘Has two forms. In the first the head is large and
roughly triangular, the segments of the body increase to the
fourth and then diminish gradually, and the third, fourth, sixth
and twelfth have each two obtuse dorsal points. The fore part
from the fourth segment is generally inclined downwards at an
angle with the rest of the body and is with the underparts of
a dark greenish-brown colour. The rest is just that shade of
greenish-erey which the leaves assume when withered, and is
crossed by diagonal dark bands exactly representing the spaces
between the leaflets asa painter would paint them—a most perfect
disguise. The second form of the larva differs in having the head
fureate, while the dorsal points are replaced by long spine-like
processes. ‘The figure will give a better idea of the difference than
any description. ...... The butterfly resulting from the larva
with spines has a light male-mark ; that resulting from the other
a dark male-mark. ...... The two forms of larva are never
found together; the smooth type of caterpillar is often found
in quantities on one bush .... the smooth caterpillar feeds on
Acacia and Albizzia, the spined one has never been found on any
plant but Acacia.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.)
346 NYMPHALID®#.
Race Staaene Moore.—This is a slightly differentiated insular
—— race. It differs constantly from the
typical form in the margins of the
discal markings (especially the outer
margins) on the upperside of the
fore wing and the margins of the
subbasal and postdiscal bands of the
hind wing being more sinuous.
: Exp. 39 44-56 mm. (1-77-
Fig. 63.—Rahinda hordenia, 2-2").
Stoll. Race sinuata. Hab. Ceylon.
359. Rahinda cnacalis (Pl. IX. fie. 72), Hewitson (Neptis), Ad. MW.
N. HM. (4)’xiv, 1874, p. 357 ; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, Bee)
p78; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 33, pl. 801, 'fios, 2
2 a2e, & 2
Closely resembles /. evan Stoll, in both seasonal forms ; the
most striking point of difference is the conspicuous white instead
of ochraceous subbasal band on the upperside of the hind wing.
3 2. Upperside: the sinuous transverse postdiscal and sub-
terminal grey lines in the fore wing more distinct; the post-
discal ochraceous band in the hind wing much narrower. Under-
side: ground-colour darker ; the transverse short dark striz more
numerous ; the ochraceous and white markings of the upperside
replaced by pinkish-white, similar but broader and more diffuse
markings, the discoidal streak on the fore wing only slightly
ochraceous ; the terminal half of the hind wing suffused with pur-
plish over the dark markings and more closely set with transverse
dark strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomenas in R. hordoma.
In the dry-season form the ochraceous and white markings on
the upperside are broader ; between the postdiscal and subter- —
minal transverse grey lines is a more or less distinct transverse
ochraceous line ; the postdiscal band on the hind wing slightly
broader, sinuous, and more sharply defined. Underside similar
_ to that in the wet-season form, but the short transverse dark
strie more numerous, as they are in the dry-season form of
R. hordona.
Exp. & Q 41-52 mm. (1°62-2:04").
Hab. The Andamans and Nicobars.
360. Rahinda paraka, Butler (Neptis), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool.
i, 1879, p. 542, pl. 68, fig. 2; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 80; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 36, pl. 302, figs, 9
2 a2 d, ref
Neptisdindinga, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. 1, 1879, p. 542,
pl. 68, fig. 6; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 80 Moore (Rehinday.
Lep. Ind. i IV, 1899- 1900, p. 38, pl. 203, fios. 2 ,2a2e, SQ.
Dry-season form.— go 9. Upperside dusky aes black with
very broad ochraceous-yellow markings. Fore wing: discoidal
, RAHINDA. 347
streak very broad, indented anteriorly, posteriorly descending
below median vein and vein +; discal markings also remarkably
broad, those on the posterior portion of the wing sometimes
confluent with the discoidal streak; beyond this three slender
bisinuate ochraceous transverse lines, sometimes ill-defined. Hind
wing with a very broad subbasal, and a much narrower postdiscal
transverse band; the dusky black termen traversed by a very
slender ill-defined ochraceous transverse line. Underside pale
ochraceous yellow ; the intervening spaces of the black ground-
colour of the upperside replaced by somewhat diffuse pale
brownish markings defined by darker lines, a few dark brown
specks in cellular areas and below costa of both fore and hind
wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the
palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white.
Wet-season form.— § 2. Similar, but the markings on the
upperside of a slightly deeper shade of ochraceous yellow,
distinctly narrower; the three transverse ochraceous slender
lines on the termen of fore wing more clearly defined. Underside:
the pale brownish markings as in the dry-season form but some--
what broader.
Exp. 3 9 44-50 mm. (1°74-1°98").
Hab. The hills of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim, extending
to the Malay Peninsula.
Var. dindinga, Butler, is larger, with the markings more neatly
defined ; the fore wing on the upperside with the transverse lines
crossing the termen generally greyish.
361. Rahinda aurelia, Staudinger. Exot. Schmett. 1886, p. 145; de
Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1898, p. 24, pl.§, fig. 15 ©.
3 2. Closely resembles R. peraka, Butler; but on the upper-
side the orange markings are of a deeper darker shade and
narrower even than in the wet-season specimens of that form.
Upperside. Fore wing: the discal markings more macular, the
spots well divided from one another ; subterminal line parallel to
the terminal margin broad, slightly interrupted at vein 4, not
forming two wide arches as they do in &. peraka. Hind wing:
the subbasal line narrow and straight ; the subterminal line very
distinct. Underside: the markings as on the upperside but
broader ; on the hind wing slightly suffused with violaceous pink ;
the interspaces of ground-colour dusky black, somewhat mottled.
Exp. & 2 40-50 mm. ( 1:59-1:98").
Hab. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malayan
Subregion.
362. Rahinda assamica, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 311 3 ; de
N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 80; Moore, Lep. a lV, 1889-
1900, p. 37, pl. 308, figs. 1, la, 3g.
3. Upperside black with rich orange markings. Fore wing:
348 NYMPHALID A,
discoidal streak very broad, extending above into interspace 5 and
below into interspace 3; discal markings very broad, the spots
composing the upper and lower portions respectively connate
among themselves, the lower portion constricted in the middle;
a complete narrow transverse subterminal line. Hind wing:
subbasal and postdiscal bands remarkably broad, meeting and
coalescing along the dorsal margin, a subterminal line as on the
fore wing. Underside dull ochraceous orange, with the following
obscure dusky-black markings:—Fore wing: a narrow band along
the costa to about the middle, an oblique band from thence to near
apex of interspace 3, meeting another similar band from middle of
vein 1, and a subterminal slender jine. Hind wing: subbasal and
discal straight bands, the latter extended to the dorsum. Tore
and hind wings with the margin narrowly shaded with dusky black.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi and
thorax bluish grey, abdomen touched with ochraceous.
Exp. 3 43 mm. (1°7").
Hab. Recorded from Assam.
Genus CYRESTIS.
Cyrestis, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, 1832, p. 117 ; de N. Butt. Ind.
il, 1886, p. 248; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 139 ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 46.
Apisithra, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899, p. 58.
Type, C. thyoneus, Cramer, from Europe.
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, and westwards to
Africa.
3 9. Typically the fore wing is very broadly triangular, the
costa slightly arched, the apex obtusely pointed, the termen
straight, the tornus truncate, the dorsum slightly sinuous; the
cell short, not half the length of the wing, very slenderly closed
(in the cleared wing the lower discocellular is just visible); veins
4 and 5 from lower apex of cell; veins 6 and 7 almost from a
point, 8 and 9 out of 7,10 and 11 free. Hind wing irregularly
subtriangular, the costa very slightly arched; apex truncate, in
some forms rounded ; termen more or less scalloped, produced at
vein 4 into a tail; tornus elongate, produced into a broad lobe;
dorsum nearly straight, apical half bi-emarginate near tornal
angle ; cell very short, slenderly closed; veins 3 and 4 shortly
stalked, from lower apex of cell, 6 and 7 closely approximate.
Body slender; antennze about half the length of fore wing, club
gradual; palpi long, subporrect, third joint long; eyes naked ;
legs slender.
Key to the forms of Cyrestis.
a. Apex of hind wing abruptly truncate.
a’, Ground-colour on upperside rich dark ochra-
COOUS | cs SEEN Ne, OM RARUREN SE. cob BUM ROR eae C. tabula, p. 349.
b'. Ground-colour on upperside white or very pale
ochraceous white.
CYRESTIS. 349
a>, Terminal margin and apex of fore wing
narrowly black.
a. Terminal margin of hind wing ochraceous p- 349.
on tornal lobe and below tail only .... C. thyodamas,
b?, Terminal margin of hind wing entirely
CRCMBEAEO OMS, YRS oUt tio tus, Pet oad clacd adv ee Race andamanica,
6°, Terminal margin and apex of fore wing [p. 351.
Poly ae ky sia ave <i bhe!Sin cls <a PREY Be o @ C. nivea, p. 351.
6. Apex of hind wing rounded.
a’, Apex and terminal margins of both fore and
hind wing concolorous with bases of wings,
MUNA Kearns then fete Aes popsh so ced i eS oie C. cocles, p. 352.
6’, Apex and terminal margins of both fore and
hind wing broadly black, in strong contrast to [p. 353.
oround-colour at bases of wings .......... C. periander,
363. Cyrestis tabula, de Nicéville, Jour. A. S. B. 1883, p. 1, pl. 1,
fig. 1 $; wd. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 253; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 52, pl. 307, figs. 2, 2a, g.
3 2. Upperside rich dark ochraceous. Fore and hind wings
crossed by a subbasal, a median and two discal transverse
somewhat sinuous black lines, the inner discal line bent out-
wards at vein 4 on the fore wing; both discal lines, the outer
especially, more or less lunular; cell of fore wing with two short
basal, a subapical and two outwardly curved postapical additional
black lines; beyond the discal lines a transverse series of ochra-
ceous-white spots inwardly margined by a series of black lunules ;
terminal margins of both fore and hind wings broadly dusky black,
traversed by somewhat indistinct subterminal and terminal blacker
lines. Hind wing with a large subcostal and an apical ochraceous-
white spot; tornal lobe with a blue spot and two or three
white specks. Underside very pale ochraceous yellow; markings
similar to those on the upperside but more clearly defined, those
on the terminal margin of the fore wing somewhat obsolescent ;
the broad terminal dusky-black border on both fore and hind
wing absent. Antenne dark brown tipped with ochraceous :
head, thorax and abdomen bright ochraceous, the latter two striped
longitudinally with black.
Exp. & 2 64-68 mm. (2°53-2°7").
Hab. The Nicobars.
Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Indian Forest Department, has
kindly sent me a series of this form. The females are of the
same ochraceous tint above as the males but are paler on the
underside.
364. Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisduval, Cuv. Reg. Anim., Ins. ii, 1836,
pl. 188, fig. 4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 251; Davidson §
Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 351; Mackinnon &
de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 376, pl. U,
figs. 11, 11 a-11d, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. ivy, 1899-1900,
p. 48, pl. 306, figs. 1, 1 a-lc, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
350 NYMPHALIDZ.
Race andamanica.
Cyrestis thyodamus, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason § de Nicéville,
J. A, 8. B. 1881, p. 246.
Cyrestis andamanica, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 51, pl. 306,
fies. 2,24, 5 2.
SQ. Upperside white, in many specimens pale ochraceous
yellow, veins black. Fore wing with four very slender irregularly
sinuous transverse black lines, the costal margin shaded with
ochraceous at base and fuscous beyond; cell crossed by three or
four additional fine short lines ; a postdiscal very incomplete series
of white-centred broad fuscous rings in the interspaces, tinged with
ochraceous near the tornus and broadly interrupted in interspaces
3 and 4; beyond this two transverse black lines not reaching the
dorsal margin, shaded with fuscous between; the apex broadly
and the termen also shaded with fuscous. Hind wing with three
transverse five lines; a pair of postdiscal broad black lines shaded
with light sepia-brown between, forming a conspicuous band, the
outer line broken and incomplete, followed by two irregular fine
black lines, a subterminal more pronounced black line, and poste-
riorly a narrow black terminal margin ; dorsal margin broadly
fuscous at base; apical half and the tornal area and lobe rich
ochraceous, with some sepia-brown and black markings. Underside
similar, the markings of the upperside showing through by trans-
parency ; the ochraceous shading on dorsum and tornal area on
hind wing of less extent, but the tornal lobe darker ochraceous
with a central large round black spot. The markings both on
upper and under sides vary a little in depth of colour and breadth.
In many specimens there is a diffuse fuscous spot between the
discal pair of transverse fine lines on fore wing. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen above black, thorax and abdomen with lateral
ereyish longitudinal stripes ; beneath white. Body of the 9 paler
than that of the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 58-70 mm. (2°3-2°75").
Hab. Continental India generally, from the Himalayas to Tra-
vaneore, in the hills, avoiding the hot dry plains of Northern
and Central India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to
China and Japan.
Larva 5 pupa. ‘Mr. Bell noticed a Q on the 10th October
depositing its eggs on the tenderest leaves and buds of a banian
tree (Ficus indica) and secured six, of which two were reared.
The eggs were curious and beautiful, high domed-shaped or almost
conical, with an aperture at the top fitted with a deeply dentate
flat cap like a cogged wheel. The larva escaped by raising this and
did not eat the shell. The larva was unlike any other that we have
ever seen, slender, cylindrical and smooth; with two long curved
divergent filaments or soft horns on the head, a single stouter
sword-shaped one on the back at the 5th or 6th segment curved
backwards and serrated on its inner edge, and another on the last
seoment curved forwards and serrated on its outer edge. The
colour was a fine reddish brown with a broad green band on the
side from the 5th to the last segment. Pupa suspended by the
CYRESTIS. 351
tail, very much compressed, with a dorsal ridge from head to tail,
high and obtusely pointed in the middle, the palpi-cases united and
produced into a long somewhat recurved snout; colour brown with
fine dark strie.” (Davidson & Aztken.)
Race andamanica, W.-M. & de N.— 3 Q. Very closely resembles
the typical form; the dark markings, however, are as a rule
heavier and more pronounced, but in this some specimens from
the Anaimalai hills approximate very closely to the lighter coloured
- Andaman individuals. One constant point of difference, however,
seems to be the large amount of rich ochraceous colour on the
upperside of the hind wing posteriorly. The costal margin and the
postdiscal series of rings on the fore wing are also strongly tinged
with ochraceous.
Exp. As in the typical form.
Hab. The Andamans. Apparently common at Port Blair.
865. Cyrestis nivea, Zinken-Sommer (Amathusia), Nova Acta Acad.
Leop.-Car. 1831, p. 138, pl. 14, fig wg de VN) Butt. ind,
1886, p. 252.
Cyrestis nivalis, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1886, p. 414;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 51, pl. 307, figs. 1, la, 3.
3 2. Upperside pure white ; markings resembling those on
C. thyodamas. Fore wing: costal margin for about half its length
dusky black, bordered on the extreme mar-
gin at the base with ochraceous; cell
crossed by four slender black lines, the
innermost but one continued to the dorsal
margin; beyond the cell the disc crossed
by three irregular slender black lines trom
costa to dorsum, the outermost widening
posteriorly, where it is succeeded by a
large ochraceous spot, bearing in the middle
two minute black dots, at the tornal angle ;
apex and termen broadly dusky black,
traversed by four or five very slender
sinuous greyish-white transverse lines ; the
inner two form subapically an irregular
triangle. Hind wing crossed by four
wis G4. slender, sinuous, parallel black lines, a
Cyrestis niveac. +. broader black liue parallel to the dorsal
margin, a postdiscal black band traversed
by a medial greyish line, succeeded by a slender, black, slightly
curved line, a short somewhat oblique broader transverse streak,
and a subterminal black line, broadening below vein 4. Apex
narrowly and tail and margin for a short distance below it black,
the apical half of the dorsal margin and tornal lobes rich ochra-
ceous, this colour continued along the terminal margin to vein 4,
within the black markings on the tail and termen posterior to
latter. Tornal lobes with one or two black spots. Underside white,
very similar, the black and ochraceous markings of the upperside
3a 3 NYMPHALIDZ,
showing through by transparency. Antenne black, head, thorax
and abdomen black above; thorax and abdomen with greyish
lateral stripes; beneath white.
Exp. 5 2 48-66 mm. (1:95-2°6").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim ; the Malayan Subregion to Java.
The Javan form is typical nivea, the markings being somewhat
broader and heavier, especially along the costal margin, than in the
Indian form which Felder separated as nivalis.
366. Cyrestis cocles, Fadr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 7; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 254, pl. 28, fig. 107 §; Moore (Apisithra),
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 58, pl. 308, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
Cyrestis cocles, var. andamanica, W.-M. & de N. J. A. S. B. 1881,
p. 246.
Wet-season form.— 3 Q. Upperside: fore and hind wings with a
transverse broad white median band, its outer margin straight, its
inner margin highly sinuous; the basal and terminal portions
of the wings on the inner side of the white band up to the
base and on the outer side to the termen more or less greyish
brown, traversed by slender
sinuous black lines and
broader ochraceous - brown
lines, the black lines out-
wardly very narrowly mar-
eined with white; the sub-
terminal slender black line
on both fore and hind
wing very conspicuous, and
within it a transverse post-
discal series of obscure
dusky-centred greyish ir-
Fig. 65.—Cyrestis cocles. regular ocelli; the termen
narrowly greyish; cilia
white. Underside pearly white with a faint pinkish or pale lilac
tinge, the markings of the upperside more or less faintly seen
through by transparency; the transverse postdiscal line of greyish
ocelli the most prominent, often centred with biack. Antenne
dull brown, head, thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown, the
latter two with white lateral longitudinal bands ; beneath white.
Dry-season form.— & 2. Upperside very much paler; in many
specimens fading entirely to creamy white without any grey
markings, except the slender transverse black lines and the line
of postdiscal ocelli, which are always more or less present.
Underside white, without any pink or pale lilac tint; the markings
more taint, but as on the upperside.
Exp. & 9 64-70 mm. (2°53—-2°75").
Hab. Sikhim southwards to Orissa in Bengal, and eastwards
to Assam, Burma and Tenasserim; the Andamans; Malay
PeninsuJa.
Var. andananica, W.-M. & de N., is, as a rule, more ochraceous
CYRESTIS.—CHERSONESIA, Shy)
than pale grey, and the markings are less blurred. Many Sikhim
specimens, however, are very similar to the pale Andaman form.
367. Cyrestis periander, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 93
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 255; Moore (Apsithra), Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 61, pl. 308, figs. 2, 2a, 3 Q.
Upperside white, often more or less irrorated with dusky scales,
especially towards the bases of the wings; fore and hind wings
crossed by transverse narrow interrupted bands of ochraceous
yellow, four across the cell of the fore wing,
of which the basal, preapical and apical
are short, not continued to the dorsum; a
broader posterior postdiscal transverse ochra-
ceous hand on the hind wing not extending
beyond vein 6; apex of fore and termen
broadly of both fore and hind wings dull
blackish, traversed by a series of more or less
hastate jet-black spots, which on the fore
wing are minute, placed on the dull blackish
margin, and on the hind wing larger, bordering
the black margin; outwardly circled by very
Cyrestis periander. +. slender black lunules; fore and hind wings
with a prominent subterminal black line
bordered on either side very narrowly with white, tornal lobe
often bluish. Underside pearly white with a pink tinge ; markings
as on the upperside, but more dull and faint. Antenne ochraceous
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen dusky white.
Exp. 3 9 48-54 mm. (1°9-2°12").
Hab. Tenasserim and Siam, spreading through the Malayan
Subregion to Java.
Genus CHERSONESIA.
Cyrestis, pt.. Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.
il, 1850, p. 260; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 248.
Chersonesia, Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 142.
Type, C. risa, Doubleday, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing: costa arched, apex obtusely pointed, termen
straight or convex, tornus angular obtuse, dorsum slightly bi-
sinuate ; cell short, about one-third length of wing ; upper disco-
cellular minute, middle about one-third length of lower, lower
slightly curved outwards below; middle and lower discocellulars
in a straight line inclined slightly inwards; veins 3 and 4 stalked,
well beyond lower apex of cell, 10 out of 7,11 free. Hind wing
irregularly subtriangular; costa slightly arched, apex truncate ;
termen slightly curved, dentate at apex of vein 4; tornus lobed,
but not so elongate as in Cyrestis; dorsum convex above lobe ; cell
VOL. I. 2A
304 NYMPHALID&.
very short, about a quarter the length of the wings ; veins 3 and 4
shortly stalked beyond lower apex of cell; veins 5, 6 and 7
approximate at base, 8 bent strongly upwards near base of wing.
Body slender; antenne longer than half length of fore wing,
club long, slender; palpi, eyes and legs as in Cyrestis.
_ Key to the forms of Chersonesia.
a. Terminal margin of fore wing straight.
a’. Inner postdiscal transverse line on fore wing
straight.” snot, Shed eretits sae eee le C. risa, p. 304.
b'. Inner postdiscal transverse line on fore wing
DISIAWOUS 5.0.73. 5 sys eee nee ere eee Race rahria, p. 354.
6. Terminal margin of fore wing conspicuously
CONVERS sare hgesek este oe canoe re easy eer see ee C. peraka, p. 359.
368. Chersonesia risa, Doubleday (Cyrestis), in Dblday., Westw. §
Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 262, pl. 32, fig. 4; Destant,
Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 142; de N. (Cyrestis) Butt. Ind. 1886,
p. 256; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 55, pl. 317, figs. 3,
34,3b, dQ.
Race rabria.
Cyrestis rahria, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EF. I. C. 1857, p. 147,
pl. 3a, tig. 2 9; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 142; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 256.
Chersonesia rahroides, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 56,
pl. 807, figs. 4, 4 a.
3 2. Upperside: from arich dark reddish ochraceous to a much
paler shade of the same colour. Fore and hind wings crossed
transversely by the following slender black lines more or less
parallel to the body : a basal and subbasal pair, a discal single line,
a postdiscal pair of lines, and a subterminal line. The interspace
between the basal and subbasal pair of lines irrorated with dusky
scales ; the postdiscal pair convergent posteriorly, the interspace
between them traversed medially by an irregular black fascia
broken and interrupted on the fore wing; on the hind wing there
is, in addition, an obliquely-placed, diffuse dusky-bluish fascia from
apex to tornus, the tornal lobe and angle with a diffuse bluish
spot and two minute black specks above it. Underside slightly —
paler, the black markings as on the upperside. Antennz ochra-
ceous brown annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous; the latter two with dark lateral stripes; beneath
much paler ochraceous.
The ground-colour in many specimens is a much paler ochra-
ceous yellow, with the markings darker ochraceous, not black. A
series of dated specimens would probably show them to be the
dry-season form.
Exp. 3 2 40-48 mm. (1°6-1°9").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kumaun to Sikhim; Boutan; Assam ;
Burma; Tenasserin.
Race rahria, Moore.— ¢ 2. Very closely resembles the typical
CHERSONESIA.—JUNONIA, 300
form. Differs as follows: the discal single line crossing the
wings very much broader, forming a diffuse fascia sometimes not
black but of a darker ochraceous than the ground-colour; the
inner of the pair of postdiscal lines always bisinuate on the fore
wing ; on the hind wing this pair sometimes form a loop near the
tornal angle, the intermediate black fascia or line between this
postdiscal pair of lines in many specimens not continuous on the
hind wing, but broken into short streaks or lines between the
veins.
Exo. 3 2 as in the typical form.
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim ; the Malayan Subregion to Borneo.
369. Chersonesia peraka, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) xiv, 1884, p. 199;
ad. Rhop. Malay. 1884, p. 448, pl, 40, fig.6; de N. (Cyrestis) Butt.
Ind. i1, 1886, p. 257, footnote; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p: 57.
3 @. Closely allied to C. rahria, but the terminal margins of
both fore and hind wings are very much more convex, the short
tail at vein 4 on hind wing scarcely indicated, and there is
apparently no tornal lobe on the hind wing. Upperside ochra-
ceous. Fore and hind wings crossed by the following transverse
fasciz and lines: broad basal, subbasal and discal dusky-black
fasciz, the discal fascia with its outer margin diffuse, and a medial
line of the ochraceous ground-colour showing through ; two faint
postdiscal black lines, the inner irregularly sinuous on the fore
wiug, the space between them traversed by a narrow black fascia
broken into short streaks between the veins; terminal margins
somewhat broadly dusky black. Underside much paler ; markings
similar to those on the upperside but much less distinct. Antenne
ochraceous annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous with lateral paler stripes; beneath whitish.
Exp. 3 2 28-36 mm. (1:10-1-4”).
Hab. Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula.
Genus JUNONIA.
Junonia, Miibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 34; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1880, p. 40; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 65; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 62.
Precis, Moore (nec Hiibner), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 39; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 63.
Type, J. lavinia, Cramer, from America.
Range. Neotropical, Ethiopian, Indo- and Austro-Malayan, and
Oceanic Regions.
3 2. Fore wing: costa moderately arched, apex bluntly
angular; termen to a little below vein 6 straight, outwardly
oblique, then angulate (in the dry-season forms acutely angulate),
and below strongly concave to vein 2, thence inwardly oblique ;
tornus rounded; dorsum straight; cell to upper apex less than
a 2a2
356 NYMPHALIDA.
half length of wing ; lower discocellular absent ; cell open; vein 6
closely approximate at base to vein 7,10 and 11 free. Hind
wing: costa widely arched, apex rounded; termen arched and
slightly scalloped; tornus produced, acutely angulated, especially
in the dry-season forms; cell open; distance at base of veins 6
and 7 about half that between 7 and 8. Antenne about half
length of fore wing, club more or less abrupt, flattened; palpi
subporrect, broad in front, second joint gradually incrassate, third
joint short, acute.
The forms in this genus are very variable. Seasonal poly-
morphism is very prevalent among them, and individual aberra-
tions not uncommon. One such aberration of J. iphita has been
described by Moéschler, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1872, p. 337, under the
name Precis hopfferc.
Key to the forms of Junonia.
a. Upperside ground-colour brown.
a’. Fore wing without yellow spots or discal
bandon upperside ey. cs eemek eno tae J. iphita, p. 306.
b'. Fore wing with yellow spots or a whitish
discal band on upperside.
a*, Fore wing with yellow spots on upper-
SIGE? yokes eee ee iota rere eee J. lemonias, p. 397.
b?. Fore wing with an oblique whitish short
discal band on upperside ............ J. orithya 2, p. 398.
b. Upperside ground-colour yellow............ J. hierta, p. 360.
c. Upperside ground-colour: fore wing black,
Ania Ghpvain Oe ge Sieh eto Aree os eae ee ot J. orithya S, p. 398.
d. Upperside ground-colour pale lavender-grey
GADKOWM Geile: cue Rene Cac atlases cs J. atlites, p. 359.
e. Upperside ground-colour rich orange-yellow.. J. almana, p. 361.
370. Junonia iphita, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. iii, 1779, pl. 209,
figs. C, D; Butler, Cat. Hab. Lep. Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 76;
Moore (Precis), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 39, pl. 21, figs. 1, la, 16;
de N. (Precis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 63, pl. 19, fig. 84 ¢; David-
son & Aitken (Precis), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 271 ; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 64, pl. 309, figs. 1, 1 a-le, 5 9.
3 2. Upperside brown of varying depths of colour. Fore
wing: cell with one pair of subbasal and one pair of apical
transverse sinuous fasciz, the outermost defining the disco-
cellulars ; a short, broad, dark, oblique fascia beyond to vein 4, its
inner margin diffuse, its outer sinuous but sharply defined ; below
vein 4 a sinuous, transverse, more faint fascia, followed by a discal
blackish fascia, very broad and diffuse, below costa, bordered by a
row of faint ocelli, and a postdiscal and a subterminal similar
fascia following the outline of the termen. Hind wing with a
slender blackish loop near apex of cellular area; a broad inwardly
diffuse, outwardly well-defined short discal fascia in continuation
of the one on the fore wing; a series of postdiscal somewhat
ochraceous ocelli with black pupils minutely centred with white ;
JUNONIA. BD
postdiscal and subterminal broad lines as on the fore wing.
Underside brown, with very broad darker brown transverse fascie,
the interspaces between the markings irrorated with purplish
silvery scales. Fore wing with two sinuous fascie on basal
half succeeded by a discal fascia, very broad at the costal
margin and decreasing in width to the dorsum, bearing on its
outer border a row of obscure ocelli. This is succeeded by a zig-
zag dark line, and sinuous subterminal and terminal lines ; apex
and tornal area suffused with purplish silvery. Hind wing: two
irregular, very broad, dark brown, curved short fasciz near base ;
a straight, transverse, prominent, narrow ochreous-brown discal
band defined outwardly by a black line; a transverse postdiscal
dark brown fascia, widest in the middle and bearing outwardly a
curved row of ochreous-brown white-centred ocelli, followed by
a zigzag dark line in continuation of the one on the fore wing ;
a subterminal somewhat diffuse dark fascia and a terminal dark
- line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.
Exp. & 2 56-77 mm. (2°2-3").
Hab. More or less throughout our limits and extending to
China and Sumatra.
The ground-colour and even the markings vary very much,
some specimens being almost ochreous brown, the ocelli often
ochreous-ringed on the underside ; the transverse discal fascia on
hind wing often with one or two subcostal white spots.
Larva. ‘‘ Cylindrical, slightly pubescent and armed with nine
longitudinal rows of many-branched spines, except on the head
which is clothed with short bristles. ... Colour dark dull brown.”
(Davidson & Artken.)
Pupa “is regular, with three or five dorsal rows of small tuber-
cular points, hung perpendicularly..... Colour smoky brown.”
(Davidson & Artken.)
Food-plant, Strobilanthus.
371. Junonia lemonias, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 473 ;
Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. p. 208 ;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. 1881, p. 41, pl. 21, figs. 8,38a, ¢ Q; de N.
Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p.70; Davidson § Artken, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 272 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 75, pl. 318,
fies, 1, la-le, OQ.
3 Q. Upperside olive-brown. Fore wing with four sinuous,
short, black, transverse bars across cell-area, the outermost defining
the discocellulars ; the space between the middle pair of these bars,
two spots beyond the apex of cell,an outwardly angulated sinuous
discal series of spots, a postdiscal interrupted series of similar spots
yellowish or light ochraceous ; also an ochraceous inner subterminal,
anteriorly broken line, inwardly margined with dark brown; a
large discal black, blue-centred, reddish-ringed ocellus and a much
smaller very obscure brown subapical ocellus between the discal
and postdiscal series of spots; finally, a dark brown terminal line
358 NYMPHALID A.
following the outline of the margin. Hind wing: a slender black
loop in the apex of the cellular area, a large ocellus similar to the
discal ocellus on the fore wing across interspaces 4, 5 and 6, often
with its outer rings enclosing a much smaller ill-formed ocellus
anteriorly ; postdiscal, subterminal and terminal dark brown, some-
what lunular lines. Underside in the wet-season form ochraceous
brown. Fore wing: basal half crossed by three broad pale dark-
edged sinuous bands, beyond which the angulated discal, the
postdiscal, subterminal and terminal markings of the upper-
side show faintly through; the discal ocellus as on the upperside,
but not so clearly defined and without the blue centre. Hind
wing with three or four sinuous, ill-defined, band-like pale
markings on the basal half, the outer faint bands coalescing ;
followed by a postdiscal dark broad band traversed by a row of
minute dots interrupted by two large black ocellar spots, and
a faint subterminal lunular brownish line. In the dry-season
form the ground-colour is ochraceous yellow, often ochraceous red,
the markings more obscure, the two large black ocellar spots
reduced to the size of the others in the row. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen pale dull ochraceous.
Exp. & Q 56-62 mm. (2°2-2°45").
Hab. Throughout our limits.
Larva. ‘* After first moult. Black, with four rows of branched
spines, abdomen pale brown-black, legs black, head with a trans-
verse yellow band behind; stigmata white. After last moult.
Length 1 inch, cylindrical and spiny, lead-colour minutely spotted
with darker and whitish dots; head brown, spiny, spotted with
black, with a white central triangular patch; anterior portion
of first segment yellow; stigmata black.” (Capt. Chaumette fide
Moore.)
Pupa. ‘Light brown speckled with whitish and variegated with
darker brown.” (Capt. Chaumette fide Moore.)
372. Junonia orithya, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 473 ;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 41, pl. 22, figs. 1, 1 a, 1b, 5 Q, larva
& pupa; zd. Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 69, pl. 311, figs. 1, 1 a—le,
o Q, larva & pupa.
Junonia orithyia, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. i, 1849, p. 209; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 73.
&. Upperside : somewhat more than half the fore wing from base
velvety black, apical half dull fuliginous ; cell-area with or without
two short transverse orange bars; a blue patch above the tornus ;
the outer margin of the basal black area obliquely zigzag in a line
from the middle of costa to apex of vein 2, including a large discal,
generally obscure ocellus, which, however, in some specimens is
prominently ringed with orange-yellow. Beyond this a broad white
irregularly oblique discal band followed by a short oblique preapical
bar from costa; a small black orange-ringed ocellus beneath
the bar, a subterminal continuous line of white spots in the
JUNONIA. 359
interspaces and a terminal jet-black slender line; cilia alternately
dusky black and white. Hind wing blue shaded with velvety black
towards base; a postdiscal black white-centred orange and black-
ringed ocellus in interspace 2, a round minutely white-centred
velvety black spot (sometimes entirely absent) in interspace 5;
the termen narrowly white, traversed by an inner and an outer
subterminal and a terminal black line; cilia white. Underside
fore wing: basal half with three black-edged, sinuous, broad,
ochraceous-orange transverse bands, followed by the pale discal
band ; ocelli, preapical short bar, subterminal and terminal
markings much as on the upperside; the discal band margined
inwardly by a broad black angulated line which follows the outline
of the black area of the upperside. Hind wing irrorated with
dusky scales and transversely crossed by subbasal and discal
slender zigzag brown lines and a postdiscal dark shade, on which
are placed the two ocelli as on the upperside ; subterminal and
_ terminal faint brown lines, and a brownish short streak tipped
black at the tornal angle below the lower ocellus.— 2. Similar,
with similar but larger and more clearly defined ocelli and
markings ; the basal half of the fore and hind wings on the upper-
side fuliginous brown, scarcely any trace of blue on the hind wing.
Antenne brown, head reddish brown, thorax and abdomen above
brownish black; palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dull white.
Bep. & @ 54-62 mm. (2:15-2°45").
Hab. India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending
to China and the Malayan Subregion.
Larva. ‘* Head and body of a very dark shinmg black shading
MALOU TOW. 20.514 head on a short neck, latter of an orange
eolour for a short distance; caudal extremity also tipped with
orange. Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with
strong radial hairs..... Head bifurcated, reddish spot in centre
of face, a small spinous process in the angle of each eye.”
(Forsayeth fide de Nicéville.)
‘“‘ Pupa suspended by tail, naked; wing-covers of a muddy
yellow ; rest of body of a purplish colour variegated by lines of a
dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature along
abdomen.” (/dem.)
Specimens from Burma and other regions of heavy rainfall are
more richly coloured than those procured from the dry districts of
India.
373. Junonia atlites, Johansson (Papilio), Centur. Ins. 1763, p. 24;
Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 145; de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886,
p- 69; Davidson, Bell § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896,
p- 250; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 67, pl. 310, figs. 1,
la-ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa.
Papilio laomedia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 1767, p. 772; Moore
(Precis), Lep, Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 40, pl. 21, fig. 2.
3 2. Upperside pale lavender-brown, apical half of wings
paler. Fore wing: cell with three transverse, short, sinuous black
360 NYMPHALID A.
bands, the outermost defining the discocellulars ; a similar short,
somewhat broader band beyond apex of cell; two transverse discal
dusky black fasciz, the inner highly sinuous and outwardly
angulate above vein 4, the outer straighter, somewhat lunular,
bordered by a series of whitish ovals with dusky or black centres ;
the black-centred spots in the ovals in interspaces 2, 5 and 6
margined pesteriorly with rich ochraceous yellow. Beyond this
series of ovals is a lunular, narrow, transverse dark band, followed
by sinuous subterminal and terminal broad dark lines. Apex ot
wing slightly fuliginous. Hind wing; a short slender black loop
from veins 6 to 4 at apex of cell-area; two discal sinuous trans-
verse dark fasciz in continuation of those on the fore wing ;
followed by a series of dark-centred ovals in interspaces 2-6, the
ovals in interspaces 2,5 and 6 with the dark centres inwardly
broadly bordered with ochreous yellow; postdiscal, subterminal
and terminal dark lunular lines as on the fore wing. Underside :
lilacine white markings as on the upperside but very delicate,
slender and somewhat obsolescent. In the dry-season forms of
the males the rows of oval ocelli are only indicated by the yellow-
centred ovals. The most prominent marking is the inner discal
fascia crossing the wings; this is much less sinuous than on the
upperside and not angulated on the fore wing. In the females the
markings are all heavier and more distinct, the space between
the various transverse fasciz tinged with ochraceous.
Exp. & 2 60-66 mm. (2°35-2°75").
Hab. Terai, at the foot of the Himalayas from Kumaun to
Sikhim ; Eastern Bengal; Central Provinces; Kanara; Ceylon ;
Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending into the Malayan
Subregion.
Larva. In form resembles that of J. zwphita; colour “ dull
smoky black with a well-defined orange-brown stripe above the
legs.”” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘Of a uniform slate-colour.” (Lidem.)
374. Junonia hierta (Pl. VI, fig. 41), Fabricius (Papilio), Ent. Syst:
Suppl. 1798, p. 424; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 71, pl. 20,
fic. 94, 6 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 72, pl. 312,
figs. 1, 1 a-le, larva & pupa, d 9.
Junonia cenone, Moore (nec Linn.), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 42, pl. 22,
fies. 3,34, dQ. hn
o. Upperside bright yellow. Fore wing: the costa with a
broad triangular projection downwards at the discocellulars, the
apex broadly, the terminal margin, and the dorsum with a tri-
angular projection upwards near the tornus, jet-black ; this black
margin narrows near the middle of the termen and bears on
the apex two short transverse preapical white streaks crossed by
the black veins, below these an obscure ocellus sometimes absent.
Hind wing: the anterior half and the terminal margin black, the
dorsum broadly shaded with ochraceous brown, the anterior black
area with a large brilliant blue central spot. Cilia of both fore
JUNONIA. 361
and hind wings white alternated with brown. Underside: fore
wing pale yellow; cell crossed by three laterally black-margined
orange-yellow bars; beyond the cell a short, broad, irregular jet-
black oblique band from costa to base of vein 4; apex and dorsal
margin broadly, termen in the middle narrowly, dusky brownish
black with some obscure paler markings; a round jet-black discal
spot in interspace 2 and another smaller one in interspace 5.
Hind wing greyish yellow; in the dry-season form strongly
irrorated with dusky scales; a prominent transverse brown discal
fascia, its margins highly sinuous ; a brownish broad shade on the
middle of the termen; some obscure lunular marks on the basal
area, a postdiscal line of minute dots, and subterminal and ter-
minal zigzag slender lines pale brown. Antenne pale, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; beneath dull ochraceous
white.— @ similar, the colours duller. Upperside fore wing:
cell with a more or less complete transverse black fascia and
another at the discocellulars; blue-centred well-marked ocelli
in interspaces 2 and 5 on the disc of the fore wing, and smaller
ocelli in interspaces 2 and 5 on the dise of the hind wing. Fore
and hind wings with a fairly well-defined pale subterminal line, the
blue spot on the anterior black area on the hind wing small and
ill-defined or entirely wanting ; the rest as in the ¢. Underside
as in the 3, but generally with the markings heavier and more
clearly defined.
Exp. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°16—-2°3").
Hab. Nearly throughout our limits, extending to China.
Larva. “ Ground-colour dark brown or grey with a broad dorsal
stripe formed of minute white and blue spots, spines black.”
(Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. “ Dull reddish ; head obtuse in front; thorax dorsally
convex ; abdomen with a dorsal and lateral row of small blackish
points.” (oore.)
379. Junonia almana, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 472;
Doiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1849, p. 209; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 68; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 78
pl. 514, figs. 1, La-lf, larva & pupa, Jd @.
Papilio asterie, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 472; Moore
(Junonia), Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1881, p. 438, pl. 22, fig. 2 ; de N. (eae
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 67.
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside rich orange-yellow. Fore
wing with a pale dusky and a much darker short transverse bar
with lateral jet-black marginal lines across cell, another somewhat
similar bar defining the discocellulars ; costal margin, an inner
and an outer subterminal line, and a terminal line dusky black ;
a large minutely white-centred ocellus with an inner slender
and outer black ring on disc in interspace 2; two similar but
smaller geminate subapical ocelli with an obscure pale spot above
them and a short oblique bar connecting them to the black on the
362 NYMPHALID#&.
costa. Hind wing: a small minutely white-centred and very
slenderly black-ringed discal ocellus in interspace 2, with a very
much larger pale yellow and black-ringed ocellus above it spreading
over interspaces 4, 5 and 6, the centre of this ocellus inwardly
brownish orange, outwardly bluish black, with two minute white
spots in vertical order between the two colours ; finally postdiscal,
subterminal and terminal black sinuous lines. Underside ochra-
ceous brown, very variable. In most specimens the cell of the
fore wing is crossed by three dark sinuous bands, the outermost
along the discocellulars ; these are very faint in some; both:fore
and hind wings crossed by a basal and a discal pale sinuous line,
the latter margined outwardly by a dark shade, which is traversed
by an obscure somewhat obsolescent row of dark spots, and
outwardly bounded by a subterminal sinuous line, the dark shade
in many cases spreading on the fore wing to the terminal edge of
the wing; on the hind wing the subterminal line meets the discal
in an acute angle at the tornus. Antenne dark brown; head,
thorax and abdomen more or less orange-brown ; paler beneath.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar, the black markings
deeper in colour and heavier, the subterminal and terminal lines
more clearly defined. Underside pale ochraceous. Fore wing:
cell crossed by five short sinuous dark brown lines, a similar line
on the discoceliulars and another beyond it, both bent inwards at
an angle and continued to the dorsum, the space between them
forming a discal broad fascia, which pales to whitish posteriorly ;
the postdiscal ocelli, subterminal and terminal lines as on the
upperside but paler. Hind wing: a slender transverse subbasal
dark line, a discal whitish straight fascia in continuation of the
one on the fore wing; the postdiscal ocelli, the subterminal and
terminal lines much as on the upperside but paler; the anterior
ocellus with a double iris and centre. Antenne dark brown ;
head, thorax and abdomen slightly darker than in the dry-season
form.
Exp. 3 2 54-62 mm. (2:13-2:42").
Hab. Throughout our limits; abundant in some districts.
Found also in the Malayan Subregion, and in China and Japan.
Larva. “ Cylindrical. Head blackish, slightly hairy. Body
pale ochreous-brown, with a dorsal, subdorsal and lateral blackish
line, and a row of small-ringed spots below the latter; second
segment anteriorly with a transverse reddish stripe; second,
third and fourth segments posteriorly with a transverse blackish
stripe ; second to last segment armed with a dorsal, subdorsal, and
two lateral rows of short, fine-branched spines.” (J/oore.)
Pupa. “ Rather short and thick ; head and thorax broad, head-
piece pointed beneath ; thorax and abdomen dorsally. with short
tubercular points ; colour brownish-ochraceous.” (dMoore.)
VANESSA. 363
Genus VANESSA.
Vanessa, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 281; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 229; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 102.
Aglais, Dalmann, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxxvii, 1816, pp. 54,
64; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 87.
Pyrameis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 33; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 225.
Eugonia et Polygonia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 36;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, pp. 84 & 95..
Euvanessa, Scudder, Butt. E. U. States, i, 1889, p. 387; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 82.
Kaniska, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899, p. 91.
Type, ”. atalanta, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Both hemispheres.
6 9. Fore wing: costa slightly arched; apex produced,
rounded ; termen scalloped, concave below vein 5; tornus rounded,
dorsum straight; cell about half length of wing; upper disco-
cellular very short, middle oblique, slightly concave, lower long,
oblique ; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex ;
9 from middle of 7,10 and 11free. Hind wing irregularly subtri-
angular, apex not well-marked ; costa and termen together forming
a curve; tornus somewhat produced, dorsum slightly arched,
cell not quite half iength of the wing; discocellulars oblique, upper
and middle subequal, lower longer, slightly sinuous ; veins 3 and 4
from lower apex of cell. Antenne a little over half length of
fore wing, club short, broad, abrupt; palpi stout, subporrect,
third jomt short, somewhat blunt at apex; eyes hairy; thorax
robust.
The above characters are of those typical Vanessa. The Indian
forms can be divided into three sections or groups differing
slightly in stracture from each other :—
(1) Typical Vanessa, including the forms placed by Moore
under Aglais, and under Polygonia pt.
(2) Eugoma, Hubner, including Hwvanessa, Scudder, with the
costa of fore wing studded with long stiff hairs projecting
anteriorly.
(3) Polygona, Hubner, typical, including Kaniska, Moore,
characterized by the extremely uneven terminal margins to the
wings, the strongly bisinuate dorsum and broadly lobed tornus
of the fore wing.
In venation, in the form of the antenne, in the hairiness of
the eyes and in the cryptic coloration of the underside of the
wings, the forms arranged under the above subgenera constitute a
homogeneous natural group.
364 NYMPHALID&.
Key to the forms of Vanessa.
A. Dorsum of fore wing straight or slightly
convex, not sinuous ; “tornus not lobed.
a. Costa of fore wing not studded with stiff
_ anteriorly proj ecting hairs.
a’. Termen of hind wing not produced into
a prominent tooth or tail at apex of
ee
. Hind wing upperside with terminal
half more or less ochraceous or oa
yellow «fii Peek eee eto
6°. Hind wing upperside: terminal margin
only, and a postdiscal band confluent
with it, orange-yellow ...........
b'. Termen of hind wing produced into a
prominent tooth or tail at apex of
vein 4.
a’. Upperside of hind wing with a sub-
a es series of blue spots.
. Disc of fore wing on upperside red,
not crossed by a yellow transverse
yearn leg. ie Bae OPES te ae ben pe ne
6°. Disc of fore wing on upperside red,
crossed by a yellow transverse
band.
a‘, Termen of fore wing produced
and angulated between veins 5
MNO sou espa Sie steaks Nie erence
b*. Termen of fore wing not produced
or angulated between veins 5
b>. Upperside of hind wing without a sub-
terminal series of blue. SPOLS arses
6. Costa of fore wing studded with stiff an-
teriorly proj ecting hairs.
a'. Upperside eround-colour deep maroon ;
terminal margins of both fore and hind
wings broadly creamy white..........
6’. Upperside ground-colour dark orange-
yellow; terminal margins of both fore
and hind wings narrowly brown ......
B. Dorsum of fore wing strongly sinuous, tornus
lobed.
a. Upperside ground-colour dark indigo-blue-
black; fore and hind wings crossed by a
pr ominent broad postdiscal blue band.
a’. Upperside fore wing: postdiscal blue
band continued ae, to preapical
VE HIDE ISOLA ysis taceatetaeiae oie meats eens
b'. Upperside fore wing: postdiscal blue
band not continued anteriorly to pre-
apical wittte Spots cme. cn. eee
b. Upper eround-colour fulvous.
. Upperside hind wing: dorsal margin very
broadly dusky brown irrorated with orey
scales.
V. cardui, p. 365.
>
. indica, p. 366.
in lend
a ) LP: 367 °
. cashmirensis,
~
V. rizana, p. 368.
V. ladakensis, p. 368.
V. vau-album, p. 369.
V. antiopa, p. 370.
[p. 369.
V. canthomelena,
V. canace, p. 371.
[p- 372.
Race haronica,
VANESSA. 365
a’, Upperside fore and hind wings with a
subterminal series of pale yellow spots.
a’, These spots small, round, traversing
broad dusky terminal margin of hind
SYAUIMSaCGey UM vagsiar sisutuar 2 Wiel ateseen lel hes V. c-album, p. 372.
6°. These spots transverse, bordering
broad dusky terminal margin of
hind! wineron inmersidé . 9.7... . Var. cognata, p. 373.
b°. Upperside fore and hind wings without a [p. 373.
subterminal series of pale yellow spots. Race agnicula,
b'. Upperside hind wing: dorsal margin paler
brown irrorated with golden scales .... J”. egea, race inter-
posita, p. 374.
376. Vanessa cardui, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 475;
Moore (Pyrameis), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 50, pl. 27, figs. 1, La;
de N. (Pyrameis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 227; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 105, pl. 320, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, dQ.
3 2. Upperside fore wing: interspace 1 and extreme base of
wing dusky black, irrorated with golden scales ; apical half of wing
and termen dusky black ; discal and median area of wing ochraceous
orange, with the following black markings: an irregular oblique
} band consisting of two detached spots
across middle of cell, a patch in base of
interspace 2 and a curved transverse bar
across interspace 1; on the black apical
area an obliquely placed series of three
quadrate white spots from costa, followed
by a curved transverse series of four
white spots, and on the broad dusky-black
terminal margin an obscure transverse
series of pale slender lunular marks.
Hind wing dusky brown, covered with
long silky brown hairs at base; a large
Vanessa cardui. spot beyond apex of cell; a broad trans-
verse discal irregular band and _ the
termen ochraceous orange; the ochraceous discal band does not
extend to the costa and bears a round black spot in each of the
interspaces 2 to 6; on the termen there is an inner transverse
series of black lunules and an outer series of black spots at the
apices of the veins. Underside fore wing: cell and discal area
from vein | irregularly to vein 4 ochraceous orange, rest of wing
ereyish brown; base of cell red, apical portion white; black
marking in and below cell much as on the upperside; beyond the
cell the white markings on the apical area and on the termen as on
the upperside. Hind wing mottled with olive-brown and ochra-
ceous, the olive-brown markings with slender white margins; a
postdiscal transverse series of ocelli in interspaces 2 to 6, those
in interspaces 3 and 4 with blue, the rest with black centres; all
with inner rings of ochraceous and outer rings of black; a series
of black subterminal lunules and terminal black spots as on the
366 NYMPHALIDA,
upperside, but not so distinct. Antenne brown, ochraceous
yellow at apex; head, thorax and abdomen with ochraceous
pubescence, the thorax beneath the pubescence metallic green; on
the underside, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous
white.
Exp. 6 2 58-68 mm. (2°2-2°7").
Hab. The “ Painted Lady ” is distributed over the whole world.
It occurs in and is recorded from all parts of India, Ceylon,
Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ; more plentifully in the hills and
often sporadically in certain districts.
Larva. ‘* Blackish brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted
line on each side, the segments armed with short branched spines.
Feeds on Artemisia.” (Moore.)
Pupa. ‘‘ Tuberculate ; head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown,
more or less spotted with yellow.” (Moore.)
Mr. E. H. Aitken records the larva as feeding on different
species of Blumea (fide de Macéville, t. ¢.).
377. Vanessa indica, Pl. VI, fig. 39, Herbst (Papilio atalanta
indica), Natursyst. Schmett. vii, 1794, p. 171, pl. 180, Hee 126
Moore (Pyrameis), Lep. Ceyl. 1, ‘1881, p- 50, pl. 27, fig. 2 de N.
(Pyrameis) Batt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 2 299, pl. 18, fic. 74 OF ‘Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 103; pl. 330, fies. He le, 16, 6 23
36 2. Resembles V. cardwi, but the ground-colour is darker
both on the upper and under sides, and the orange markings
deeper and richer in tint. Differs also as follows :—Upperside
fore wing: the ochraceous orange-red on disc and across cell
proportionately of less extent, and uniform, not getting paler
towards apex of cell; the upper four spots of the preapical trans-
verse series on the black apical area minute. Hind wing: the
postdiscal transverse band much narrower and shorter, not
extending below vein 1, margined inwardly by a series of broad
black subcrescentic marks ; the tornal angle with a small patch of
violet scales bordered inwardly by a short black transverse line.
Underside very much darker than in V. card, the orange-red on
dise and in cell of fore wing restricted as on the upperside; three
small transversely placed blue spots beyond the cell. Hind wing:
the mottling comparatively very dark, purplish black, with slender
white margins, shaded on dise with rich dark olive-brown ; the
postdiscal series ef ocelli dark and somewhat obscure ; an inner
subterminal transverse series of blue, and an outer very much
slenderer transverse series of black lunules. Cilia of both fore and
hind wings white, alternated with brown. Antenne black, tipped
with pale ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen with dark olive-
brown pubescence ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale
ochraceous brown.
Lap. & 2 58-70 mm. (2° 32°75").
Hab. Throughout our limits, in the hills above 2000 feet ; only
VANESSA. 867
sporadically taken in the plains, more common in the higher hills
at elevations above 4000 feet. This form extends to Southern
Europe and the Canaries, and eastwards to China, Japan and the
Malay Peninsula.
378. Vanessa cashmirensis, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844,
p. 442, pl. 11, figs. 3,4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 233; Moore
(Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 87, pl. 316, figs. 8, 3a, dQ.
3 2. Upperside fore wing: basal half of costa and the
termen pale brown, the former flecked with pale yellow, the latter
bordered inwardly by a narrow darker brown band bearing a
series of black lunules ; outwardly traversed by sinuous slender
subterminal and more slender terminal black lines; base of wing
and the greater part of interspace 1 @ and of 1 posteriorly brown,
irrorated with golden scales, the rest of the wing anteriorly yellow,
posteriorly and at base of cell red, with the following black
markings: a broad band across the cell, another broader short
band beyond, touching the discocellulars, not extending below
vein 4, and a third not extending below vein 5, with a white patch
beyond before apex, all three short bands rounded posteriorly ; on
the disc there is a large oval black spot, followed by a yellow patch
in interspace 1, and above it smaller black spots in interspaces 2
and 3. Hind wing: basal half dusky brown, covered posteriorly with
long brown hairs ; anteriorly beyond the bases of veins 5, 6 and
7 black, followed by a broad red band anteriorly turning to yellow ;
a broad terminal brown band, traversed by a series of black-
bordered blue lunules, and beyond them by very slender inner and
outer black sinuous lines. Underside brown, with closely-set
transverse short black strie ; basal half of wings clouded with dark
purplish brown, the outer margin of the dark portion defined by a
highly sinuous jet-black transverse line, most distinct on the hind
wing, and also crossed, nearer the base of the wings, by two or
three similar, much interrupted lines ; terminal half of the wines
paler, with two dark irregular patches below costa of fore wing ;
finally a sinuous transverse subterminal narrow dark blue band
across both fore and hind wings, bordered on both sides by slender
black lines, widening into spots on the veins of the fore wing.
This band is more distinct in the 9 than in the g. Antenne
dark brown, minutely ringed with white; head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown above and below.
Exp. S$ 2 52-62 mm. (2:05-2°43").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim at elevations of
2000 to 18,000 feet.
The two forms next described are very closely allied to but
distinguishable from V. cashmirensis ; both occur at high elevations
in the Himalayas.
368 NYMPHALID&.
379. Vanessa rizana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 559; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 284; Moore (Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 89,
ploki anes ang ey
3 @. “Markings and colours disposed as in V. kashmirensis,
but more sharply defined and the colours much brighter” (Moore).
Upperside fore wing: the black spot on the dise in interspace 1
not oval, quadrate, the two spots above it also quadrate, placed
on a transverse broad yellow band which crosses the wing in
continuation of the intervening yellow space between the short
broad black band beyond the discocellulars and the preapical
similar band. Hind wing: the dusky black on the basal area
more extensive, covering about two-thirds of the wing and
produced to the tornus, its outer margin very sinuous, bordered
outwardly by a narrow sinuous band of bright yellow. Both fore
and hind wings with a comparatively broad terminal border,
dusky brown, traversed by a series of triangular black spots
centred with blue, that are outwardly margined by a more or less
continuous obscure pale line. ‘ Underside much darker than in
kashmirensis, markings similar.” (Moore.)
Exp. 3 Q 47-52 mm. (1:85-2-05").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim at high ele-
vations ; not recorded from below 10,000 feet.
380. Vanessa ladakensis, Moore, A. M. N. . (5) i, 1878, p. 227 ; zd.
Yarkand Exped., Lep. 1879, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 234; Moore (Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 90,
pl. 317, figs. 2,24, 5 Q.
é 9. Differs from V. cashmirensis as follows :—Fore wing:
termen convex, not faicate, not produced between veins 5 and 6.
Upperside: colours and markings similar to and disposed as in
V. rizana; but the lower blackish discal spot or patch in fore
wing much broader, extended to the median vein joining the
transverse band across the cell, joined also by a triangular patch
at base of interspace 3 to the short band beyond the discocellulars ;
two small rounded spots in interspaces 2 and 3 respectively placed
on a yellew band, as in V. rizana. Hind wing with the sub-
terminal series of conical black spots larger, each centred with a
large spot of blue. Underside much paler than in either V. cash-
mirensis or V. rizana, not so thickly studded with dark transverse
short striz. Fore wing: the cell with an ochraceous subbasal
and a whitish median transverse broad band; beyond apex of cell
a curved, broad, whitish, irregular postdiscal band from costa to
dorsum, and a short oblique preapical whitish mark. Hind wing:
basal two-thirds dusky brown, outwardly margined by a sinuous
jet-black line ; both fore and hind wings with the transverse series
of triangular dark marks of the upperside showing through.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in V,. cashmirensis.
Exp. 3 2 46-53 mm. (1°8-2-1").
Hab. The Northern Himalayan ranges, Ladak; Chitral; W.
Tibet ; Nilang Pass beyond Mussooree ; Sikhim, Chumbi Valley.
VANESSA. 369
381. Vanessa vau-album, Denis § Schieffermiiller (Papilio), Wien.
Verz. 1776, p. 176; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 286; Moore
(Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 96, pl. 317, figs. 3,34, 3.
3 2. Upperside dark fulvous; base of wings suffused with
brown, extending on the hind wing along dorsum towards
tornus. Fore wing: two confluent spots across the cell, a short
broad band beyond tbe discocellulars, another similar, more oblique,
slightly sinuous band, followed by a narrow sinuous transverse
postdiscal band, margined inwardly by a row of pale yellow spots,
and finally twoinner and three outer comparatively large discal spots,
all black. The apex of the cell and the subcostal space between
the two short broad black bands a paler yellow than the ground-
colour; a narrow transverse white preapical spot on the inner side
of the postdiscal band; the terminal margin beyond the latter dusky
black, traversed by a darker sinuous line. Hind wing: two short
transverse broad black bands from costa, not extending below
interspace 4, the outer band diffuse posteriorly, the space between
‘the two bands white from costa to vein 6 ; a postdiscal transverse
incomplete series of pale yellow spots followed by a narrow black
band, outwardly sharply defined by a pale yellow line ; the terminal
margin beyond this pale brown, traversed by an obscure subterminal
dark line. Underside pale brown, irrorated with transverse dark
brown striz; basal half of wings darker brown, the outer margin
of this colour sharply defined and on the hind wing margined by
a slender black ine. Fore wing: anterior half of cell pale ochra-
ceous, with three elongate oval dark spots, the terminal margin
between veins 1 and 5 dark brown, traversed by a slender obscure
pale line, inwardly bordered by a narrow blue band, defined on
either side by dark lines. Hind wing with a very conspicuous
white L-shaped mark at apex of cell ; a subterminal narrow brown
sinuous transverse band, blue in the middle; the terminal margin
narrowly but evenly of a darker brown than the ground-colour.
Fore and hind wings crossed by a transverse postdiscal line of
small black dots in the interspaces.
‘Exp. 3 2 64-71 mm. (2°51-2°79").
Hab. A Palearctic form recorded within our limits from
Kashmir and Chitral.
382. Vanessa xanthomelena, Denis § Schieffermiiller (Papilio), Wien.
Verz. 1776, p. 176; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 235, pl. 18,
fiz. 73 ¢; Moore (Eugonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 89,
pl: SiG; figs. 2) 2a, oD.
3 Q. Upperside rich orange-yellow. Fore wing: costal margin
dusky black on the basal half flecked with brown; two oval black
spots in cell, a quadrate subcostal black patch just beyond the
discocellulars, a second more obligue irregular black patch beyond
this, and three large oval discal black spots, with a smaller dusky
patch beyond the lowest spot. Hind wing uniform, with a large
subcostal black patch. Fore and hind wings with a common
Ola i 2B
370 NYMPHALID &,
sinuous transverse subterminal black band, and a terminal dusky
band flecked with golden brown; the black subterminal band
on the hind wing with an outer border of blue lunules margined
outwardly by a slender black line; the fore wing just below the costa,
between the black patches beyond the cell and between the outer
black patch and subterminal band, prominently pale yellow. Inthe 2
an incomplete series of yellow lunules also borders the subterminal
black band on the outer side. Underside dull ochraceous brown,
the basal half of both fore and hind wings and a broad terminal
margin darker brown ; the wings entirely and thickly covered with
slender transverse dark brown striz ; irregular cell-marks on the
fore wing and a transverse highly sinuous subterminal band of
dark blue lunules on both wings; these lunules defined by slender
black lines on both sides. Bases of the wings with a clothing of
long stiff black hairs, which are blunt at their apices, and on the
fore wing extend along the basal half of the costal margin, pro-
jecting outwards beyond it. Antenne, head and thorax very
dark brown, abdomen fulvous ; beneath very hairy ; palpi, thorax
and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen towards the apex paler.
Exp. 3 Q 63-68 mm. (2°49-2:7").
Hab. E. Europe: the Himalayas from Kashmir to Mussooree ;
China and Japan.
“ Larva. Cylindrical, shghtly hairy. Head subquadrate, vertex
sharply indented in front, shghtly hairy, front and cheeks with
several small pointed tubercles. Third to last segments armed
with a dorsal row of short spines, and three lateral rows of long
rigid branched spines. Colour dark purpurescent-brown, almost
black, palest beneath ; with two dorsal slender yellowish macular
lines, and a single similar lateral line, the subdorsal and sublateral
areas longitudinally speckled with numerous irregular-shaped
yellow dots. Spines black; head black. Reared on willow.”
(Moore.)
383. Vanessa antiopa, Linneus (Papilio), Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758,
p- 476; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 232; Moore (Kuvanessa),
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 88, pl. 316, figs. 1, la, go.
3 2. Upperside rich dark maroon-red ; costal margin of fore
wing broadly black, flecked with rich creamy-white on basal half
and with two short broad cream-ccloured oblique bands on the
apical half; the terminal margins of the maroon ground-colour on
both fore and hind wings darkening into a comparatively broad black
postdiseal band with a row of superposed spots, deep blue in the
female, violet-blue in the male; the outer margin of the black band
on the fore wing sinuous, on the hind wing evenly rounded ;
terminal margins of wings very broadly creamy-white flecked with
minute black dots somewhat closely on the anterior half of the
margin of the fore wing, thus forming a distinct slender black
border; dorsal margin of the hind wings broadly dull blackish brown.
Underside rich purpurescent black, densely set with short slender
VANESSA. orl
jet-black striz ; the short oblique subcostal cream-coloured oblique
bands on the fore wing and the broad cream-coloured terminal
margins of both fore and hind wings much as on the upperside but
sprinkled with minute black dots; the short oblique bands much
narrower than on the upperside ; small cream-coloured spots also
at the apices of the cells in both wings ; finally, numerous stiff black
hairs extend along the basal half of the costal margin of the fore
wing and project prominently beyond it. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen very dark brownish black above and beneath; the
antennz ochraceous at apex; the palpi, thorax and base of the
abdomen beneath very hairy.
Exp. 3 2 74-80 mm. (2:91-3:17").
Hab. Within our limits the “Camberwell Beauty ” has been
taken only in the Chumbi Valley east of Sikhim and in Bhutan.
It occurs in Europe, Central Asia, China and Japan.
_ 384. Vanessa canace, Johanssen (Papilio), Centur. Ins. 1763, p. 23;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 231; Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888,
pt. 2, p. 355; Moore (Kaniska), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 92,
pl sloy nes, 1 la, 2.
Race haronica (PI. VI, fig. 40).
Vanessa haronica, Moore, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 157; zd. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 49, pl. 25, figs. 2,2 a, 5, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 232; Moore (Kaniska), Lep. Ind.iv, 1899-1900, p. 94,
pl. 315, figs. 2, 2 a, 26, larva & pupa, JQ.
3 2. Upperside deep indigo-blue black; a postdiscal slightly
sinuous blue band crossing both fore and hind wings, on the fore
wing commencing immediately below a preapical white spot just
beneath the costa and broadening gradually to the dorsum, on the
hind wing broadening from the costa and extending to veinl. On
the fore wing this band is crossed by the black veins, the portion
in each interspace, except in 1 a@ and 1, rounded interiorly ; ante-
riorly beyond the cell a short bread obliquely-placed bar joins the
band almost to the costa. Onthe hind wing this band is traversed
along its outer margin by a series of small black dots. On both
wings there are some transverse, more or less broken, subterminal
and terminal linear blue marks, more clearly defined and more
continuous on the hind wing. In the @ the postdiscal band is
broader than in the ¢. Underside brownish black, covered
thickly with short transverse jet-black strize; the basal halves
of the wings defined outwardly by a highly sinuous, somewhat
broken, jet-black broad line; some similarly coloured transverse
short broad marks in and below cell of fore wing; apex of fore
wing broadly pale brown, that colour continued as a very broad
irregular discal band to the dorsum; touched at the costa and
outwardly near the tornus with greyish white; beyond this band a
curved postdiscal sinuous series of jet-black lunules followed by a
black subterminal ill-defined line, both the latter commencing at
the faleate angle of the termen and extending to the tornus. Hind
2B 2
oie NYMPHALIDA.
wing with a white spot at apex of cell and a continuation of the
pale discal band of the fore wing, but far less prominent, much
narrower and sinuous ; beyond this the terminal half of the wing
dull biack, the transverse short strie very sparse, but with a
transverse postdiscal series of minute black dots as on the upper-
side. Antenne black, flecked with minute ochraceous dots ; head
and thorax dark blue ; abdomen dull black; beneath, the palpi and
thorax with slightly bluish long hairs, the abdomen black flecked
with white.
Hep. $ 2 61-75 mm. (2°4-2°95").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim ; Southern India, the
Nilgiris, Mysore and Travancore; the hills of Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim above 3000 ft.
Larva, ‘“‘ Segments alternately orange and white, with numerous
black spots on the orange segments and black streaks on the
white ; seven white, branching, black-tipped spines on each orange
segment.” (G. F. Hampson.)
Pupa. “ Variegated reddish brown, with frontal gold and silver
spots ; head produced and bifid.” (G. #. Hampson.)
Race haronica, Moore.— ¢ 2. Closely resembles the typical
form, but on the upperside the ground-colour at the bases of the
wings is sometimes suffused with green, the transverse broad blue
band is discal not postdiscal, and anteriorly is continuous with the
broad short oblique bar beyond the cell, not commencing as in
canace below the preapical white spot. On the hind wing the band
is without the series of black dots, but beyond it there is a trans-
verse postdiscal row of small blue spots. Underside as in canace,
but the ground-colour paler.
Exp. & 2 slightly greater than in the typical form.
Hab. The hills of Ceylon.
Larva. “ Light red; spotted with black, the segments divided by
blackish and purple lines ; ; anal segment slightly humped ; segments
armed with eight longitudinal rows of yellow branched spines ;
head and legs black. Feeds on Smilax.” (Moore.)
Pupa. ‘“‘ Reddish brown; abdominal segment with two dorsal
rows of small reddish pointed tubercles ; thorax angular ; head-
piece produced and bifid.” (Jfoore.)
385. Vanessa c-album, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 477 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 287; nee: (Polyg -onia), Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 97, pl. 318, figs. 2, 2a-2e, SQ.
Polygonia cognata, Moor 2, Lep. ia ‘iv, 1899- 1900, p. 98, pl. 319,
fies. 1, l a— 1d, GQ
Race agnicula.
Grapta agnicula, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 559 (¢ only); Moore
(Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, i 99, pl. 319, figs. 2, 2a—
2¢ rai OF.
Wenteeral c-album, var. tibetana, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888,
p. 363, pl. 10, fig. 1
Wet-scason form — 6. Upperside deep fulvous. Fore wing
VANESSA. ole
with the following black markings: two spots transversely across
middle of cell, three spots placed in an oblique line in interspaces
1, 2 and 3 respectively, and a short band beyond the discocellulars
not descending below vein 4; a very dark chestnut similar short
preapical band ; a postdiscal, somewhat obscure, transverse series
of pale yellow spots ; and a broad dark chestnut terminal band,
irrorated along the outer margin with grey scales; the costa
between the short discocellular and preapical bands paler than the
sround-colour. Hind wing: the costal margin above cell and
above vein 7, the termen broadly and the dorsal margin below
the cell and vein Z dusky brown, the latter covered with long hairs
and irrorated with grey scales; a spot at base of interspace 3;
a transverse spot across bases of interspaces 4 and 45, and a larger
spot near base of interspace 6, black; terminal margin traversed
by a row of small pale yellow spots and outwardly irrorated with
erey scales. Underside: brownish-grey variegated with dark
- brown and irrorated with numerous transverse slender dark strie.
Fore wing: a dark, short, linear and a similar transverse zigzag
mark in cell; beyond the cell a transverse outwardly produced or
angulated dark irregular discal band, followed on the posterior
portion of the wing by a mottled-grey subtriangular area; a
transverse obscure series of greenish ocelli and a series of greenish
lunules ; a dark terminal band between veins 1 and 6; the costal
margin above vein 7 grey, the apex clouded darker. Hind wing:
cellular transverse markings, the markings along the dorsum, and
a transverse discal irregular band darker than the ground-
colour, the last outwardly margined by an interrupted black
line and crossed, just beyond lower apex of cell, by a snow-white
C-shaped mark ; beyond this, a postdiscal row of obscure greenish
ocelli, the ocellus in interspace 6 surrounded by a diffuse brown
spot, and a subterminal series of obscure black-margined greenish
lunules. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown:
beneath, the abdomen slightly paler.— 2. Upperside similar.
Underside more uniform brown, not so mottled; the greenish
ocelli and lunules still more obscure; the C-shaped mark beyond
apex of cell less clearly defined, forming only a short, curved,
slender line.
Dry-season form.— S 2. Similar to the wet-season form, but
paler fulvous above and paler brownish grey below; the black
markings above similar, smaller.
Exp. & 9 56-60 mm. (2:2-2°37).
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun.
The larva and pupa, so far as I know, have not yet been found
in India.
Var. cognata, Moore, differs as follows:— ¢ 2. Upperside: the
two medial cellular black spots connate, an obscure spot at base
of interspace 2; the terminal dark brown margin of the hind
wing less broad, the pale yellow spot traversing it larger, trans-
verse, almost lunular. Underside: the postdiscal transverse series
of obscure ocelli and lunules pink not greenish.
374 : NYMPHALID2.
Race agnicula, Moore, differs from the typical form as follows :-—
3 2. Upperside: ground-colour a deeper richer fulvous, terminal
margins of both fore and hind wings jet-black, the black much
narrower on the hind wing ; the inner margin more sharply defined
and without the border of yellow spots, the irroration of grey scales
along their outer margin less conspicuous. Underside: ground-
colour brown, more uniform in both sexes; the transverse series
of ocelli more conspicuous, the ocelli smaller, the series of lunules
very obscure.
Exp. 3 2 58-62 mm. (2°3-2°43").
Hab. Recorded from Eastern Kumaun, Nepal and the Chumbi
Valley east of Sikhim.
386. Vanessa egea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1775, pl. 78,
hese C5 1);
Race interposita.
Vanessa egea, de N. (nec Cramer) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 237.
Vanessa c-album, var. interposita, Staudinger, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1881,
p- 286; Moore (Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 100,
OA willis wie, WS Wa, ey S22
Race interposita, Staudinger.— <3 2. Closely resembles V.
c-album, Linn., but differs as follows :—Upperside: ground-colour
paler fulvous, black markings much smaller, the terminal dusky
black margin of both fore and hind wings much narrower ; the
discal spots on fore wing variable in number, often reduced to
only one in interspace 1; the spot at base of interspace 4 in
hind wing wanting, the dorsal margin of the same wing fulvous
brown, in certain lights golden. Underside pale ochraceous brown,
the slender transverse strize not so short as in V. c-album, the
basal area of both wings, from below the cell in the fore wing,
dark, sharply defined on the outer side, the markings somewhat
similar to those in V. c-album, but the white mark beyond cell of
hind wing L-shaped not C-shaped: the greenish ocelli absent ; the
ereenish lunules present. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown ; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath much paler.
Eup. S$ Q 56-58 mm. (2°2-2°3").
Hab, Recorded within our limits from Chitral.
From typical V. egea this race differs in the darker shade of
both upper and under sides of the wings.
Genus ARASCHNIA.
Araschnia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 37; Leech, Butt.
China, i, 1892, p. 267; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 108.
Type, A. levana, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Europe; Western Asia; Japan; China, extending to
the hills of Assam ; Manipur; Northern Burma.
3 2. Fore wing: costa very slightly arched; apex broadly
rounded ; termen concave in the middle ; tornus rounded ; dorsum
straight ; cell slenderly closed ; upper discocellular minute, middle
ARASCHNIA, ae
concave, lower oblique; vein 3 from a little before lower apex of
cell, 4 from apex, 9 and 10 from basal half of 7,11 free. Hind
wing: costa nearly straight, strongly curved at base; termen
slightly scalloped, strongly arched; tornus angulated; dorsum
slightly arched ; cell open; vein 7 about four times as far from
8 as from 6 at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing;
club well-marked, but long and gradual; palpi porrect, acutely
pointed at apex ; third joint long ; eyes hairy.
A single form, a local race of the Chinese Araschnia prorsoides,
Blanchard, is recorded from the Naga Hills, in Assam.
337. Araschnia prorsoides, Blanchard (Vanessa), Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci, Ixxii, 1871, p. 810.
Race doherty.
Araschnia prorsoides, Elwes (nec Blanchard), P. Z. S. 1891, p. 285,
pl. 27, fies. 0, 6, g 2.
Araschnia dohertyi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 108,
pl. 320, figs. 3, 3a,36, dQ.
Race dohertyi, Moore.— 3 9. Upperside dark brown: three or
four very slender transverse white lines across cell of fore wing,
the middle one continued across the base of the hind wing; a
lunular white spot beyond apex of cell in fore wing, followed by
an ochraceous small spot, an outwardly oblique series of two very
slender, short, ochraceous subcostal lines, two larger white spots
in interspaces 5 and 6 and a minute white spot in interspace 4;
a short, broad, oblique, white, somewhat macular discal band, not
extending beyond interspace 2, two detached white spots in con-
tinuation of it above in interspaces 3 and 4, and above them three
ochraceous preapical spots in interspaces 6, 7 and 8; beyond these
there is a very incomplete subterminal line of broad, somewhat
lunular, ochraceous transverse markings on fore wing; on the
hind wing the discal band is continued transversely across the
wing to vein 1 a, and the subterminal line of ochraceous lunnles
to a little above the tornus; there is also a slender ochraceous
postdiscal line on the posterior half of the wing. Underside
beautifully variegated with bands and lines of chestnut-purple
ochraceous, creamy white and black; the pale cream-coloured
discal band as on the upperside. Fore wing: the basal half
erossed by pale yellow-margined broad bands, the basal ochraceous,
the outer two castaneous purplish posteriorly and with outer black
lines ; the veins pale yellow; a pale yellow, short, oblique bar from
costa beyond the cell with a purplish patch below it bearing two
white spots, the apex and the termen medially creamy white ; an
inner and an outer subterminal, sinuous, black line. Hind wing:
basal area similarly banded; beyond the broad discal band is a
sinuous, irregular, very narrow, transverse cream-white broad line
followed by a medial purplish patch ; a postdiscal series of pale
ochraceous lunules bordered by dark ochraceous, and subterminal
and terminal black lines as on the fore wing. Antenne, head,
316 NYMPHALIDA.
thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; palpi, thorax and
abdomen beneath dusky pale brown.
Exp. 3 9 51-54 mm. (2-2:15").
Hab, Manipur, the Naga Hills, 6000-8000 feet.
A slightly divergent form. Differs from prorsoides in the white,
not ochraceous discal band on the upperside of the wings and the
more slender subterminai markings.
Genus SYMBRENTHIA.
Symbrenthia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 43; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 238; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 110.
Type, S. hippoclus, Cramer, from Amboina.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region, extending into China.
3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa regularly and widely
arched ; apex blunt; termen entire, slightly concave in the middle ;
tornus rounded; dorsum straight; cell closed, about half length
of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle concave, about half
length otf lower, lower oblique ; vein 3 from before lower apex of
cell, 4 from apex, 8 and 9 from apical half of 7, 10 and 11 free.
Hind wing pear-shaped, costa widely arched, apex rounded ; termen
slightly scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a short tail;
tornus angular ; dorsum straight, slightly emarginate above tornus.
Antenne longer than half length of fore wing; club rather broad
but gradual; palpi broad in front, third joint short, conical; eyes
hairy ; body comparatively robust.
Key to the forms of Symbrenthia.
A. Underside with ferruginous markings; without
blacktesselationsie . ce 745) SC eee ant ie S. lucina, p: 376.
B. Underside with black tesselations.
a. Underside hind wing: subterminal lunules
oe ay green.
i’. Upperside fore wing: preapical oblique
fulvous or yellow ‘irregular short band
not extended to costal margin ........ S. hypselis, p. 378.
b'. Upperside fore wing: preapical oblique
fulvous or yellow irregular short band
extended to costal margin.
a*, Underside fore wing: discoidal streak
Oghvaceous Orange a). ester ie cise &. brabira, p. 378.
6*, Underside fore wing : discoidal streak
wioite-or pinkish white. cl. 02... 8 S. niphanda, p. 379.
b. Underside hind wing: subterminal lunules
metallic cermleau bluem Avis scene face selana, p. d80.
388. Symbrenthia lucina, Cramer (Papilio), Fap. Evot. iv, 1780,
p-. 82, pl. 330, figs. E, F, 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
po (Lele 321, fies. i lel g, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
Symbrenthia hippoclus, de Nicéville (nec Cramer), Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 240; ed. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 354, pl. F,
fic. 10
csr hientli khasiana, Moore, P. Z, S. 1874, p. 569 5 Q; de N.
"Butt. Ind. il, 1886, p. 241.
SYMBRENTHIA. By
Wet-season form.—<d. Upperside black, with orange-yellow
markings as follows:—Fore wing: discoidal streak clavate, bi-
indentate above; a contiguous spot at base of interspace 3;
a short, outwardly oblique band from middle of dorsum contracted
in the middle; another outwardly oblique, somewhat macular,
short, broad, preapical band from beyond middle of costa to
pare 4, with two small spots above it in interspaces 5 and 6.
Hind wing: a very broad sub-
basal transverse Band narrow at
the costal margin, a postdiscal
narrower similar band contract-
ed into a line towards costal
margin, sometimes traversed by a
line of black spots and a subter-
minal very slender line. Under-
side ochraceous orange with
numerous spots and lines of
ferruginous, that form on fore
Fig. 68.—Symbrenthia lucina. +. Wing a short, outwardly oblique
streak not extending beyond
interspace 3, and on hind wing a subbasal transverse streak in
continuation of the above streak on the fore wing; also on both
wings a series of obscure postdiscal cone-shaped marks, irrorated
and rendered indistinct on the hind wing by a large patch of
pink scales turning to a bluish lunule in interspace 3; fore wing
with a ferruginous, hind wing with a pale yellow subterminal
line. Antenne black, ochraceous at apex; head with ferruginous
pubescence ; thorax and abdomen black on upperside, ochraceous
beneath.— @. Similar, the orange markings broader and somewhat
paler on the upperside.
Dry-season form differs in both sexes as follows :—The orange
markings on the upperside broader and paler in the middle, the
short bands on the anterior and posterior portions of the wing
coalescing. Underside paler, all the dark markings less clearly
defined than in the wet-season form.
Exp. & 2 46-50 mm. (1:8 to nearly 2”).
Hab. The Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim; Assam; Burma ;
Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion.
Larva. “ Body cylindrical. Head black, flattened in front,
vertex broad and sharply depressed in the middle, minutely hairy,
cheeks slightly tuberculous ; third to the last segment armed with
a dorsal and four lateral rows of black, rigid, branched spines on
each side; segments fuliginous black, second segment with a
slender pale ochreous dorsal line, third to last segment with two
sublateral rows of small pale ochreous spots.”
Pupa. “ Pale purpurescent ochreous ; thorax and abdomen later-
ally protuberant in front; with a thoracic and anterior-dorsal
pointed prominence; abdominal segment with a row of dorsal and
lateral small points; head-piece projecting and widely cleft.”
(Aoore.)
378 NYMPHALID”.
339. Symbrenthia hypselis, Godart (Vanessa), Encycl. Méth. ix,
Suppl. 1823, p..818; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 241.
Symbrenthia cotanda, ‘Moor e, P. ZS. 1874, p. 569, pl. 66, fig. 93;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 242; Moore, ‘Lep. Ind. i INT) 1899- 1900,
p. 114, pl. 322, figs. Il @=ll 2, ae,
Symbrenthia sinis, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N, H. Soc. vi, 1891,
p- 307, pl. FP, fic. Dee
Wet-season form.—d 9. Upperside black, with deep fulvous-
red markings of a darker shade than in S. lucina. Fore wing:
discoidal streak broad, clavate, its anterior and posterior margins
irregularly uneven ; a short, broad, outwardly oblique band from
beyond the middle of the dorsum to vein 3, and a preapical
irregular spot, across the middle of interspaces 5 and 6. Hind
wing: a subbasal broad transverse band in continuation of the
short oblique band on the fore wing; an equally broad postdiscal
band narrowing anteriorly, not extending beyond vei 5, and
a subterminal narrow line from vein 1 to 4. Underside white
aie with pale yellow, sometimes pearly white, with darker
ochraceous blotches in cell and at apices of interspaces 1 and 2 on
the fore wing and near apex of hind wing ; the black of the upper-
side replaced by tesselations of black with the pale ochraceous
white ground-coiour between them. Fore wing: the discoidal
streak not well-defined, an inner and an outer slender subterminal
broken black line. Hind wing with a prominent postdiscal series
of metallic-green cone-like marks surrounded by yellowish white,
both the cone-like marks and a narrow surrounding of yellowish
white defined by black lines; an inner and an outer slender sub-
terminal broken black line as on the tore wing, but the inner line
below the short tail bordered outwardly by three metallic-green
lunules, with a more obscure green lunule above the tornus.
Antenne black, rmged with pale yellow; head, thorax and
abdomen dark fulvous red, banded with black ; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen pale yellowish white.
Dry-season form.— $§ 2. Upperside similar, but the fulvous-red
markings paler, almost yellow, especially in the female, much
broader and more extended in both sexes, with the margins more
crenulate and irregular. Underside: the ground-colour paler,
sometimes nearly white, the black tesselations smaller and more
restricted.
Eup. 3 2 47-52 mm. (1-86-2: 05").
Hab. The Himalayas from Eastern Kumaun to Sikhim; the
hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending in the Malayan
Subregion to Java.
390. Symbrenthia brabira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 558; de N. Dutt.
Ind. ay 1886, p. 244; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 116,
pl. 528, figs. ie la- Ie, @ Qs
Symbrenthia hysudra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 268, pl. 48, fig. 8;
de N. Butt. Ind. li, 1886, p. 244; Moore, Lep. Ind. Iv, 1899-
1900) ps Soleo 24, fies. 1, l a Va, 6 Qe
SYMBRENTHIA. 319
Symbrenthia asthala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 269, pl. 43, fig. 9 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 244, pl. 23, fig. 106 g.
Symbrenthia sivokana, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 117,
pl. 323, figs. 2, 24,26, 3 Q.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Closely resembles the wet-season form
of S. hypselis, but differs as follows :—Upperside: fhe fulvous-red
markings paler, the preapical spot on fore wing formed into a
narrow irregular band extending to the costal margin, almost
invariably with one or two small orange-yellow spots beyond ; the
subbasal band on the hind wing narrowing towards the costal
margin. Underside ground-colour darker ochraceous yellow, black
tesselations smaller in size and somewhat more restricted in
extent, on the hind wing the postdiscal cone-shaped metallic-
green markings smaller. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
black ; beneath, the palpi pale ochraceons, the thorax and abdomen
blackish, marked and spotted with pale ochraceous.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Similar, the markings paler and much
breader, especially in the 9. The preapical narrow band and
posterior oblique band on the upperside of the fore wing coa-
lescing. Underside: the ground-colour paler, the black tessel-
ations fewer and smaller in size; the postdiscal cone-shaped
markings almost entirely of the ground-colour defined by a black
line, either not at all or only sparsely irrorated with greenish
scales.
Hep. $ 2 45-58 mm. (1°87-2-29"),.
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim ; Nepal.
S. brabira, Moore, and S. hysudra, Moore, are the paler, more
western forms, S. stvokana, Moore, the Sikhim or Eastern form.
In the last the preapical marking on the upperside of the fore
wing, though it always forms a narrow band, in a few specimens
does not reach the costal margin.
391. Symbrenthia niphanda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 559; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 243; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p. 119, pl. 325, figs. 1, 1 a-le, 3 Q.
face silana.
Symbrenthia silana, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1885, p. 117, pl. 2,
fig.9 $ ; wd. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 248; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 121, pl. 325, figs. 2, 2a, S.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Closely resembles S. hypselis, but the
markings on the upperside are always much paler, being yellowish
white in the middle; on the fore wing the preapical marking
forms a narrow zigzag band extending to the costa; and the post-
discal band on the upperside of the hind wing is proportionately
very much narrower. Underside ground-colour pearly white, the
black tesselations on both fore and hind wings more heavily marked
than in S. hypselus ; the discoidal streak on the fore and the sub-
basal transverse band of ground-colour on the hind wing are
rendered thereby very conspicuous. Antenne, head, thorax and
380 NYMPHALID2.
abdomen black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale
ochraceous, shotted and marked with black.
Dry-season form.—Very similar, the markings slightly paler.
The seasonal dimorphism in this and in the form next described
pe to be much less marked than in the previously enumerated
orms.
Exp. 3 2 48-62 mm. (1:88-2:45). ,
Hab. Apparently confined to Sikhim, 3000-5000 ft.
fiace silana, de Nicéville.— Differs from the typical form chiefly
on the underside. Black tesselations, though quite as prominent
and as heavily marked as in the typical form, are much more
restricted, the ground-colour of pinkish-pearly white showing up
most prominently as discoidal and preapical streaks on the fore
wing and as transverse subbasal and postdiscal bands on the hind
wing. The most conspicuous difference, however, between the
race silana and S. niphanda is in the colour of the subterminal
lunules on the underside of the hind wing; these in niphanda, as
in hypselis, are always metallic green, in the race silana a beautiful
metallic cerulean blue. :
Hep. 3 2 as in the typical form.
Hab, Sikhim ; Bhutan.
Genus PROTHOE.
Prothoe, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. ii, 1823-26, pl. 54; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 293; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p. 128.
Type, P. francki, Godart, from Java.
Range. Kastern and Southern divisions of the Indo-Malayan
Region.
3 2. Fore wing very broadly triangular ; costa widely arched ;
apex blunt; termen straight, erect; tornus blunt ; dorsum straight ;
cell closed ; upper discocellular very short, middle twice length of
upper, erect, lower long, deeply concave in its anterior portion,
oblique posteriorly; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell,
4 from apex; veins 8 and 9 remarkably long, emitted from basal
half of 7; 10 and 11 free. Hind wing: costa long, widely
arched ; apex and anterior portion of termen curved, lower portion
of termen produced, forming, between veins 3 and 4, a broad
spatular tail, from apex of which to tornus the termen is oblique
and conspicuously scalloped; dorsum arched; cell open; vein 7
closer to 6 than to 8. Antenne long, a little longer than half
length of fore wing; club long, narrow, gradual; palpi short,
somewhat compressed; eyes naked. Male with a tuft of long hair
at base of hind wing, overlapping a patch of specialized scales. _
The larger forms of P. calydonia, Hewitson, and its race belisama,
Crowley, have been separated as Agatasa; the differences, chiefly
of neuration, are, however, very slight.
PROTHOER. Jol
Key to the forms of Prothoé.
a. Upperside: ground-colour black.
a’. Upperside fore wing: discal blue band
medially marked with white ............ P. francki, race
6’. Upperside fore wing: discal blue band [angelica, p. 381.
medially not marked with white ........ P. regalis, p. 382.-
6. Upperside: ground-colour, fore wing creamy
yellow, hind wing bluish white............ P. calydonia, race be-
lisama, p. 382.
392. Prothoé francki, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix, Suppl. 1823, p. 825.
Race angelica (Pl. VIII, fig. 60, 2 ).
Prothoé angelica, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, pp. 53, 54;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 295, front plate, fig. 120 ¢; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 124, pl. 526, figs. 1, La-le, ¢ @.
Race angelica, Butler.—<¢. Upperside: black basal area of
fore wing and posterior two-thirds of the hind wing from base to
near termen irrorated with greenish scales, turning to blue out-
wardly on the hind wing. Fore wing: discocellulars with an
angular black mark bordering them on the inner side, followed by
a very broad blue discal band from costa to tornus ; this band
traversed medially by a series of white markings from costa to
interspace 1, the white markings more or less faint posteriorly on
the wing; two preapical spots and a subterminal spot in inter-
space 5 white. Hind wing touched with white at the apical angle
and with a pale blue subterminal interrupted line between veins
la@and 4. Underside pale ochraceous greyish brown. Fore wing:
the greater portion of interspaces 1 a and 1 fuliginous black ; cell
with the following black markings: three heavily lined circular
basal marks, a narrow zigzag medial band, and a transverse heavily
lined loop along the discocellulars; the discal band and three
white spots of the upperside indicated by obscure bluish-white
markings ; an irregular upper postdiscal black subtriangular patch
traversed below the costa by a narrow, uninterrupted, short, trans-
verse band of the ground-colour, the margins of this patch highly
sinuous ; a basal and subterminal black spot in interspace 2 ; a basal,
medial and subterminal black spot in interspace 3; an irreeular,
elongate, inwardly constricted black mark in interspace 4; a black
spot above it in interspace 5, and a subterminal broken transverse
black line from interspace 5 to costa just before the apex. Hind
wing variegated at base and in cell by a number of transverse
heavily lined black markings and loops; a black irregular upper
discal patch ; an elongate conspicuous series of broad cone-like
greyish-green markings defined inwardly and outwardly by black
lines and irrorated with dusky black scales; an ochraceous-red
spot near apex of interspace 1; the anterior portion of the tail
and the interspace above it subterminally black. Antenne dark
ochraceous red; head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown ;
382 NYMPHALID®,
beneath, the palpi white, thorax and abdomen pale greyish marked
with black. Sex-mark, the tuft of hairs overlying the patch of
specialized scales at base of hind wing on the upperside pale
chestnut.— differs in the duller coloration on both upper and
under sides; the discal band on the upperside of fore wing broader ;
on the underside this band and the white spots on the apical area
are more clearly indicated than they are in the ¢.
Eap. 3 2 82-86 mm. (3'22-3°39").
Hab. Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.
This form is very close to P. francki, Godart. Dr. Butler
indicates the following differences :—
Discal band on fore wing “shining azure or greenish with a
series of irregular white dashes...... prevalent colouring on
external area below pale green.” PP. angelica.
Discal band on fore wing “cobalt-blue intersected by a broad
whitey band a2 (0... prevalent colouring on external area below
erey. P. franck.
393. Prothoé regalis, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, pp. 53, 54,
pl. 8, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 296; Moore, Lep. Ind. ~
iv, 1899-1900, p. 126, pl. 326, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3. Closely resembles P. francki, race angelica, but on the
upperside of the fore wing the discal blue band is replaced by a
very broad, irregular, oblique patch of blue, uniform without any
white medial markings, extending to the termen below vein 6 but
subterminally interrupted in interspaces 3, 4 and 5 by a narrow
band of the ground-colour; the portion thus cut off macular,
traversed by the black veins; preapical spots as in angelica but
bluish. Underside similar to that in angelica, but the black
markings on the fore wing less, on the hind wing more extensive
than in that form ; the basal markings in the cell of the fore wing
form spots, not rings as in angelica. On the hind wing the
green cone-shaped postdiscal markings are much darker and in-
wardly margined with reddish lunules. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen as in angelicu, but darker beneath.—Female
unknown.
Eup. 3 84 mm. (3°32").
Hab. Recorded only from Manipur and Upper Assam.
394. Prothoé calydonia, Hewitson (Nymphalis), Evot. Butt. i, 1855,
p. 86, pl. 45, figs. 3, 4.
Face belisaina.
Prothoé belisama, Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 408, pl. 18,
figs. 1, 2,5; Moore (Agatasa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 128,
pls2Ts nese Wao
Race belisama, Crowley.— g. Upperside. Fore wing creamy
white ; a short streak at base of costa, and interspaces 1 @ and 1
at extreme base bluish white ; the costa and the apical half of the
PROTHOE.—RHINOPALPA, 383
wing black, following a curved highly sinuous black line, com-
mencing above the white short streak at base of costa, circling
round through apex of cell, base of interspace 3, across apical
fourth of interspaces 2 and 1 to tornus ; a spot on costa above the
discocellulars, another beyond on middle of costa, three very
obliquely placed detached elongate spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 7
and a preapical obscure spot creamy white. Hind wing bluish
white; a subterminal black irregular band, very broad in inter-
space 6, decreasing to a slender line below the tail to tornus; a
slender white terminal line, interrupted in interspaces 4 and 5.
Underside: fore wing white, the cell anteriorly and the discal and
apical areas above vein 3 variegated with black, with intervening
spaces of red, ochraceous brown and the white ground-colour ;
interspace 2 suffused with yellow, interspace 1 with a diffuse
black spot spreading into the interspaces above and below; the
terminal margin from apex to tornus narrowly black. Hind wing
with broad transverse black markings at base, interrupted by an
oblique elongate red spot, followed by a transverse band, and a
discal series of elongate black markings in the end of the cellular
area and interspaces, these latter traversed by the veins with narrow
ochraceous-brown intervening spaces ; four transverse postdiscal
highly sinuous greyish lines on a black ground, these lines diffuse
and broadened posteriorly ; a subterminal incomplete narrow trans-
verse band and an incomplete terminal black line ; the tail black ;
the apices of interspaces 1 and 2 and of the tail bluish white.
Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen bluish white, the
pronotum with transverse, the mesonotum with longitudinal lines
of black; beneath, the palpi bluish white with a lateral line of
red, thorax white variegated with black and red; abdomen white,
with a longitudinal line of black.—Female unknown.
Exp. & 112 mm. (4°41”).
Hab. Recorded only from Tenasserim and Lower Burma.
This race differs prominently from the typical form by the black
on the terminal area of the hind wing on the upperside being very
much narrower and more restricted.
Genus RHINOPALPA.
Rhinopalpa, Felder, Wren. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 399; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 245; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p. 180.
Type, &. polynice, Cramer, from India.
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions.
3 9. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, apex truncate and
faleate below ; termen from beneath falcate, angle of apex to
middle of interspace 1 deeply concave, thence bent at an angle
inwards to tornus; dorsum straight; cell open; veins 5and 6
crowded up near 7 at base; upper and middle discocellulars very
384 NYMPHALID#.
short, subequal ; veins 8 and 9 out of apical half of 7,10 and 11
free, from just below apex of cell. Hind wing: costa arched ;
termen scalloped outwardly, oblique to apex of vein 3, there pro-
duced into a tail, below which it is inwardly oblique, slightly
concave to tornal.lobe at apex of vein 1; dorsum straight from
base for about two-thirds of its length, then deeply emarginate and
again notched slightly beyond; cell open. Antenne long, more
than half length of fore wing, club gradual, long; palpi obliquely
porrect, broad and somewhat flat in front, third jomt long, acute
at apex; eyes naked.
A single form occurs within our Tint
395. Rhinopalpa polynice (Pl. X, fig. 75), Cramer (Papilio), Pap.
Exot. iii, 1780, pl. 195, figs. yy E; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-
1900, p. ian pl. D2 MOS De eo 0, Oe
Rhinopalpa fulva, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 399;
Ist. Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 98, pl. 12, figs. 1.2, g° 9; del. Bace
Ind, 11, 1886, p. 246, pl. 23, fig. 102 ¢.
3. Upperside reddish fulvous. Fore and hind wings with the
apex and terminal margins broadly black, broader on tbe fore than
on-the hind wing; on the latter sometimes conspicuously narrowing
posteriorly especially between the tail and tornus ; three postdiscal
posterior round black spots, and the tail and interspaces outwardly
touched with reddish fulvous, the tornal angle with blue. Under-
side rich dark brown; basal halves of both fore and hind wings
with several very slender delicate transverse silvery lines, the outer
three of which form a sort of discal inwardly curved band on fore
wing ; beyond this a dark brown transverse shaded narrow band,
double on the hind w ing, the inner one somewhat lunular, follow ed
by a series of somewhat obscure round white-centred brown ocelli,
and three broken subterminal silvery lines. The ocellus in inter-
space 1 on the fore wing inwardly bordered by a conspicuous
transverse white spot; on the hind wing the ocelli in interspaces
2,4, 5 and 6 inwardly bordered with rich dark ochraceous ; a spot
of the same colour on the tail; the tornal lobe with a short trans-
verse line above it. Antenne dark brown, head and thorax
somewhat greenish brown, abdomen fulvous red ; beneath brown,
palpi ochraceous white.— 2. Upperside: ground-colour ochraceous
yellow, basal areas of wings shaded broadly with brown; black
terminal margins of the wings and markings as in the ¢. Under-
side: basal areas of wings from costa beyond bases of veins 5, 6
and 7 in the fore wing to a point about middle of dorsal margin of
hind wing brown, the outer border of this brown shading outwardly
concave on fore, inwardly oblique on hind wing; a very broad
brown, transverse, pale ochraceous band, darkening to yellow
outwardly, followed by a broad brown terminal margin, traversed
by a series of ocelli as in the f ,and an inner and outer subterminal
sinuous white fascia; the basal area and the inner half of the broad
discal band also crossed by several similar white lines. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, paler beneath.
YOMA. 385
Eup. 3 @ 76-82 mm. (3'-3:25").
Hab. Assam; Cachar; through the hills of Burma to Tenas-
serim; the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra and Borneo.
Genus YOMA.
Yoma, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 258; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 245 note; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 138.
Type, Y. vasuki, Doherty, from Burma.
ftange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Resembles Rhinopalpa, but the terminal margin of the
fore wing is not angular below vein 2, and the terminal margin
of the hind wing is entire, not scalloped, with a comparatively
shorter tail and smalier tornal lobe. The venation ot the wings
is quite different. Cell of fore wing broad, not quite half length
of wing entirely closed; upper discocellular very short, middle
deeply concave, very little shorter than lower, lower concave ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell; 8 and 9 out of 7, latter
emitted much closer to base of 7 than in Rhinopalpa; 10 and 11
free, emitted as in Rhinopalpa but much shorter. Hind wing:
cell slenderly closed, short, much less than half length of wing ;
veins 3 and 4 stalked, vein 6 a very little closer to vein 7 than to
vein 5. Antenne and palpi much as in Rhinopalpa, the former
proportionately somewhat shorter; eyes naked.
396. Yoma vasuki, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 259; de N. (Rhino-
palpa) Butt. Ind. u, 1886, p. 247; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-
1900, p. 133, pl. 328, figs. 1, la-le, dQ.
3 9. Upperside dark brown. Fore and hind wings witha broad
transverse discal orange-yellow fascia, its inner margin sinuous on
fore wing ; on the hind wing the fascia pales to white on the costa,
and narrows to a point posteriorly. Fore wing with a more or
less obsolescent postdiscal sinuous series of yellowish-white spots,
the subapical three or four only, as a rule, clearly defined. Hind
wing with two subapical white spots. Both fore and hind wings
with an inner obscure and an outer more clearly defined dark
brown subterminal line, following the contour of the margin.
Underside mottled grey and brown; the basal halves of both wings
abruptly much darker, the yellow discal fascia of the upperside
showing through as a pale transverse band, followed by a sinuous
irregular dark-shaded band, traversed by a series of black specks ;
on the fore wing two white spots in interspaces 3 and 4; lastly,
faint dark inner and outer subterminal lines. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath dull greyish white.
Exp. 3 Q 84-92 mm. (3°34-3°62").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim.
Specimens taken in April and beginning of May are paler beth
above and below.
VOL, I. 2¢
386 NYMPHALID£.
Genus HYPOLIMNAS.
Hypolimnas, Miibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 45; de N. Butt.
Ind. ti, 1886, p. 121.
Diadema, Boisduval, Voy. Astr., Lép. 1832, p. 135 ; Wallace, Trans,
Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 277.
Apatura, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 135.
Type, H. bolina, Linn., from India.
ftange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing: costa well arched; apex slightly produced
and very broadly rounded; termen slightly concave, tornus
rounded ; dorsum straight; cell closed, rather short, not halt
length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle deeply concave,
lower very slender, slightly concave; vein 3 from before lower
apex of cell, 4 from apex, 9 from about middle of 7, 10 and 11
free. Hind wing very broadly oval; costa arched ; termen strongly
curved, scalloped ; dorsum arched, emarginate above tornus; cell
slenderly closed ; veins 3 and 4 from apex of cell. Antenne not
quite half length of fore wing, club well-developed but gradual ;
palpi subporrect, broad in front, third joint short, pointed ; eyes
naked ; thorax moderately robust.
Key to the forms of Hypolimnas.
a. Upperside § Q black: fore and hind wings with
a postdiscal series of white spots always
PRESEINDGI Fite, fubkenn 6 eel eiaree cn eate Mees ET, bolina, p. 586.
b. Upperside ¢ black: fore and hind wings with-
out a postdiscal series of white spots; 9
LANDY Mise chal sueuuat anit gm ee eea. dem etcns Ewa HH, misippus, p. 388.
397. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758,
p- 479; Moore (Apatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 58, pl. 30,
figs. 1, 16, g, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind, ii, 1886, p. 123;
Davidson § Artken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 273;
Moore (Apatura), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 137, pl. 329,
figs. 1, La-1f, larva & pupa, d °, & pl. 380, figs. 1, la-1ff oe.
Wet-season form.— 3. Upperside velvety black. Fore wing: an
oval shining iridescent blue patch broadly centred with white and
traversed by the black veins obliquely crossing interspaces 3, 4
and 5; two preapical, obliquely piaced, elongate white spots and a
postdiscal inwardly curved transverse series of minute white dots.
Hind wing: a central oval shining iridescent blue patch broadly
centred with white and traversed by the black veins as on the
fore wing but larger ; a postdiscal series of minute white dots in
continuation of that on the fore wing. Fore and hind wings:
cilia white alternated with black. Underside deep purplish brown.
Fore wing: some minute white flecks on and just below basal
half of costal margin, an oblique discal series of three very slender
streaks and elongate oval spots from costa to interspace 3, two
HYPOLIMNAS. 387
preapical white spots continued as a postdiscal transverse row of
white spots as on the upperside, followed by an inner and an outer
transverse subterminal series of
lunular white marks and a terminal
dark line. The series of lunular
white marks sometimes complete,
but generally well-defined only below
vein 5. Hind wing: a tolerably
broad discal white band traversed by
the black veins ; a postdiscal trans-
verse series of minute white dots in
continuation of that on the fore
wing; an inner subterminal series
of elongate whitish markings and an
outer subterminalslender white lunu-
lar broad line, followed by a terminal
dark line. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen black; beneath, the
palpi, thorax and abdomen dark
Fig. 69. purplish brown.
Hypolimnas bolina, S. +. Q. Upperside dark velvety brown,
paling towards the outer margins.
Fore wing: an oblique series of rich iridescent blue spots from
just below middle of costa to interspace 3, a postdiscal sinuous
transverse series of white spots, an inner subterminal series of
short transverse white narrow markings in the interspaces, and an
outer subterminal series of white lunules. ind wing: a post-
discal transverse series of white spots followed by a series of double
cone-shaped white marks, two in each interspace, and an outer
subterminal series of white lunules. Underside dull brown. Fore
wing: minute white flecks on, and one or two white spots just
below, basal half of costal margin ; an oblique discal series of spots,
two preapical spots, a postdiscal transverse series of spots, an
inner subterminal series of somewhat cone-shaped marks and an
outer subterminal series of lunules white, often sullied with
yellowish. Hind wing as on the upperside, but with the addition
of a very broad discal, somewhat diffuse, and obscure whitish trans-
verse band, and the cone-shaped inner subterminal white markings
of the upperside more continuous, separated only by the slender
black veins. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢.
Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Similar to the ¢ and @ of the wet-
season form but with the following differences:—Larger ; the irides-
cent blue patches proportionately larger ; the hind wing in the ¢
with, on the upperside, a more or less well-marked subterminal highly
sinuous pale line; the fore wing in the 9 with, on the upperside,
one or two additional iridescent blue spots just below basal half of
costa; the inner subterminal transverse line of white markings
much broader, each emarginate on the inner side. Underside ¢ :
eround-colour hair-brown; basal half of fore wing dark brown.
Hind wing: the discal band and inner subterminal markings
De) D
388 NYMPHALID&.
broader, diffuse and irrorated with dusky scales— 2. Hind wing
entirely without the transverse broad discal whitish band, or some-
times this band represented only by a pale shading.
Exp. 3 74-96, 2 90-114 mm. (5 2°94-3°8", 9 3°55-4:5"),
Hab. 'Throughout our limits, ae to the Malayan Subregion
and to China.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, armed with nine longitudinal rows of fine
branched spines ; a single pair of longer and stouter spines on the
head. Colour very dark rich brown; head light brown.” (David-
son & Aitken.)
Pupa. “ Dark earthy brown mottled with a lighter shade ;
somewhat angular about the head and thorax; abdominal segments
armed with dorsal rows of short sharp tubercles.” (Davidson ¢
Aitken.)
This is a variable insect.— $¢. The blue patch on the upperside
of the hind wing is sometimes in both seasonal forms entirely
devoid of the pale centering — 9. The discal oblique iridescent
blue spots on upperside of fore wing in both seasonal forms
occasionally reduced to one spot. The underside in both seasonal
forms is also variable; as to the presence or absence of the discal
white band and subterminal white markings on the hind wing,
these latter are often much reduced in size.
398. Hypolimnas misippus, Zinn. (Papilio) Mus. Ulr. 1764, p. 264 9 ;
ow (Apatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 59, pl. 29, figs. iis la Le,
S 9, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 126, pl. 20,
fig. 85, S$ 2; Betham, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v. 1890, p. 282;
Moore (J A patura), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 144, pl. 332 figs. 1,
la-lf, 3 Q.
3. Upperside rich velvety dark brownish black. Fore wing :
a broad oval oblique white spot from below vein 3 to vein 7, and
a preapical smaller similar white spot; both spots crossed by
black veins and surrounded by iridescent blue. Hind wing with
a much larger similar rounded white spot, surrounded with iri-
descent blue, but the veins crossing it yellowish, not so prominent
as on the fore wing; two or three minute specks of white at the
tornus. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white alternated with
black. Underside fore wing: bases of interspaces 1 and 2 and
cell rich light castaneous, discal area fuscous brown; apical half
golden brown; basal half of costal margin flecked with white:
cell anteriorly black with three white spots; a narrow, transverse,
very short, white mark beyond apex of cell; a very broad, somewhat
oval, white. discal patch from costa to middle of interspace 2 edged
with diffuse dusky black; the preapical white spot as on the
upperside but not surr ounded with blue, continued posteriorly as
a transverse series of small postdiscal white spots; an inner and
an outer transverse series of white lunules divided by a sinuous
black line followed by a terminal black line. Hind wing: basal
and postdiscal areas chestnut-red ; a black spot at base of vein 8
-HYPOLIMNAS., 389
defined by white lines; avery broad medio-discal white band from
costa to dorsum, crossed at apex of interspace | a by a transverse
black mark, beyond the middle of interspace 7 by a broad black
bar, and in interspace 7 bordered inwardly by black ; a postdiscal
series of small white spots in continuation of those on the fore
wing ; an inner subterminal series of paired subtriangular small
white spots, an outer subterminal line of slender white lunules,
an intervening black sinuous line between the two series and a
black terminal line. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white
alternated with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown; beneath, the palpi and thorax white, the abdomen
castaneous.
2. Polymorphic. First form: Upperside rich tawny. Fore
wing: the costa, the apical half of the wing and the termen
black, the inner margin of this black area follows a line crossing
the cell obliquely and curving round to near apex of interspace 1 @ ;
-a white spot beyond apex of cell; an oblique band of elongate
white spots, a more transverse short subapical series of three or
four much smaller white spots, and an inner and an outer sub-
terminal transverse series of very small slender white lunules.
Hind wing: a transverse round spot in interspace 7, the terminal
margin broadly black, the latter traversed by two transverse series
of paired small white lunules. Cilia of fore and hind wings
white alternated with black. Underside paler tawny yellow, the
disc of the fore wing deeper tawny ; the markings are much as on
the upperside but differ as follows :—Fore wing: three white
spots along the anterior margin of cell, the black on the apical
area beyond the oblique band of white spots replaced by golden.
Hind wing: a black spot at base of vein 8, another at base of
interspace 5, and a postdiscal transverse series of small white
spots in addition to the markings as on the upperside.
Second form. Similar to the above but the dise of the hind wing
on both upper and under sides white. =alcippoides, Butler.
Third form. Similar to the first form, but on the fore wing the
oblique series of elongate spots yellowish and the middle portion
of the black apical area tawny.
Kep. 3 2 70-93 mm. (2°75--3°66").
Hab. Throughout our limits ; in the Himalayas up to 6000 feet ;
extending to the Malayan Subregion and China.
Larva. Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette (teste Moore) describes
this as cylindrical, black, with a darker black dorsal line, banded
transversely with pale brown transverse tuberculated small spots ;
beneath dark olive-brown ; legs and head brick-red ; head furnished
with two long black thick branched spines ; the rest of the seg-
ments except the anal with ten branched spines, dirty, transparent
white in colour and disposed in longitudinal rows, anal segment
with two similar spines. Food-plant, Portulaca oleracea.
Pupa. “ Pendulous. Short and thick; light brown, without
metallic spots, variegated and streaked with bistre, particularly
towards the head and tail.” (de la Chaumette.)
390 NYMPHALID#.
Genus PENTHEMA.
Penthema, Doubleday, in’ Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Dr. Lep.
1847, pl. 39; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 144; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 160.
Type, P. lisarda, Doubleday, from Sikhim.
Range, N.E. India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; China.
3 2. Fore wing: costa well-arched ; apex slightly produced,
broadly rounded; termen oblique, very slightly concave in the
middle; tornus blunt, dorsum straight; cell not half length of
wing; upper and middle discocellulars erect, short, lower oblique,
longer than the upper and middle together; vein 3 from well
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 8 and 9 from apical half
of 7, 10 and 11 free; 10 running approximate to 7 for basal halt
of its length, but not touching or anastomosed with it. Hind
wing: costa widely arched, termen strongly curved, tornus
rounded ; dorsum straight, slightly emarginate above tornus ; cell
closed, short, not nearly half length of wing; veins 3 and 4 from
lower apex of cell; precostal vein strongly curved inwards.
Antenne about half length of fore wing, filiform; club very
narrow and long, barely thicker than the stalks of the antenne ;
palpi somewhat clavate, broadening upwards to base of third joint,
this latter short, attenuated, acute at apex ; eyes naked.
I have followed Messrs. de Nicéville and Moore in keeping the
three Indian forms separate, but they are all very closely related.
P. darlisa, Moore, and P. binghami, Wood-Mason, are probably
races of the typical form.
Key to the forms of Penthema.
a. Hind wing: cell entirely white .......... P. lisarda, p. 390.
6. Hind wing: cell bluish black, with two
longitudinal white streaks near apex .... PP. darlisa, p. 391.
c. Hind wing entirely bluish black, without any
white markinesin awe wesley. Nalin oe eeo P. binghami, p. 392.
599. Penthema lisarda, Doubleday (Diadema), A. M. N. H. (1) xv
1845, p. 233; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 144; Moore, Lep
Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 151, pl. 833, figs. 1,14, 18, 3 9.
3 Q. Upperside brownish black, fore wing in certain lights
suffused with blue. Fore wing with the following white or
yellowish-white markings: a broad short streak at base of cell,
two outwardly pointed elongate spots placed somewhat obliquely
across middle of cell, a streak extending from base to near apex
in interspace 1a, successively shorter, very broad streaks in
nterspaces 1, 2 and 3; a series of five much narrower streaks
above, placed obliquely to the costa; a postdiscal and a subterminal
series of transverse spots, the former oval or rounded, in inter-
. PENTHEMA. 391
spaces 2 to 7, the latter somewhat quadrate, in interspaces 1 to 7.
Hind wing: ‘cell and interspaces 1 a and 1% entirely white, the
latter two divided by a black vein, and 1 a margined outwardly
with broad, black streaks; discal streaks of white in the rest of
the interspaces, shortest in interspace 3, and joining on to the
postdiscal spots beyond in interspaces 5 and 6; a postdiscal series
of round spots and a subterminal series of quadrate spots white,
as on the fore wing but smaller ; cilia of both fore and hind wings
white alternated with black. Underside dusky brown, purpures-
cent black in cell of fore wing; the white markings as on the
upperside but tinged with blue, on the hind wing not so well
defined ; the discal streaks shorter; the postdiscal series of
spots small, the subterminal series of spots somewhat cone-shaped.
Antenne brownish black; head, thorax and abdomen brown with
spots aud markings white; beneath, the palpi and thorax dusky
- black, the abdomen greyish.
Exp. & 2 120-1380 mm. (4°75-5°13").
Hab. Sikhim : Assam; Upper Burma, always in deep forest
from about 1500 to 4000 feet elevation.
400. Penthema darlisa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 145; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 152,
pl. 334, figs. 1, la, 16, 52
3 2. Closely resembles P. lisarda, but on the upperside the
eround-colour is darker, the streaks and
spots very much narrower and smaller,
and those on the fore wing conspicuously
suffused with blue. Fore wing: the streak
at base of cell broken, forming two elon-
gate narrow spots, the spot in interspace 4
of the postdiscal series conspicuously out
of line with the rest. Hind wing: the
white in the discoidal cell reduced to two
short streaks. On both fore and hind
wings the spots of the subterminal series
more or less hastate in shape with
the points directed inwards. Underside :
eround-colour as in P. lisarda, the streaks
Ps and spots of white as on the upperside
Fig. 70. but broader and somewhat larger; those
Penthema darlisa. 2. on the fore wing more decidedly suffused
with blue. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen as in P. lisarda but darker ; beneath, the abdomen white
along the sides.
Exp. 3 2 128-132 mm.-(5:07-5:21").
Hab. Lower Burma, Tenasserim.
392 NYMPHALID®,
401. Penthema binghami, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 87,
pl. 4, fig. 1 $; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 146, front plate,
fio. 121 §; Mocre, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 158, pl. 335,
firs, 1, 10,76;
3 2. Closely resembles P. darlisa in the ground-colour of the
upperside being somewhat darker than in the type of th: genus,
P. lisarda, but the white markings are still more restricted. On
the fore wing only one or two of the oblique streaks beyond the
cell and the postdiscal and subterminal spots are left; the basal
three-fourths of the wing are immaculate, though in certain lights
showing marks paler than the ground-colour, and representing
the lost markings. . Hind wing: basal half similarly immaculate,
but the postdiscal an? subterminal spots present and larger than
in P. darlisa. Underside: ground-colour much darker, markings
as on the upperside; one or two additional spots on the disc in
the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in
P. darlisa but darker.
Exp. $ 2 133 mm. (5:2").
Hab. Tenasserim.
Genus DOLESCHALLIA.
Doleschallia, Felder, Ein Neues Lep, 1861, p. 14; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 38; de N. Butt. Ind, i, 1896, p. 267; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 154.
Type, D. bisaltide, Cramer, from Java.
fiange. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 Q. Fore wing very broad and short; costa strongly arched,
apex produced, truncate ; termen sinuous, below vein 7 angulate,
then concave, and again convex posteriorly; tornus bluntly
angulate, dorsum straight ; cell open; upper discocellular minute,
middle concave, emitting a short spur inwards; vein 9 from just
beyond middle of 7,10 and 11 free. Hind wing: costa at base
very strongly arched, then nearly straight to apex; termen slightly
arched ; tornus produced at apex of vein 1 into a long spatulate
tail; dorsum sinuous, basal two-thirds strongly arched, then deeply
concave ; cell open; vein 7 closer to 6 than to 8. Antenne not
quite half length of fore wing; club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi
broadened in front, acutely pointed at apex, third joint long; eyes
naked.
Key to the forms of Doleschallia.
a. Upperside fore wing: oblique golden yel-
low band from middle of costa extending
to interspace 5, a spot of like colour
beyoud im imterspace-4 (p07). os dee nes D. bisaltide, race
b. Upperside fore wing: oblique golden yel- [malabarica, p. 393.
low band from middle of costa extending
to interspace 4, no spot of like colour
beyond orate a atest, Ree le ee nee are D. basaltide, race
[andamunensis, p. 394.
DOLESCHALLIA. 393
402. Doleschallia bisaltide, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779,
pl. 102, figs..C, D.
Race malabarica (Pl. X, fig. 74).
Doleschallia bisaltide, Moore (nec Cramer), Lep. Ceyl. 1881, p. 38,
pl. 19, figs. 1, la, 16, 2, larva & pupa.
Doleschallia polibete, de Nicéville (nec Cramer), Butt. Ind. 11, 1886,
p- 268; Davidson, Bell § Aitken (nec Cramer), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. x, 1896, p. 257, pl. 5, figs. 2, 2 a, larva & pupa.
Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica, Fruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zertsch.
xliv, 1899, p.. 279, pl. 2, fic. 8.
Doleschallia bisaltide continentalis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zertsch.
xiv, L899) p.279.
Doleschallia indica, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1900, p. 155, pl. 336, figs. 1,
la-le, & 2, 2a,26, 5 9, larva & pupa.
Race andamanensis.
Doleschallia polibete, pt., de N. (nec Cramer) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 268, pl. 23, fig. 103 3.
Doleschallia bisaltide andamanensis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zeitsch.
xliv, 1899, p. 280.
Doleschallia andamanica, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1900, p. 157, pl. 335,
figs. 2, 2a-2¢, SQ.
face malabarica, Fruhstorfer— 3 9. Upperside yellowish
brown, paling anteriorly to rich golden yellow on the fore wing,
shading anteriorly into dusky brown on the hind wing. Fore wing:
the apical half black, following a line from vein 12 opposite the
discocellulars, passing through apex of cell, obliquely across
middle of interspace 3 and curving down to tornus; a black
spot near apex of cell coalescing with the inner margin of the
black colour; a short, very oblique, broad golden-yellow band,
broader in the 2 than in the 3, from middle of costal margin
to interspace 5; a spot beyond in line with it in interspace 4;
two, sometimes three, minute preapical white specks; the cilia
fulvous, touched with white anteriorly. Hind wing uniform ; the
costal margin broadly as noted above, a subterminal narrow band
and narrower terminal line posteriorly, dusky black; a postdiscal
black spot in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively ; the cilia fulvous.
Inderside very variable, closely resembling a dry leaf. No two
specimens are ever alike. The ground-colour varies from reddish
to dark greenish brown with irrorations of greyish and black
scales ; apex of the fore and the terminal margin posteriorly of the
hind wing more or less lilacine ; fore and hind wings crossed by a
dark narrow discal fascia, generally bordered on the inner side by
a greyish line; this fascia bent inwards at right angles above
vein 6 of the fore wing, and, in most specimens, bordered inter-
nally by a diffuse pale patch and externally by an oblique whitish
mark, beyond which is a subcostal white spot, followed by a
transverse sinuous postdiscal series of obscure ocelli crossing both
wings, each ocellus centred by a minute dot, white on the fore,
black on the hind wing. In the ¢ there are generally, but not
394 NYMPHALID#.
invariably, a number of whitish spots on the basal areas of both
wings. Antenne blackish brown, ochraceous at apex; head,
thorax and abdomen dark fulvous brown; beneath, the palpi
white, the thorax and abdomen pale brown.
Exp. 3 Q 84-88 mm. (3°31-3:48").
Hab. Sikhim; 8S. India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma and
T’enasserim. .
Larva. Black, with two rows of dorsal white spots. Head
with a pair of branched spines; rest of the segments with a dorsal
and a lateral row of blue branched spines on each side.
Pupa. Yellowish with numerous black spots; constricted in the
middle; head produced into two points. (Described from figure
in Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.)
Race andamanensis, Fruhstorfer, closely resembles the Indian
form, but differs in the oblique yellow band on the upperside of
the fore wing, which is broader and extends from the middle of
the costal margin uninterruptedly to interspace 4, though it is
preapically constricted. On the upperside of the hind wing there
is an inner as well as an outer conspicuous subterminal narrow
black band. On the wnderside this race is as variable as the
typical form, but the ground-colour in many specimens (presumably
wet-season broods) is of a richer, almost metallic green, with the
basal snow-white spots defined with black lines ; the ocelli in inter-
spaces 2 and 5 seem also to be more clearly defined than in the
Indian form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in malabarica.
Exp. 3 Q 71-82 mm. (2°81-3°22").
Hab. The Andamans.
The forms of Doleschallia are all eminently variable. Within
our limits I have, after the examination of a long series, been
able to clearly discriminate only two fairly constant races, and
specimens of these even vary not only on the underside, which
is cryptic in coloration and therefore liable to much variation,
but also on the upperside. A ¢ from the Andamans, in my
collection, has the band remarkably short, about half the length of
that in other specimens; while a 2 from Upper Burma, also in
my collection, has the band broad and long, precisely as in the race
andamanensis. A specimen from Sikhim, in the collection of
the British Museum, has the ground-colour on the underside of
the wings up to the transverse discal band dark brownish black,
and beyond the band violaceous grey, in striking contrast.
Genus KALLIMA.
Kallima, Doubleday, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep, 1849,
p- 324, pl. 52; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.i, 1881, p.386; de N. Butt. Ind. ui,
1886, p. 257 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 159.
Type, K. paralekta, Horsfield, from Java.
ftange. The Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing very broadly triangular, the costa and termen
KALGLIMA. 395
subequal in length, dorsum shorter ; costa arched, apex acute, often
produced and slenderly acuminate ; termen oblique, inclined out-
wards from below apex to vein 2, then directed somewhat obliquely
inwards ; tornus angulated ; dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell closed,
short, very little more than one-third the length of the wing;
veins 6 and 7 from a point; upper discocellular therefore minute,
middle inclined obliquely inwards, lower slender, concave ; veins 3
and 4 from lower apex of cell, 9 out of basal half of 7, 10 and 11
free. Hind wing irregularly triangular or subtriangular ; costa
widely arched, termen more rounded, apex angulated ; tornus pro-
duced into a long spatulate tail; dorsum above it emarginate, basal
portion forming a broad abdominal fold ; cell slenderly closed, very
short, about one-third the length of the wing; veins 3 and 4 stalked,
6 and 7 well apart, precostal nervure forked at apex. Antenne a
little less than half length of fore wing; club long, narrow, gradual ;
palpi long, flattened anteriorly and projecting well beyond the head,
third joint long, pointed at apex ; eyes naked.
Key io the forms of Kallima.
a. Upperside fore wing: discal band orange... A. tnachus, p. 395.
). Upperside fore wing: discal band blue or
bluish white.
a’, Upperside fore wing: distance of outer
edge of discal band from base of wine,
measured on costal margin, greater than
nal lenethiotewinegy dss ale. ccc. aso. K. horsfieldi, p. 897.
b'. Upperside fore wing: distance of outer
edge of discal band from base of wing,
measured on costal margin, much less
® than half leneth of wine)... 2 s-jee 4 K. knyvetti, p. 398.
c. Upperside fore wing: discal band pure white
wathoutea, trace of ablueyen. ose, si a oes K. albofasciata, p. 599.
403. Kallima inachus (Pl. X, fig. 76), Boisduval (Paphia), in Croc-
hard’s ed. Cuv. Rég. Anim., Ins. 11, 1886, pl. 189, fig. 8 Q ;
Dudgeon, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p. 342; Moore,
Lep. Ind. wv, 1899-1900, p. 165, pl. 340, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ Q,
& pl. 341, figs. 1, la-le, SQ.
Paphia hiigeli, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 452, pl. 9,
fie. 62; de N. (Kallima) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 261; Moore
(Kallima), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 162, pl. 537, figs. 1,
la-le, ¢ Q.
Kallima limborgi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 828; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 262; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 168, pl. 342,
fess Waar 2.
Kallima atkinsoni, buckleyi, boisduvali, huttoni, et ramsayi,
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, pp. 10-12.
Kallima inachis et boisduvalli, de N. Butt. Ind. 11, pp. 261 & 262.
Kallima buckleyi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 164, pl. 338,
figs) hae de ploso gues. I ba-ldy Gio.
Dry-season form.— g 2. Fore wing: discoidal cell, interspace
396 NYMPHALIDA.
la, 1 to near apex, basal half of 2, and extreme bases of 3 and 4
rich violescent blue, margined along the discocellulars and in
interspaces 2, 3 and 4 by black, spread diffusely outwards in
interspaces 1a and 1. A very broad obliqne discal orange band
from costa to apices of interspaces 1 and 2, thickly irrorated in
these latter with dusky violaceous black scales ; apical third of
wing velvety purpurescent black; a hyaline transverse spot near
middle of interspace 2, and a subtriangular similar small preapical
spot. Hind wing more uniform violescent blue; the costal margin
and apex very broadly brown, somewhat densely irrorated with
dusky violescent black scales ; dorsal margin brown ; aridge of long
brownish hairs along vein 1 spreading on to the dorsal margin.
Fore and hind wings crossed by a subterminal dusky zigzag line
commencing about the middle of interspace 3 in the fore wing,
and most conspicuous on the hind wing. Underside very closely
resembles a dry leaf ; ground-colour very variable, but usually some
shade of brown (rusty, greyish and vellowish browns being the
most common), always with scattered dark dots or little dark
patches having the appearance of furgus-like or lichenous growths
so common on dead leaves in the tropics. When the insect closes
its wings over its back the likeness to a dead leaf is most striking,
and is heightened by a straight transverse, narrow, dark band
running from the apex of the fore to the tornus of the hind wing,
often with oblique narrower similar bands or lines given off from
it, all simulating very closely the midrib and lateral veins of a leat.
The hind w ing in all specimens has a more or less obsolescent or
faint series of postdiscal ocelli, traces of which are: also apparent
on the fore wing. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax, and
abdomen dark violescent brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen paler earthy brown.
Wet-season form.— 3 2. Smaller than the dry-season form, but
very similar to it. The colours are richer and darker, and the
orange discal band more broadly bordered with black on the inner
side. On the underside some of the specimens from areas of
heavy rainfall have the ground-colour very dark ochraceous brown.
Exp. S$ 2 100-120 mm. (3:95-4°73").
Hab. The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikhim at low elevations
Orissa; Eastern Ghats; Pachmarhi; the lower hills of Assam
Burma and Tenasserim.
Mr. G. C. Dudgeon gives a detailed account of the transformation
of this form, from which the following descriptions of the caterpillar
in its last stage and of the pupa are extracted.
Larva. “ Velvety black, covered with rather long yellowish hair.
All the spines reddish.” Of these last it is stated that there are
eleven on each segment, a dorsal, two subdorsal and three lateral
on each side.
Pupa. “Simple. Thorax slightly keeled ; abdomen with small
dorsal conical points. Colour pale brownish buff, variegated with
slaty irrorations.” (G. C. Dale teste Moore.)
After a long and careful examination of large series of specimens,
Laud
KALLIMA, 397
Tam unable to find any constant difference between the various
forms that have been considered distinct and received specific
names. K, higelit, the supposed pale form from Kashmir and the
N.W. Himalayas, can be matched by just as pale a form from
Darjeeling, while the dark and richly-coloured A. limborgii, Moore,
from Tenasserim, does not equal in depth and richness of colouring
some specimens of K.inachus from Sikhim. So far as*I can make
out, all the characters relied on for the separation of the various
named forms are eminently variable.
404. Kallima horsfieldi, Kollar (Paphia), «n Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844,
p- 434, pl. 10; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 265; Davidson § Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H, Soc. v, 1890, p. 277; wd. 2b. x, 1896, p. 256, pl. 2,
figs. 5, 5a, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p- 170, pl. 345, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ 2, & pl. 346, figs. 1, la-le,
larva & pupa, ¢ Q.
Kallima philarchus, Westwood (Amathusia), Cab. Or. Ent. 1848,
p. 56, pl. 27, fig. 4 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 37, pl. 20,
fig. 1 3 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 265 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 169, pi. 343, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q.
Kallima alompra, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 14, 6 2; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 265; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 173.
Kallima mackwoodi, doubledayi, et wardi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1879, p. 14; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 266, pl. 23, fig. 104
(K. wardi 2).
Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside indigo-blue. Fore wing with
a broad, oblique, slightly curved, sinuous-edged, pale blue band,
turning to white on the anterior half ; the distance measured on the
costa of the outer edge of this band greater than half the length
of the wing from the base ; its inner margin bordered by short,
ebliquely-placed, detached linear black markings; apical area beyond
the band jet-black, with a preapical white spot; medial hyaline
spots, the lower varying in size, in interspaces 2 and 3. Hind wing
uniform, the costa and apex broadly and the abdominal fold brown ;
vein 1 with long soft greyish-brown hairs along its length, extending
also over the abdominal fold. Fore and hind wings asin A. tnachus,
with a dark brown subterminal zigzag line, commencing below
vein 2 on the fore wing. Underside as in K. inachus, simulating a
dry leaf, but the resemblance on the whole is perhaps less perfect.
Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen very dark
greenish brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous
earthy brown.
Wet-season form.— $ 2. Similar. Differs in the colour of the
discal band on the upperside of the fore wing ; this is of a uniform
pale blue of a slightly lighter or darker shade, varying individually,
but not turning to white towards the costal margin as in the dry-
season specimens. Underside: ground-colour on the whole darker
than in the dry-season torm, but with the same protective colouring.
Kep. 3 2 84-120 mm. (3°32-4:75"). |
Hab, ? Himalayas (Kollar); W. aud S. India, from: Bombay
southwards ; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim.
398 NYMPHALID A.
Ceylon dry-season specimens range the largest, but are otherwise
indistinguishable from specimens from the Nilgiris in the British
Museum collection, while specimens of the small wet-season form
from Ceylon are absolutely identical with specimens of K. wardi,
Moore, regarded by the author himself as the wet-season form of
K. horsfieldi. Again, the type of K. alompra, Moore, is now in
the British Museum, and in shades of colour and in markings it is
absolutely inseparable from many specimens of the wet-season form
of K. horsfieldi, as are also the two specimens in the Hewitsonian
collection mentioned by Moore, and a specimen from “ East Pegu,”
collected by Doherty, in the Godman-Salvin collection,
Larva. ‘‘ Cylindrical, finely pubescent, armed with nine longi-
tudinal rows of fine branched spines ; head surmounted by two long
straight horns set with minute spines: colour a beautiful golden
brown, spines red, head black. We found one specimen of this in
July on Karvee (Strobilanthus)....” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. Earthy brown suffused with a slight pinkish tinge and
variegated with patches of darker brown; thorax angulate, abdomen
with apparently a linear series of short broad tubercles. (Described
from the plate in the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Journ. x, 1896.)
405. Kallima knyvetti, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 267; Elves,
P.Z.8. 1891, p. 283; Smith § Kirby, Rhop. Ex. pt. 22, 1892,
Kall. pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 173,
pl. 347, figs. 1, la, 6.
3. Upperside fore wing: basal area to near apex of cell and
thence obliquely to the zigzag subterminal line as it crosses inter-
space | dark green, succeeded by a black line along the discocellulars,
and a broad sinuous discal band (not curved as in K. horsfieldi)
bluish white below vein 3, pure white with bluish suffused inner
margin above vein 3 to costa; measured on the costal margin, the
outer edge of this band less than half the length of the wing from
base, the rest of the wing to apex black, with a preapical white
spot; a medial discal hyaline spot in interspace 2. Hind wing
dark ochraceous brown, the costal margin and apex broadly and.
the abdominal fold much paler brown, irrorated with scattered
dusky scales ; vein 1 and the abdominal fold with long soft brown
hairs. Fore and hind wings with a dark subterminal zigzag line
commencing somewhat below vein 3 on the fore wing. Underside
as in K. inachus protectively coloured. Antenne black; head and
thorax anteriorly dark green, thorax posteriorly and abdomen
olivaceous brown.
Exp. S 108-112 mm. (4:1-4-25").
Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam, the Naga hills; Tenasserim,
A rare form. One specimen was brought to me by a Lepcha at
Darjeeling freshly caught, taken, he said, below Goom, 6000 ft. It
was still in a sufficiently relaxed state to permit of the wings being
opened without difficulty.
KALLIMA.—CETHOSIA. 399
406. Kallima albofasciata, Woore, P. ZS. 1877, p. 584; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 263; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, plGe.
pl. 347, figs. 2, 2a, .Q.
3 2. Upperside blue. Fore wing with a broad pure white
obliquely-placed discal sinuous band, its inner margin defined in
black along the discocellulars and base of interspace 3, with a
round black hyaline-centred spot in interspace 2; the width of
this discal band decreases posteriorly ; measured on the costal
margin its outer edge is at a distance greater than half the length
of the wing from base ; apical area beyond discal band black with
a preapical white spot, larger in the 9 than in the ¢. Hind
wing with the costal margin and apex broadly, and the abdominal
fold pale earthy brown. Fore and hind wings with the usual sub-
terminal dark zigzag line. Underside as in K. tnachus. Antenne
black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark indigo-blue; beneath, the
‘palpi, thorax and abdomen earthy brown.
Exp. & 2 96-112 mm. (3°8—4°42").
Hab. The Andamans.
Genus CETHOSIA.
Cethosia, Fubr, Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 280; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 51; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 31; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 176.
Type, C. cydippe, Linn., from the Moluccas.
Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions.
¢ Q. Fore wing triangular; costa evenly arched, apex rounded :
termen scalloped, sometimes a little concave in the middle; tornus
rounded, dorsum straight ; cell short, not nalf length of fore wing ;
upper discocellular very short, middle about half length of lower,
lower slender ; veins 3 and + from lower apex of cell, 8, 9 and
10 out of 7, 11 from upper apex of cell, 12 terminating on apical
half of costal margin. Hind wing broadly ovate; costa well
arched, apex rounded, termen scalloped; dorsum convex, apically
emarginate; cell short; lower discocellular slender, concave; veins 3
and 4 from lower apex of cell, 6 equidistant from 7 and 53 pre-
costal spur straight, simple. Antenne about half leneth of fore
wing ; club long and gradual, cylindrical; palpi subporrect, third
joint moderately long, not attenuate ; eyes naked.
The forms in this genus are said to be protected. They have
certainly a disagreeable odour if squeezed in the fingers.
Key to the forms of Cethosia.
A. With a broad oblique discal white or yellowish
band on upperside of fore wing in both sexes.
a. A few or no black spots im interspaces be-
yond apex of cell on upperside of hind
wine.
a’. Oblique discal band on upperside of fore
wing white; veins crossing it distinct,
| OIG el Fae Bag oa aud uae be iene mare a C. cyane, p. 400.
400
NYMPHALID.
’. Oblique discal band on upperside of fore
wing cream-coloured ; veins crossing it
indistinct, concolorous .......... C. hypsina, p. 402.
». Broad black streaks followed by a series of
large oval spots in interspaces beyond apex
of cell on upperside of hind wing........ C. mahratia, p. 403.
B. Without a broad oblique discal band on upper-
side of fore wing in either sex.
a. A few or no black spots in interspace beyond
ne of cell on upperside of hind wing.
. Black terminal margins of both fore and
hind wings broad, uniform; white lunular
markings obsolescent ........... C. nicoharica, p. 401.
. Black terminal margins of both fore and
hind wings narrower, not uniform; white
lunular markings prominent Ratlec aan C. beblis, p. 402.
6. Broad black streaks followed by a series of
large oval spots in interspaces beyond apex
of cell on upperside of hind wing..... .+» . C. metnert,7p, 404.
407. Cethosia cyane, Drury (Papilio), Ii. Exot. Ent. i, 1770, pl. 4,
tig. 1; Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p.448; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 33: Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 177,
pl. 348, fies. 1, Pa=l e ig @:
3. Upperside tawny, in fresh specimens a rich reddish tawny.
Fig. 71.—Cethosia cyane.
Fore wing: anterior and apical two-
thirds black, the margin of this colour
waved and irregular, following a line
dividing the cell longitadinally and
circling round to near the posterior
angle ; a short, broad, oblique, white
bar beyond apex of cell, the veins
crossing it ahd a spot in interspaces 3
and 4 black; a transverse indistinct
row of small spots and a terminal
series of <-shaped lunules white.
Hind wing: three or four spots just
beyond apex of cell, a subterminal row
of spots and the termen broadly
black, the last with a series of white
lunules as on the fore wing. Under-
side variegated with red, white, pale
blue, ochraceous and black; the ter-
minal margins of both wings broadly
black with white lunules as on the
upperside; in the middle of each
lunule a short white streak from the margin; cilia alternately
black and white. Fore wing: the cell with transverse bands of
red, blue and black; the base and dise below the cell red
spotted with black, followed by pale blue, ochraceous and black ;
the white oblique band as on upperside, beyond it a transverse
incomplete row of lanceolate white marks, with three black
CETHOSIA. 401
spots in each, followed by a subterminal ochraceous band paling
inwardly. Hind wing: the base and cell pale blue and red,
crossed by several broken incomplete black lines, then alternate
bands of white and ochraceous, two of each; the outer white
band narrow and marked in each interspace with three black spots
arranged as a triangle. Antenne, head and thorax dusky brown ;
abdomen above tawny, beneath white.
@. Similar to the male in markings, but the tawny ground-
colour replaced by pale greenish white, somewhat brownish on the
upperside of fore wing, the extent of black on this wing larger.
Underside with all the markings paler than in the 2, the red at the
base of the wings replaced by brownish yellow on the fore, white
on the hind wing. Antenne, head and thorax dusky brown ;
abdomen dusky above, white beneath.
Exp. 3 2 90-100 mm. (3°55-3°9”"),
_ Hab. The Himalayas, Mussooree to Sikbim, rare towards the
west ; Bengal; Orissa; Assam; Cachar; Arrakan; throughout
Burma and Tenasserim.
“‘ Larva. Cylindrical, purplish-black segments with alternate
yellow and crimson bands. Head armed with two long spines,
segments with dorsal and lateral rows of fine spines. Feeds on
Passiflora, July. (Described from drawing by Major C. H. EH.
Adamson.).”—Moore.
408. Cethosia nicobarica (Plate VII. fig. 53), Felder, Verh. zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, xii, 1862, p. 484; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 37;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 180, pl. 349, figs. 1, La-le, Jd Q.
3 2. Closely resembles C. cyane, but in the ¢ the ground-
colour is a rich almost vermilion red on the upperside, and the
markings differ as follows :—Fore
wing: the cell crossed by alternate
bands of red and black, the oblique
white bar limited to two elongate
costal spots followed by a transverse
incomplete row of white lanceolate
marks, the mark in interspace 3 form-
ing an irregular small white patch, a
double row of indistinct white spots
beyond, no lunular marks on termen.
Hind wing: no white lunules on
termen, a row of postdiscal and one
or two subbasal spots black. Under-
side differs from the underside in
C. cyane in the terminal black margin
ia on both wings being narrower, and the
Fig. 72. ochraceous band next to it broader and
Cethosia nicobarica, Q. of deeper richer colour ; on the fore
wing the oblique white discal band is
replaced by a transverse row of irregular white oval spots with
VOL. I. 2D
402 NYMPHALIDA.
their inner margins black, and the median ochraceous transverse
band on the hind wing is tinged with vermilion.— 9 . Upperside
differs from upperside in C. cyane 2 as follows :—the oblique
white bar on the fore wing broadly interrupted just beyond apex
of cell, the hind wing less spotted on the disc, and the black
terminal margin to both fore and hind wings without the white
<-shaped marks. On the underside the difference between the
females of the two forms is similar to the difference between the
males.
Exp. & 2 82-86 mm. (3°22-3°38"),.
fab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
409. Cethosia hypsina, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 385 ;
Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1882, p. 172, pl. 8, figs. 6, 7, 8, ¢ 2 ; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 35 footnote.
3. Closely resembles C. cyane. Upperside differs in the
greater and more uniform extent of black on the fore wing, the
greater width of the black terminal border on the hind wing, the
almost complete obsolescence of -the lunular white terminal
markings on both wings, and in the oblique white bar on the fore
wing being slightly ochraceous, the veins crossing it white, not
black, and the black spot in interspaces 3 and 4 absent. On the
underside the red is of a duller ochraceous not vermilion tint, the
outer white band on both wings is wanting, the inner and outer
ochraceous bands on the hind wing are merged to form one
prominent broad subterminal band, marked with an inner marginal
and a median row of small black spots, and an outer row of short
transverse black bars in the interspaces.i—The @ is altogether
different from the 2 of C. cyane. It resembles its own ¢, but
on the upperside the fore wing is almost entirely black, the tawny-
yellow ground-colour occupying only the middle of interspace 1 a,
extending into interspace 1, with a bluish-white diffuse spot
above it. On the underside it is precisely similar to the under-
side in the ¢.
Exp. 3 Q 90-95 mm. (3°55-3°7").
Hab. Within our limits I procured this species in the extreme
south of Tenasserim, and lately Mr. Allan sent me a single male
caught in the Pegu Yoma. Further south it occurs in the Malay
Peninsula. The British Museum has a specimen labelled Nepal,
but this Jocality is open to doubt.
410. Cethosia biblis, Drury (Papilio), IW. Ex. Ent. i, 1770, pl. 4,
fig. 2 $: de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 36, g¢ 2; Moore, Lep.
Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 184, pl. 352, figs. 1, la-ld, g Q, pl. 353,
fies. 1, la-le ¢.
Cethosia thebava, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xix, 1887, p. 296.
¢. Upperside rich orange-red; terminal margins of both fore
and hind wings black, with slender deep lunules of white as in
CETHOSIA. 403
C. cyane. Fore wing: apical half black, cell crossed by three
pairs of transverse black lines, the outermost pair with the disco-
cellular nervules between defined by black ; a discal, faintly-marked
series of black spots continued on to the hind wing ; three short,
obliquely-placed white streaks close to costal margin beyond apex
of cell, followed by a transverse series of four or five slender
lanceolate white loops, and an outer postdiscal row of white spots
in interspaces 2 to 6. Hind wing almost precisely similar to that
of C. cyane. Underside ochraceous, the outer margins of both
wings dusky black, with white lunules bearing a medial line as in
C. cyane; discoidal cell of fore wing with a basal and a subbasal
band on the hind wing dull red, the former crossed by three short
bands, the basal area of the hind wing by two bands of pale blue,
all marked with sinuous black lines; beyond the cell in the fore
wing, and the subbasal red band on the hind wing, both wings
crossed by a band of white bordered more or less on both sides by
broken black lines ; finally a postdiscal series, crossing both wings,
of lanceolate white spots, each spot bearing inwardly an oval
black mark divided by a white line and outwardly two small
black spots. Antenne black, head and thorax dusky black;
abdomen ochraceous, shaded with dusky blackish above, white
beneath.— 2 similar. Upperside much darker, sometimes dusky
ereenish ; markings as in the ¢.
Exp. 3 9 72-93 mm. (2:9-3°75").
Hab. Sikhim; Nepal; Bhutan; Assam; Cachar; Arrakan ;
throughout Burma and Tenasserim; extending to the Malay
Peninsula and to China.
411. Cethosia mahratta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 556; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 34, pl. 22, fig. 98 2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 270, pl. B, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 181, pl. 350, figs. 1, la—-le, larva &
pupa, 3 @.
3. Upperside tawny yellow. Fore wing: cell anteriorly along
its length and the outer half of the wing, following an irregular
line from apex of cell to tornus, black, the black in cell formed of
coalescent transverse bars ; a broad discal oblique fascia traversed
by the black veins, followed by a postdiscal series of black-centred,
outward turned, slender white lunules, a transverse series of
white spots, and another, subterminal series of similar white
lunules ; interspaces 1 and 2 with three or four black spots.
Hind wing with broad black costal and terminal margins and
black markings somewhat similar to those on the hind wing of
C. nietneri, but the markings in the interspaces narrower, the
row of large spots margined with white, the inner series of Innules
beyond the spots black, followed by a subterminal tawny-yellow
band and a row of white, outward-turned, slender lunules as in
CO. nietnert. Underside variegated with ochraceous red, bluish white,
yellow and black; the terminal margins of both fore and hind
2D 2
404 NYMPHALIDA.
wings broadly black with white lunules, as on the upperside, and
median short white lines from the margin in each lunule; cilia
alternately black and white. Fore wing: basal area ochraceous
red, cell with transverse short bands of black and bluish white,
below the cell the ochraceous red at base, followed by whitish and
then yellow, the disc spotted with black; the oblique white band
as on the upperside, succeeded by a transverse postdiscal series
of large black spots, ringed narrowly with white, with a row of
paired black dots beyond, and a subterminal broad yellow band,
its inner margin sinuous. Hind wing: basal area bluish, crossed
by broken transverse broad black lines, and followed by a red,
a bluish-white, a yellow, a purer white, and lastly a subterminal
yellow band with rows of black spots between ; on the white band
a median series of large black spots. Antenne black, head and
thorax brownish black, abdomen ochraceous; the thorax beneath
ochraceous, banded with black.— @ . Similar, but the tawny yellow
on the upperside paler, the markings larger and somewhat diffuse.
Exp. & 2 72-100 mm. (2°85-3°95"’).
Hab. Southern India. :
*¢ Larva cylindrical, but much constricted between each pair of
segments, and tapering somewhat towards the head. Six longi-
tudinal rows of fine-pointed spines; on the head only one pair of
longer blunt spines. Colour dark brown, with bright red bands
encircling all the segments except the Ist, 2nd, 6th, and 8th; on
the 6th and 8th the red is replaced by broader bands of lemon-
yellow.
‘“‘ Pupa: hanging verticaliy, slender, with two large foliaceous
processes springing from the middle of the back, and many less
prominent processes on the head, thorax and abdomen; colour
purplish brown, much mottled with lighter and darker shades ; six
dorsal spots of bright gold .... found on the wild passion-flower
(Modecca palmata). The caterpillar is gregarious through life.”
(Davidson & Aztken.)
412, Cethosia nietneri, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 380,
pl. 48, figs. 5, 6, 6; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 51, pl. 27,
figs. 8, 8a, 6 @, 34, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 85; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 183, pl. 351, figs. 1,
la-lc, larva & pupa, d Q.
¢. Upperside deep black. Fore wing: a broad line along both
sides of the basal halves of veins 1 and 2 and of median vein
ochraceous ; a curved series of short bluish streaks between the
veins beyond apex of cell, terminating in a much longer streak
above vein 4; a transverse discal series of similarly coloured
slender oval loops, open outwardly, followed by a series of trans-
verse white spots, the upper two bluish, and a subterminal rew of
slender lunules, the tornal lunule double. Hind wing : inter-
space 1 a and interspace 1 to near the tornus pinkish or bluish
white, the markings of the underside showing through; cell
CETHOSIA.—CYNTHIA. 405
black, with an ochraceous black-centred spot; interspaces 1-5
bluish white on disc, with very
broad median short streaks, fol-
lowed by a series of large oval
spots of the black ground-colour ;
terminal and costal margins very
broadly black, traversed by a post-
discal row of transverse short,
white, inwardly-turned lunules,
and a subterminal row of much
more slender, outwardly-turned,
similarly coloured lunules. Cilia
white. Underside: basal and discal
areas of both fore and hind wings
bluish green, variously barred and
spotted with black, the short
white streaks between the veins
beyond apex of cell as on the
upperside ; a postdiscal band of
pinkish white, somewhat obscure
on the fore, more clearly defined on
the hind wing, traversed by a series of oval black spots, followed
by a broad subterminal even band of ochraceous yellow, inwardly
margined by a row of black dots; terminal margins broadly black,
traversed by a series of slender outwardly turned white lunules,
each lunule with a short white median streak from the margin.
Antenne black; head and thorax black above, greenish white
spotted with black beneath; abdomen ochraceous, barred with
black, beneath whitish with numerous black dots.— @ . Similar, all
the black markings smaller; the base posteriorly of the fore
wing on the upperside greenish blue, no trace of ochraceous.
Exp. & 9 82-110 mm. (3°22-4:32").
Hab. Ceylon.
Larva, “ Cylindrical, purplish black with red transverse bands,
the sixth and eighth segments with a yellow band. Head armed
with two long branched spines, the segments with two dorsal and
two lateral rows of long, slender, finely-branched spines. Feeds on
Modecca.’’ (Moore.)
Pupa. “ Brown mottled with ochreous-white, abdominal seg-
ments tubercular ; wing-case dilated and exfoliated beneath.
Head-piece with two pointed processes.” (doore.)
Genus CYNTHIA.
Cynthia, Fabr. Ilhig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 281; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1880, p. 52; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 40; Moore, Lep, Ind. iv
1899-1900, p. 187.
Type, C. arsinoé, Cramer, from Sumatra.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
$ 2. Fore wing: costa arched; apex produced, rounded ;
406 NYMPHALID&.
termen slightly concave, sinuous; tornus blunt; dorsum slightly
sinuous ; cell closed, not quite half leneth of wing; upper disco-
cellular minute ; middle oblique, slightly concave; lower also
oblique but longer, more strongly concave ; vein 3 from just
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 8 and 9 from terminal
half of 7, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing irregularly oval; costa
arched; termen from vein 1 to vein 4 produced, elongate at
vein 4, forming a conspicuous tail, above the latter to apex and
below to the tornus scalloped ; tornus angulated, dorsum just
above it widely emarginate, then convex to base; cell open, but
apparently closed by a transverse fold in the membrane of the
wing between veins 4 and 5 well on towards the terminal margin.
Antennee long and slender, more than half length of fore wing ;
club long, narrow, gradual; palpi broad in front, subporrect,
blunt at apex, third joint short; eyes naked; thorax moderately
broad.
Key to the forms of Cynthia.
Cre 4
a. Upperside ground-colour bright orange-yellow ‘
shaded with olivaceous brown at base of wines. 1 . ee D- ae ;
b. Upperside ground-colour distinctly paler, not 0 ;
shaded with olivaceous brown at base of wings.. C. erota, var. pal-
c. Upperside ground-colour distinctly darker, shaded lida, p. 408.
with olivaceous brown on basal half of wings.. C. asela, race
saloma, p. 410.
@ ee
a. Upperside: discal white band crossing fore and ¢ C. erota, p. 407.
hind wings extending up to vein 2 on the latter f C. erota, var. pal-
WATE A Si SN nh odie alls dae aye ya. pean alae lida, p. 408.
b. Upperside: discal white band crossing both fore .
and hind wings terminating at vein 6.
a’, Upperside ground-colour blue.............. C. asela, p. 409.
b'. Upperside ground-colour very dark olivaceous
BROW 28 ae gine tes 6s 0 le ren aes al seca eae Race saloma,p. 410.
413. Cynthia erota, Fabr (Papilio), Ent. Syst. iii, pt. 1, 1793, p. 76;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 41, pl. 21, fig. 97, ¢ 2 : Manders,
Ent. Month. Mag. 1888, p. 37, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 188, pl. 354, figs. 1, la-le, o Q, pl. 355,
figs, I la-Le, 6.2.
Cynthia erota, var. pallida, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1, 1885, p. 89.
Cyuthia pura Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) xiv, 1894, p. 429, gd Q.-
Cynthia circe, Fawcett, A. M. N. H. (6) xx, 1897, p. 111, dQ.
Wet-season form.— g. Upperside bright orange-yellow. Fore
wing olivaceous brown at base with the following black markings :
three short sinuous transverse lines across the cell; the disco-
cellulars with an inner and outer slender line; a lunular inner
discal broken transverse line, a zigzag outer discal broken trans-
verse line, a transverse inwardly curved series of postdiscal spots,
those in interspaces 5 and 6 the largest, and an inner and an outer
subterminal conspicuous zigzag narrow band. Hind wing with
CYNTHIA. 407
inner and outer discal black lines and inner and onter subterminal
narrow black bands as on the fore
wing, but the outer discal trans-
verse line faint and _ ill-defined
posteriorly ; the space anteriorly
between the two discal lines much
paler yellow than the general
eround-colour ; in addition there
isa dark straight postdiscal diffuse
fascia with a superposed ocellus in
interspaces 2 and 5 respectively,
and a lilac spot at the tornal angle.
Underside similar, the basal area
enclosed by the inner discal line
suffused with cinnabar-red, as is
also the outer zigzag transverse
ill-defined discal line. Fore wing
with, in addition, two cream-white
preapical spots and a_ purplish
Fig. 74.—Cynthia erota, 2. }. suffusion between the two subter-
minal lines, the inner line straight,
not zigzag ; interspace la, and 1 posteriorly from base to inner
subterminal line, paler than the ground-colour. Hind wing with
some additional transverse linear and loop-like slender black
markings at base ; a conspicuous, straight, transverse, narrow dark
ferruginous postdiscal band, and a pale purplish suffusion beyond
it between veins 2 and 5, not reaching the termen. Antenne
dark ferruginous; head, thorax and abdomen olivaceous orange ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous.— 2 . Upper-
side dull brown, the basal area of both fore and hind wings, on the
inner side of a vertical transverse line from just beyond apex of
cell in fore wing to vein 2 on the hind wing, suffused with olivaceous
ereen; the terminal margin, broadly, of the hind wing suffused
with reddish ochraceous ; a broad, posteriorly narrowing, discal
white band inclined obliquely inwards from below the costa of the
fore wing to vein 2 on the hind wing, conspicuously interrupted
and crossed by the dark veins on the fore wing. Fore wing with
the following dusky brownish-black markings: three short trans-
verse sinuous lines crossing the cell; a sinuous line on either side
of the discocellulars ; a broad line, interrupted by the veins, defining
the inner side of the white discal band ; a zigzag medial transverse
line and a transverse series of very diffuse spots traversing the
same band, followed by a postdiseal narrow band and a zigzag
subterminal line ; finally, a conspicuous white preapical spot in
interspace 7. Hind wing: a dusky-brown zigzag lime along the
outer margin of the white discal band; a diffuse broad postdiscal
transverse shading, bearing a white-centred, dusky-brown, ochra-
ceous-ringed ocellus, in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively, followed
by an inner subterminal lunular band and an outer subterminal
zigzag line of brownish black; the abdominal fold ochraceous,
408 NYMPHALID&.
Underside very similar to that in the 3, but differs as follows :—
ground-colour ochraceous yellow, the basal area on both fore and
hind wings darker ochraceous without any tinge of cimnabar-
red; all the markings similar as to form to those in the ¢,
but chestnut-brown ; the ocelli on the hind wing larger, but
otherwise similar. Antenne dark ochraceous, turning to brownish
black on the apical half; palpi ochraceous; head, thorax and
abdomen olivaceous green; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
pale ochraceous.
Dry-season form.— ¢ 2. Smaller, the tail at apex of vein 4 in
the hind wing very much shorter asa rule. 6. Upperand under
sides similar to those in the wet-season form, but the ground-
colour very much paler; on the underside entirely suffused with
pale cinnabar-red ; the markings smaller, often more or less obso-
lescent, always more faintly defined; above, the markings are
dusky brownish black, beneath pale chestnut-red; the pale purplish
suffusion on the terminal margins of both fore and hind wings on
the underside, so conspicuous in the wet-season form, entirely
wanting.— 9. Differs very remarkably from the wet-season form.
Upperside: fore and hind wings with a very broad pale ochraceous-
white discal band from costa of fore wing to the dorsal margin
just above the tornus on the hind wing, narrowing posteriorly on
the latter wing. Fore wing: basal area olivaceous green on the
inner side of the discal band, as in the wet-season form, but the
space between the outer two of the three dusky transverse lines
crossing the cell ochraceous; the medial zigzag line and the series
of diffuse spots traversing the discal band very ill-defined. Hind
wing: basal area ochraceous, owing to the colour of the underside
showing through by transparency ; a very pale shading of oliva-
ceous green at base of cell; terminal portion of the wing beyond
the discal band bright ochraceous ; the postdiscal ocelli and the
inner and outer subterminal dark lines as in the wet-season form.
Underside: ground-colour pale yellow; the basal area on both
fore and hind wings suffused with cinnabar-red; the markings
similar to those in the wet-season form, but very much fainter
and paler. Antenne ochraceous, palpi and a line behind the eyes
cinnabar-red ; head, thorax and abdomen olivaceous green, beneath
bright ochraceous.
Exp. Wet-season form, ¢ @ 104-110 mm. (4:1-4°35"); dry-
season form, ¢ 2 78-90 mm. (8:07-3:55"),
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; Andamans.
It is with some doubt that I have united Cynthoa pallida,
Staudinger, from the Andamans, to this form. The males are
always paler than the Continental form, and might constitute an
insular race ; one form of the Q also is generally paler, with the
discal band less heavily marked with dusky black ; but many speci-
mens of the 2 have been received from the Andamans which
are absolutely indistinguishable from specimens from Assam and
Burma.
Larva. ‘‘ Full-fed 14 inches in length. Pale olive-green, con-
siderably darker between the segments ; six short spines on each
CYNTHIA. 409
segment, the two upper much the longest, all with yellow bases ;
spiracle marked asa black dot, pale whitish on either side; legs
dark brown. Head dark brown with two upright horns, half an
inch in length, curving backwards.” (JJanders.)
Pupa. “Colour varying shades of brown. A prominent ridge
over thorax; two ale, anteriorly narrowly pointed, on either side of
outer margin of wing-cover, two smaller alz on either side of the
12th segment; between the ale and on either side of the dorsum
two pairs of diamond-shaped spots pale green, one pair behind
posterior ale; two silver spots on either side of the thoracic
ridge anteriorly, and three splashes of silver posteriorly ; a dark
line extends from the outer margin of wing-cover to tail. Fifteen
days in pupa.” (Manders.)
414, Cynthia asela, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 558; td. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 53, pl. 26, figs. 1, la-le, $ Q, larva & pupa; de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 43; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 192,
pl. 358, figs. 1, la, 16, larva & pupa, dQ.
Race saloma.
Cynthia saloma, Swnhoe, in de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 48;
Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 270, pl. B,
figs. 2,2 a, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 191,
pl. 356, figs. 1, larva & pupa, la,16, 6 2, & pl. 357, figs. 1,
hae 1g. Os
3. Absolutely indistinguishable from the wet-season form of
E. erota; varying individually, like that form, in the slightly
lighter or darker ground-colour on both upper and under sides,
and in the distinctness of the markings. @Q. Upperside blue ;
basal area of both fore and hind wings slightly suffused with
olivaceous green, the markings very similar to those in the wet-
season form of C. erota 2, but the discal white band very much
narrower, so that the transverse medial zigzag dark brownish-black
line traverses only the outer margin of the white band, and the
transverse series of diffuse dark spots on the fore wing is placed
posteriorly on a blue, anteriorly on a dark brown ground ; only in
interspaces 3, 4 and 5 of the fore wing is there a trace of white
beyond the diffuse spots. On the hind wing the white discal band
terminates at vein 6, the posterior three-fourths of the wing except
the broad abdominal fold is blue; the postdiscal ocelli in inter-
spaces 2 and 5 larger than in C. erota; in addition a well-formed
but much smaller similar ocellus in interspaces 1 and 6 respectively ;
terminal margin more narrowly ochraceous brown than in C- erota,
the inner and outer subterminal lines ]unularand broader. Under-
side similar to that in C. erota but paler; the postdiscal ocelli on
the hind wing much larger, of a pale green, with a white central
spot and an outer ring of black. Antenne dark ochraceous
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen pale blue; beneath, palpi,
thorax and abdomen very pale ochraceous.
Exp. 3 2 102-114 mm. (4:04-4:5")
Hab. Ceylon.
410 NYMPHALIDZ.
A @ specimen in the collection of the Hon. F. M. Mackwood
has the ground-colour on the upperside of a most lovely lavender.
Larva. “ Pale yellow, reddish-brown beneath ; segments brown-
streaked ; spiracles black; head spinous, armed with two long,
curved, thick spinous processes ; segments armed with two lateral
and two dorsal rows of long slightly-branched spines, the dorsal
and upper lateral row rising from a red round tumid spot.”
( Moore.)
Pupa. “ Pale reddish-brown, truncated at both ends; head-
piece short and thick, with two short points; thorax conically
pointed at top; anterior abdominal segments subdorsally produced
on each side into a broad alary expanded appendage, which is
pointed hindward into a short process; middle segments with a
subdorsal tubercle, the two anal segments with longer basally-
thickened processes.” (Joor'é.) :
Race saloma, Swinhoe.— 3 very similar to the typical form on
both the upper and under sides, but on the upperside the basal
area up to the discal band on both fore and hind wings is very
much darker, suffused with brown, as is also the terminal margin, —
very broadly, of the hind wing, and, more narrowly, of the fore
wing; the markings are black and identical. On the underside
the ground-colour is more uniform, the contrast between the
basal area and the terminal half of the wings not so marked. In
race saloma the basal area is not so strongly suffused with cinnabar-
red.—Q. Upperside differs from that of asela in the very dark
olivaceous brown of the ground-colour, with no trace of blue, and
in the more heavily defined black markings, which are otherwise
similar to those in asela; the discal band stops short, as in that
form, at vein 2 of the hind wing, and the terminal margin is
suffused with ochraceous, only of a darker shade. Underside
similar, but the ground-colour slightly darker.
Kap. 3 2 100-122 mm. (3:95-4°8").
Hab. 8. India, Canara, the Nilgiris, the Wynaad aud ‘ravan-
core.
“ Larva. Cylindrical, head armed with two large curved spiny
horns, the body with six rows of well-branched spines ; colour pale
yellow, lightly marbled with dark brown; head black with an
inverted V of yellow; underparts black. Pupa very grotesque ;
two extraordinary expansions like bats’ wings springing from
the basal abdominal segment, a smaller pair on the penultimate
segment, and a large angular dorsal prominence above the head ;
colour light or dark brown, with two rows of subdorsal silver spots
on the thorax and three pairs of green spots on the abdominal
seoments ..... The larva is a night-feeder, retiring to some
distance, often to another plant, during the day.” (Davidson &
Aitken.)
Food-plant said to be the wild passion-flower (Modecca palmata).
TERINOS. 411
Genus TERINOS.
Terinos, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. 1856, pl. 9, fig. 4; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 87; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 194.
Type, 7. clarissa, Boisduval, from Java.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 @. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, apex much produced,
broad and rounded ; termen oblique, concave below apex, thence
shehtly sinuous; tornus obtuse; dorsum nearly straight; cell
short, about one-third the length of the wing, its upper apex
acute; upper discocellular nearly obsolete or very short, middle
half length of lower, concave, lower also concave, both the latter
sloping obliquely inwards ; veins 3 and 4 stalked well beyond lower
apex of cell, 8 and 9 out of 7, 10 from apex of cell, 11 free; 12 very
short, terminating on the basal half of the costal margin. Hind
wing ovate; costa slightly arched ; apex rounded; termen strongly
arched, produced and angulate at apex of vein 4; dorsum slightly
- convex; cell very short, very slenderly closed ; veins 3 and 4 forked
well beyond apex of cell; a perceptible transverse fold in the mem-
brane between veins 4 and 5, vein 6 closer to 7 than to 5; precostal
spur simple, curved. Antenne slender, slightly less than half
length of fore wing ; club short, abrupt; palpi long, third joint very
slender and acute. Male with secondary sex-marks consisting of
a large conspicuous patch of specialized shining, densely-set scales,
placed posteriorly on the fore and on apex of the hind wing.
415. Terinos clarissa (Plate X. fig. 77), Botsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép.
i, 1836, pl. 9, fiz. 4; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 39, pl. 23,
fig. 101 $ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 195, pl. 359,
iess dig Alas (ey
3. Upperside dark brown, suffused with rich purple, except on
the secondary sex-marks and on the terminal third of the hind
wing; the sex-marks dark brown, at times lustrous, at times
opaque, according to the angle at which the light falls; the
terminal third of the hind wing rich yellow, bearing a postdiscal
complete or incomplete series of broad purple lunular marks.
Underside brown, with numerous transverse dull-coloured, narrow,
very sinuous bands of ochraceous brown and lilacine white, these
bands very dull and obscure on the apical portions of the fore
wing; the broadest of the bands on the hind wing bears a
postdiseal irregular transverse series of purplish-brown spots.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen purplish black; the antenne
beneath ochraceous, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dingy white.—
2. Upperside very similar to that of the 3, but the purple suffusion
confined to the base of the wings and to three irregular transverse
bands. Underside similar to that of the ¢, the postdiscal series of
spots large and well-defined.
Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°15-3°45").
Hab. Recorded only within our limits from Tenasserim. Found
in the Malayan Subregion down to Java.
AD NYMPHALID A.
Genus ATELLA.
Atella, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep.i, 1848,
p- 165; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 61; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 28; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 196.
Type, -A. phalantha, Drury, from India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing triangular; costa regularly arched, apex
rounded; termen oblique, sinuous; dorsum sinuous; cell short,
not half length of fore wing; upper discocellular minute, middle
and lower concave; vein 3 from just before lower apex of cell,
8, 9 and 10 outof 7, 11 trom a little before apex of cell ; 12 short,
ending on basal half of costal margin. Hind wing subquadrate ;
costa slightly arched, apex rounded; termen slightly scalloped,
rounded posteriorly ; dorsum convex; cell short, closed by a very
slight vein; vein 3 from before apex of cell, a transverse fold in
membrane between veins 4 and 5 beyond apex of cell. Antenne
long, a little more than half length of fore wing; club abrupt,
more or less spatulate; palpi moderately long, erect, third joint
slender, acutely pointed; eyes naked.
Key to the forms of Atella.
a. Cell of fore wing with three transverse
irregular black lines and a line alone
discocelillans Siig: eee eae wore Aone A. phalantha, p. 412.
b. Cell of fore wing with four transverse
irregular black bars or lines and a line along
discocellulars,
a’. Apex of fore wing, S narrowly, 9 broadly,
black, with four spots of yellow ground-
colour'showing through © ...:..).....
b'. Apex of fore wing, both sexes, broadly
black, without spots of yellow ground-
colour/showimethroush 9252.0) 85 232. Race ceylonica, p. 414.
| A. alcippe,
)race alcippoides, p. 413.
416. Atella phalantha, Drury (Papilio), IW. Exot. Ent. i, 1770, pl. 21,
fies. 1,2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890,
p. 269; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 197, pl. 360, figs. 1,
1 a-1f, larva & pupa, 3 QO.
Atella phalanta, Doubleday, in Dblday., Westw. & Hew. Gen. Dt.
Lep. 1848, p. 167 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 62, pl. 31, figs. 1,
la, 3, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 30, pl. 20,
fie. 88 ¢.
3 9. Upperside bright ochraceous yellow, spotted and marked
with black. Fore wing: cell crossed by three short sinuous lines
and one along the discocellulars, a series of spots beyond, bent
inwards below interspace 4 and continued immediately below the
median vein, followed by two transverse series of discal spots, a
postdiscal series of continuous lunules, a subterminal slender line,
and a terminal series of spots at the apices of the veins. Hind
ATELLA. 413
wing: basal half with three or four transverse rows of obscure
spots, better defined anteriorly, a discal series of four spots, a
postdiscal series of slender lunules, a sub-
terminal sinuous line, and a row of terminal
spots as onthe fore wing. Underside paler
ochraceous, the markings much as on the
upperside but fainter and paling to reddish
. brown; the terminal spots of the two discal
3 rows on the fore wing large, conspicuous
and black. Fore wing stained with pale
purple between the transverse lines across
the cell and beyond its apex, also broadly
along the terminal margin in the middle
of the wing. Hind wing: the outer half
more or less suffused with pale purple.
Fie. 75. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
Atella phalantha. 1. ochraceous; thorax and abdomen beneath
whitish.
Exp. 3 9 50-63 mm. (2-2°5").
Hab. Nearly throughout Continental India; Ceylon ; Assam;
Burma; Tenasserim; extending to China, Japan and the Malayan
Subregion.
Larva. “‘ Cylindrical, moderately thick, very smooth .... bears
six longitudinal rows of branched spines. The head is unarmed.
The colour varies from dark brown to pale yellowish-green, with a
white or yellowish spot at the base of each spine. It feeds on one
or more species of Flacourtia.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘* A beautiful green with a subdorsal series of five acutely
pointed tubercles, marked with red between each pair of very
small blunt ones, the upper edge of the wing-covers and a spot
on each side of the head also marked with red.” (de Nicéville.)
“Colour very variable, some specimens being almost white and
some bright green, the markings are usually silver-soled, or tipped
with red.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
417. Atella alcippe, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. iv, 1782, pl. 389,
fies, G, H.
Race alcippoides.
Atella alcippe, de NV. (nee Cramer) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 31.
Atella alcippoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1900, p. 199, pl. 361, figs. 1,
Wax.
Atella fraterna, Moore, ¢.c. 1900, p. 201, pl. 361, figs. 2, 2a,
28, 52. ‘
Race ceylonica.
Atella ceylonica, Manders, Jour. Bomb. N. H., Soc. xiv, 1903, p, 716.
Race alcippoides, Moore.—d. Upperside ochraceous yellow,
not so bright as in A. phalantha. Fore wing: basal third slightly
dusky ; cell crossed by three sinuous irregular black lines and a
bar, a black bar also along the discocellulars ; this last, the bar in
the cell and the middle one of the three transverse lines continued
414 NYMPHALID 2.
obliquely but interruptedly to vein 1; beyond the cell an excurved
short, broad, irregular band with a spot below it at base of inter-
space 3, followed by a short oblique subcostal bar, a transverse
series of postdiscal spots, a subterminal broad highly sinuous line,
and a comparatively broad terminal band, black. Hind wing: basal
two-thirds crossed by a number of very slender, sinuous, transverse
black lines, followed by a postdiscal series of spots in interspaces
2-5, a broad, curved, highly sinuous, conspicuous line, a sub-
terminal straighter line, and a terminal narrow band, all black.
Underside paler ochraceous, the spots and markings as on the
upperside, but very obscure, the postdiscal markings and sub-
terminal and terminal bands dark ochraceous. On the fore
wing the posterior two or three spots of the postdiscal series are
black, large and conspicuous. On the hind wing the postdiscal
spots are placed on a slightly purplish band. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous; thorax and abdomen
beneath whitish.— 2 differs on the upperside in the markings
being broader and heavier ; the apex of the fore wing is black up
to the short subcostal bar, and encloses four quadrate spots of the
ochraceous ground-colour. On the underside the markings are
also broader, but identical with those in the 3.
Exp. & 2 54-59 mm. (2°14—2°34").
Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Cachar; Arrakan; Burma; Tenasserim ;
extending to the Malay Peninsula.
The Indian forms of this insect are separable as a race from the
true alcippe of Cramer, found in Batjan, Ceram and Amboina.
This latter has on the underside ‘“‘ the outer discal and the two
submarginal sinuous lines black and prominently white-bordered ;
the spots of the outer discal row on both wings are also prominently
black.” (Moore.)
A, fraterna, Moore, from the Nicobars, I am unable to separate
from the Continental form, which varies considerably in the
disposition of its markings, but a well-marked race has been
described by Major Manders from Ceylon. A brief description of
it is given below.
The wet- and dry-season forms of the Indian race (alctppordes,
Moore) differ slightly, the ground-colour being paler and the
markings more slender in the latter. Specimens taken in the wet-
season in Burma and the Andamans are often beautifully glossed
with iridescent purple.
Race ceylonica, Manders.— Differs from the Continental Indian
race on the upperside chiefly in the broad, immaculate, black apex
of the fore wing in both sexes, and in the greater breadth of the
terminal band on both fore and hind wings. On the underside the
difference is less marked.
Exp. & Q 38-56 mm. (1°5-2°2").
Hab. Ceylon.
ISSORIA. 415
Genus ISSORIA.
Issoria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 31; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 201.
Type, J. egista, Cramer, from the Moluccas.
a Indo- Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing long, triangular ; costa evenly arched, apex
subacute; termen even, oblique, only slightly sinuous; tornus
rounded ; dorsum sinuous ; cell not quite half the length of the
wing ; the neuration in both fore and hind wings is somewhat
similar to that of Atella, but differs as follows: in the fore wing,
vein 11 from well before, not from apex of cell; vein 12 terminates
at or a little beyond the middle of the costa. In the hind wing
veins 3 and 4 are shortly stalked. Hind wing irregularly oval,
the posterior half abruptly produced from just above vein 4 and
shortly caudate at apex of that vein; termen slightly scalloped.
Antenne a little more than half the length of the fore wing ; club
not so abrupt as in Afella, spatulate and concave on underside ;
palpi as in Aéella, but the third joint proportionately shorter, more
slender, not scaled.
A single form occurs within our limits.
418. Issoria sinha, Kollar (Terinos), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844,
p. 438; Butler (Atella), Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser. Zool. 1.
1879, p. 544; de WN. (Atella) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 29, pl. 20,
Hem ern® ; Moor e, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 202, vl. 359 , figs. 9)
2a,2b, 3 @.
3 2. Upperside rich ochraceous yellow. Fore wing shaded with
dusky brown towards the base and near the tornus; cell with
three transverse black sinuous lines and
a line along the discocellulars ; the inter-
spaces beyond apex of cell dark brown,
the colour produced outwards in inter-
space 4 joins a broad oblique short band
from the costa; the dusky-brown shading
at bases of interspaces 1-3 darkening
outwards; a transverse postdiscal series
of dark brown spots, interrupted by large
quadrate dark brown marks in interspace
4 and below costa; a subterminal lunular
line and a comparatively broad terminal
band dark brown or black. Hind wing
Fig. 76. shaded posteriorly and on its outer half
Issoria sinha, }. with dusky brown ; an obscure postdiscal
; row of dark brown spots, followed by
a subterminal series of broad lunules and a broad terminal band
dark brown or black. Underside fore wing: basal area purplish
brown, posterior half ochraceous yellow; cell crossed by three
sinuous dark brown lines, the innermost of the three bordered
inwardly with purplish white, the space between the outer two also
416 NYMPHALID A.
pale purplish, the interspaces beyond the apex of the cell very pale
ochraceous, followed by a transverse series of purple-white lunules,
a row of dark brown spots, a subterminal inner series of dark
ochraceous lunules and an outer dark ochraceous transverse line.
Hind wing: the dise purplish brown, lightening to pale purple
broadly along the dorsal and tornal areas; an obscure subbasal, dark
brown, highly sinuous and irregular transverse line, followed by a
sinuous transverse series of pale purple lunules, a discal series of
dark ferruginous spots, obscure postdiscal and more clearly defined
subterminal lines of dark lunules; the terminal margin narrowly
brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous, the
thorax and abdomen beneath sullied white.
Exp. 3 2 64-70 mm. (2°55-2°75").
Hab. The Himalayas, from Mussooree eastwards; Bengal ;
Assam; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim; extending into the Malayan
Subregion as far as the Philippines.
Genus CUPHA.
Cupha, Bilberg, Enum. Ins. 1820, p. 79 (teste Scudder); Moore,
Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 204; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 21; Moore,
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 204.
Type, C. erymanthis, Drury, from Northern India.
Range. The Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing: costa arched; apex moderately acute but
not produced ; termen slightly convex; tornus rounded; dorsum
slightly sinuous, cell slenderly closed ; upper discocellular obsolete,
middle very concave, lower erect, placed well beyond the middle
discocellular and not in a line with it ; veins 3 and 4 from lower
apex of cell, 9 from a little beyond middle of 7, 10 from basal
half of 7, 11 free. Hind wing broadly oval; costa slightly arched;
apex and tornus broadly rounded ; termen strongly arched, slightly
scalloped, angular at apex of vein 4; cell open. Antenne about
half length of fore wing; club very slight, narrow ; palpi com-
paratively broad in front, third joint very short and acute; eyes
naked.
Key to the forms of Cupha.
a. Upperside fore wing: subapical yellow
spots on black apical area prominent ;
spots posteriorly on discal band large,
conspicuous; lowest spot much larger
than the others.
a’, Ground-colour, upperside, bright ochra-
COOUS DTOWM: Sh he Coes Seems. C. erymanthas, p. 417.
6’. Ground ~colour, upperside, very dark
ochraceous: brow. ii bear: nee Race andamamica, p. 418.
b. Upperside fore wing; subapical yellow
spots on black apical area absent or very
faintly marked; spots posteriorly on
discal band small, not conspicuous, sub-
CS (6 LI IR gala a Airs Se tre Sa Ne id Bi C. placida, p. 418.
CUPHA. 417
419. Cupha erymanthis, Drury (Papilio), Tl. Ex. Ent. i, 1770, pl. 15,
figs. 8, 4, 2 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 22, pl. 23, fig. 105 3;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 204, pl. 362, figs.1, la-le, 5 Q.
Messaras erymanthis, var. nicobarica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot Ges.
Wien, xii, 1862, p. 486,
Race andamanica.
Cupha andamanica, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 208, pl. 363,
fig. 2 rei e .
3 2. Upperside ochraceous light brown. Fore wing: some
loop-like, slender, dark cellular markings; a broad, somewhat
curved, transverse yellow discal band from costa to vein 1, not
reaching the termen, broadening posteriorly, the margins irregu-
larly sinuous, the inner defined broadly with black, and produced
outwards in interspaces 3 and 4, below this the margin is squarely
indented inwards in interspace 2 and out-
wardly convex in interspace 1; a curved
series of three black spots, the lowest the
largest, in interspaces 1, 2 and 3; apical
area beyond the band black, with a con-
spicuous yellow subapical spot in interspace
5, and a paler ill-defined similar spot above
it in interspace 6; posteriorly the black
area is produced narrowly to the tornus and
encircles a yellow spot near apex of inter-
S space 2. Hind wing: a transverse sinuous,
Fig. 77. very slender, black line, followed by a slender
Cupha erymanthis,2. 3. somewhat lunular line, a transverse discal
series of five black spots in interspaces 2 to 6,
a postdiscal medially disjointed series of broad black lunules, a
subterminal series of similar but straighter lunules, and a narrow
terminal black band. The outer subbasal transverse line broadens
at the costa, and is outwardly margined by pale spots in the inter-
spaces, these are anteriorly white, well defined, posteriorly obscure,
often absent. Underside much paler; the discal band on the fore
wing also much paler, the black on the apical area replaced by pale
brownish ochraceous ; some obscure marking in cells of both fore
and hind wings. Fore wing: a discal, transverse, slender, chest-
nut-brown lunular line, bent inwards above vein 5, and bordered
outwardly by a series of dark spots; the large biack spot in inter-
space 1 as on the upperside, and an inner and an outer transverse
subterminal series of small dentate spots. Hind wing: some in-
distinct cellular markings; the outer subbasal dark transverse line
as on the upperside but more clearly defined, very sinuous; a
transverse discal series of uneven lunules, paler than the ground-
colour, followed by a series of dark spots, a postdiscal very obscure
pale lunular band, and a subterminal series of dentate dark spots,
often obscure or obsolescent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen very
pale ochraceous white. 3
Eap. 3 2 58-74 mm. (2°3-2°92"),
VOL, I. 25
418 NYMPHALID#.
Hab. Along the foot of the Himalayas and up to 5000 ft.
from Mussooree to Sikhim; the hills of Assam; Burma; Tenas-
serim; the Nicobars; extending to China and the Malayan
Subregion.
Var. nicobarica, Felder, generally but not always, has the inter-
space between the postdiscal and subterminal transverse series of
lunules on the upperside of the hind wing paler mics the ground-
colour of the wings.
Race andamanica, Moore.— ¢ 2. Upperside ground-colour very
dark ochraceous brown, much darker than in erymanthis generally ;
markings on both upper and under sides similar, but on the upper-
side the spots on the discal band on the fore wing larger, especially
the lowest spot; on the hind wing the upper three spots of the
discal series conspicuously larger; on the underside the ground-
colour is darker and the markings more clearly defined than in
the typical form.
Exp. $ 2 64-72 mm. (2°53-2°82").
Hab. The Andamans.
Tenasserim specimens of C. erymanthis are often as dark as any
specimen of the Andaman race.
420. Cupha placida, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 65, pl. 32, fig. 1;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 28; Davidson & Aitken, Jour. Bomb.
IN SH S0c.. x; 1896, p. 247, pl. 3, figs. 3, 3a, larva & pupa;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, Pp: 207, pl. 363, figs. 1, la, 3 Q.
Cupha erymanthis maja, Frihstor fer, Berl, ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 198;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 206, pl. 362, figs. 2, 2 a-2e,
larva & pupa, dQ.
Closely resembles C. erymanthis, but there are dittereriees in the
markings which are constant. J am doubtful, however, whether
C. placida should not be considered merely a race of that insect.—
3 Q. Upperside differs as follows :—Fore wing: discal band dis-
tinctly darker yellow, with its inner and outer margins much less
sinuous and irregular, the black line defining the inner margin
more slender; the spots on the band in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 much
smaller, especially the spot in interspace 1, which is no larger than
the others and is diffuse and ill-defined; the subapical yellow spots
on the black area entirely wanting or, if present, diffuse and
indistinct. On the hind wing the outer subbasal line with its outer
border of pale spots is generally more clearly defined than in
C. erymanthis. Both fore and hind wings are shaded at the base
with olivaceous brown. Underside: markings similar to those in
C. erymanthis but more heavily defined.
Exp. 3 9 58-72 mm. (2°3—2°82").
Hab. South India, Ceylon.
The Southern Indian form has been separated as C. maja by
Frihstorfer, but the differences are very slight and not constant.
With regard to the shape of the wing, many Ceylon specimens have
the apex of the fore wing as acutely pointed and the termen of the
CUPHA.—CIRROCHROA. 419
hind wing as distinctly angulated at apex of vein 4 as any of the
Southern Indian specimens. The width of the discal band on
the upperside of the fore wing, the distinctness or otherwise of
the subbasal, postdiscal and subterminal transverse markings on the
upperside of the hind wing are all characters that vary among
the Southern Indian specimens themselves.
Larva. Brown, with a dorsal and a lateral series of darker brown
markings; head with two slender branched spines, succeeding
segments with on each side a. lateral series .of semitransparent
similar brown spines. Food-plant, Flacourtia sp.?
Pupa. Green, studded with eight slender pink filaments and four
small pink tubercles. (Described from the figure in Messrs. Davidson
and Aitken’s paper quoted above.)
Genus CIRROCHROA.
Cirrochroa, Doubleday, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i,
1848, p. 157; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 62; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 107; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 211.
Ducapa, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 209.
Type, C. aoris, Doubleday, from N.E. India.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular ; apex produced and
truncated, making the termen angular at apex of vein 7; termen
below slightly concave; tornus bluntly angular ; dorsum straight ;
cell closed, short, not more than one-third the length of the wing;
upper discocellular obsolete, middle concave, lower inwardly
oblique ; veins 3 and 4 stalked, well beyond lower apex of cell;
9 from apical half of 7; 10 and 11 free. Hund wing elongate,
posteriorly produced, costa comparatively short, termen and dorsum
long; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight; apex bluntly
angular; termen anteriorly slightly arched, from below vem 4
suddenly rounded; tornus bluntly angular; dorsum nearly straight,
emarginate just above tornus; cell open; a depression in the
membrane between veins 4 and 5. Antenne comparatively short,
less than half length of fore wing; club long, narrow, gradual ;
palpi thick, rounded in front, studded with short slender porrect
hairs, third joint attenuated, cylindrical; eyes naked.
Key to the forms of Cirrochroa.
A. Upperside: ground-colour dark brown or
brownish ochraceous; males with sex-
mark of specialized scales along veins 5 and
6 of fore wing.
a. Upperside basal half of wingsdark brown C. fasciata, p. 420.
b. Upperside basal half of wings brownish
OUMMNCEOUS I ES es Fad ie alee C. flavo-brunnea, p. 421.
22
420 NYMPIHALID ®.
B. Upperside ground-colour: ¢ some shade
of tawny or fulvous tawny; @ similar,
generally paler or ochraceous shaded with
brown; ¢ without sex-merk of specialized
scales on fore wing*.
a. Fore wing truncate at apex.
a'. Upperside fore wing: apex and ter-
men a comparatively narrow edge of
black; subterminal zigzag black line
distinct fi... 5 seh stag hee te te a,
b’. Upperside fore wing: apex and termen
broadly edged with black; subter-
minal black line more or less coales-
cent, with black edging not distinct... ace olivacea, p. 428.
b. Fore wing rounded, not truncate at apex.
a’, Underside fore wing: discal band of
nearly even width throughout, not
narrowing posteriorly ......... »». CC. mithila, py 423.
b'. Underside fore wing: discal band not
of even width, distinctly narrowing
posteriorly.
a>. Underside hind wing: subterminal
lunular band distinct.
a*, Upperside hind wing: spots in
transverse discal series small;
subterminal black band anteriorly
more or less coalescent with black
on terminal margin? (90) eo, C. bayadeta, p. 424.
b®, Upperside hind wing: spots in
transverse discal series very large ;
subterminal black band ante-
riorly not coalescent with black
on terminal margin, separate
CHLOUCHOUTT:: om ce pete. 4 Se ee C’. nicobarica, p. 425,
62, Underside hind wing: subterminal
lunular band very obscure.
a, Upperside ground-colour rich
fulvous; OG with sex-marks of
specialized scales on veins 5, 6
and 7 of fore wing; 9 expanse
Over GO NaN! Foto. see erate C. thats, p. 421.
C. aoris, p. 427.
@ expanse under 65 mm....... C. surya, p. 424.
421. Cirrochroa fasciata, Felder (Atella), Ween. ent. Monats: iv,
1860, p. 286; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 119; Moore (Ducapa),
Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 209, pl. 363, figs. 3,3a-36,d2. —
3 2. Upperside fuliginous brown. Fore and hind wings with
a broad, inwardly oblique, pale ochraceous band extending from
interspace 3 on the fore wing to interspace 1 on the hind wing; a
* One form (C. thais) is an exception. The males of this have sex-marks
similar to those of C. fasciata ¢, but extending also along the apical portion
of vein 7 on the upperside of the fore wing.
CIRROCHROA. 421
short similarly coloured streak above it in interspace 5 on the
fore wing; a transverse postdiscal series of pale ochraceous spots
in the interspaces below 5 on the fore wing, complete on the hind
wing; on the latter wing these are closely contiguous and mar-
gined inwardly by a prominent series of black spots, extending on
the fore wing only to interspace 1; an inner transverse sub-
terminal series of pale ochraceous lunules, those on the fore wing
transversely very short ; finally, an obscure outer subterminal pale
Ime. Underside very pale greyish ochraceous, the markings as on
the upperside but faint and blurred, except the transverse series
of black spots, which are as prominent as on the upperside.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the
palpi, thorax and abdomen very pale ochraceous. Male sex-mark:
veins 5 and 6 on the fore and veins 6 and 7 on the hind wing with
a broad edging of pale specialized scales on each side, extending
irom close to the bases of those veins nearly up to the postdiscal
series of ochraceous spots.
Exp. 3 Q 49-53 mm. (1:93-2°1").
Hab. Tenasserim; extending in the Malayan Subregion as far
as the Philippines.
422. Cirrochroa flavo-brunnea, Grose-Smith (Paduca), A. M. N. H.
(5) xx, 1887, p. 266; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 211,
pl. 363, fie. 4g.
3. Closely resembles C. fasciata. Upperside differs as follows :
ground-colour ochraceous, a very broad medial transverse area
on both fore and hind wings much brighter ochraceous yellow,
terminal margins of both wings dark brown. The darker basal
area very sharply defined, on the fore wing angulated broadly
outwards in interspace 4; the postdiscal transverse series of
ochraceous spots so conspicuous in C. fasciata coalescing with the
broad, bright ochraceous, transverse medial area noted above, but
the transverse series of black spots and the subterminal markings
as in C. fasciata. Underside similar to that in C. fascata but
much yellower and paler. Male sex-mark as in C. fasciata.
Exp. & 45 mm. (1°8").
Hab, Yenasserim.
This, as Moore remarks, is probably only the dry-season form
of C. fasciata ; but specimens seem to be very rare in collections,
so that there is not enough material to judge from. The general
appearance is strikingly different.
423. Cirrochroa thais, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 64;
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 63, pl. 32, figs. 2, 2a, 9; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 117; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb.
N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 273, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 218, pl. 368, figs. 1, la-Lh, dQ.
Cirrochroa lanka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 557; 2d. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 63, pl. 32, figs.4,4.a, g; de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 116 ;
492 NYMPHALIDA.
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 220, pl. 369, figs. 1, la-1 f,
larva & pupa, dQ.
Cirrochroa swinhoei, Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 604 9 ; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 118.
Cirrochroa cognata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 64, pl. 52, figs. 3,
3b, S, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 117.
Cirrochroa relata, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 116, 3 @.
Wet-season form.— 3. Upperside rich tawny with the following
black markings:—Fore wing: a narrow band along the disco-
cellulars ; three transverse spotsin the interspaces beyond ; a spot
at the base of interspace 3, short transverse slender lines in con-
tinuation of it in interspaces 1 and 2; the three spots beyond the
apex of cell in échelon forward of the last-mentioned three mark-
ines ; a postdiscal transverse series of lunules inwardly diffuse in
interspaces 5 and 6, obsclescent in interspace 1; the apex and |
termen broadly black, the latter coalescing with an obscure sub-
terminal transverse lunular line and enclosing a series of detached
obscure lunules of the tawny ground-colour. Hind wing: the
markings dusky black, very similar to those in the hind wing of
C. mithila ; the white subcostal patch on the outer margin of the
discal line as in that form, but more prominent, the costal margin
beyond it to apex broadly fuliginous grey. Underside dark
ochraceous tawny suffused with purplish; basal area with some
short, transverse, slender dark lines, the discocellular transverse
streak on the fore wing as on the uppersidé ; a prominent, trans-
yerse, white discal band across both fore and hind wings, very
broad at costa of fore wing, narrowing to the dorsum; similarly
but not quite so broad at costa of hind wing and narrowing to the
dorsum; its Inner margin sinuous, its outer margin straighter,
both defined, but very obscurely, by dark lines; faint lunular
markings beyond on the terminal half of both wings as in all the
forms of the genus; the black spots in the transverse discal series
on the hind wing very small. Antenne brown ; head and abdomen
more or less fulvous tawny, thorax with bright pale green pubes-
cence; beneath pale ochraceous. Sex-mark: the veins on the
upperside of the disc of the fore wing black; veins 5, 6 and apical
portion of 7 with very narrow short bands of specialized scales on
each side; nosuch scales on the hind wing.— 2 . Upperside. similar,
the black edging to the apex and along the termen conspicuously
broader, as are all the dark markings; the special ¢ sex-marks of
course absent. Underside similar; ground-colour paler, more
ochraceous, not suffused with purplish, the markings similar to
those in the 3, but the inner margin of the discal band more than
sinuous, zigzag ; the band on the fore wing much attenuated at all
the veins below vein 5, on the hind wing narrower than in the g.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 6.
Dry-season form.—Similar to the wet-season form, but on the
upperside the ground-colour is a shade duller and paler, the
markings very slightly more restricted and of a dusky black. On
the underside the purplish suffusion is generally restricted to the
CIRROCHROA. 423,
terminal half of the wings in the ¢; the discal transverse band
in both sexes is slightly broader, in the 2 sometimes margined
outwardly with a very broad diffuse dusky-black shading in the
interspaces. |
Exp. & 2 62-75 mm. (2°48-2°98”).
Hab. Southern India, Ceylon.
After carefully examining long series of specimens from Southern
India and Ceylon, I am quite unable to find any constant characters
that would serve to distinguish C. lanka, Moore, from C. thais, Fabr.
424, Cirrochroa mithila, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 558 3; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp. 1878, p. 924; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 114;
Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 215, pl. 366, figs. 1, 1 a—le,
Cirrochroa rotundata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1877,
p. 543 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 114.
Cirrochroa anjira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 584; de N. Butt. Ind. |
11, 1886, p. 115; Moore, Lep. Ind, iv, 1899-1900, p. 216, pl. 367,
firs. I, la-le, gO.
3 2. Closely allied to C. aoris, but in both sexes the apex of
the fore wing is rounded, not truncate, the termen straighter,
more erect, the wing not apically produced.— ¢. Upperside rich
fulvous tawny, the basal area limited by the transverse discal
black line, darker on both fore and hind wings than the discal
and terminal portions of the wings. The black markings are
similar to those in C. aoris, but differ as follows:—Fore wing:
veins not black, concolorous with the ground-colour of the wing ;
discal transverse black line not so sinuous; subterminal black
zigzag line heavily marked, complete from apex to vein 1, black at
apex more diffuse ; the terminal edging of black slightly more even
in width. Hind wing: black markings absolutely identical with
those on hind wing of C. aorts. Underside: ground-colour
a darker, more uniform ochraceous than in C. aoris, slightly
suffused with purple; the markings similar, but the transverse
discal band of a much more even width on the fore wing ; there
is a distinct shade on the middle of the terminal half of both fore
and hind wings, darker than the rest of the ground-colour; the
subterminal markings are slightly more distinct, and the fore wing
is without the white apical patch so conspicuous in C. aoris.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in C. aorvs.
@. Resembles the dry-season form of the 2 C. aoris, but in
addition to the difference in the shape of the fore wing mentioned
above, the ground-colour and markings differ as follows :—Upper-
side: ground-colour a richer, brighter yellow. Fore wing: the
black line defining the inner and outer margins of the broad
bright yellow transverse discal band much less sinuous, less
sharply defined; the subterminal lunular transverse line more
clearly separated from the black edging to the terminal margin.
Hind wing differs less, but the black line defining the inner margin
of the discal band is less sinuous and less curved, terminating on
494 NYMPHALID#.
the dorsal margin closer to the tornus than it does in C. aoris;
the terminal markings are heavily defined and very distinct.
Underside as in C. aoris, but the ground-colour slightly darker, the
transverse discal band broader and, as in the ¢, of more even
width ; all the markings more distinct.
Exp. & 2 638-83 mm. (2°50-3°25”),
Hab. Sikhim; Behar; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; the
Andamans. Extends also through the Malayan Subregion to
Java.
Iam unable to separate the Andaman form (C. avira, Moore)
from Tenasserim specimens of thisform. The next form (C. surya,
Moore) is, 1 think, quite distinct though very closely allied to
C. mithila ; the difference in certain characters is constant, and
its range is restricted, coinciding, however, in part with that of
the far more widely spread C. mithila.
425. Cirrochroa surya, Moore, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 827; de N. Butt. Ind.
li, tees) Dp. at Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 217, pl. 367,
figs. 2, 2a-2e, dQ.
Closely resembles C. mithila, but the sexes are more alike, are
constantly smaller, and have the apex of the fore wing produced,
the termen consequently conspicuously more oblique.— ¢. Upper-
side a brighter fulvous tawny than in C. mithila. Fore wing:
a short narrow dusky-black band along the discocellulars; discal
markings reduced to some irregular black transverse short lines
beyond the cell; the edging of black on the apex and termen of
the fore wing broad, extending diffusely to the subterminal trans-
verse line. Hind wing: markings similar to those in C. mithila,
but the transverse dark discal line much interrupted, straight or
slightly curved, not sinuous. Underside: ground-colour as in
C. mithila, the transverse discal band on fore wing comparatively
broader anteriorly, narrower posteriorly ; the markings similar,
but the tinge of purplish and the dark shading on the middle of
the terminal area of both fore and hind wings entirely wanting.
Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen brownish fulvous ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.—Female
resembles the ¢,, but on the upperside the ground-colour is slightly
paler, the black edging to the apex and termen of the fore wing
broader. Underside: discal band more prominent, margined out-
wardly by a purplish dark line, inwardly by a slightly sinuous line
of an ochraceous shade darker than that of the ground-colour.
Eup. 3 2 49-63 mm. (1°95-2°5").
Hab. Recorded only from Tenasserim.
426. Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857,
p. 150, pl. 3, figs. 3, 3a, larva & pupa; Distant, Rhop. Malay.
1888, p. 179, pL. LO igs 26 Ok
Cirrochroa ravana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. £. I. C.1, 1857, p. 150.
CIRROCHROA. 495
3 2. Fore wing: apex produced but rounded, termen slightly
concaye.— ¢. Upperside rich reddish fulvous; bases of wings
lightly shaded with ochraceous brown ; basal halves of both fore
and hind wings a shade darker than the terminal haives, the outer
margin of this colour defined by an obscure outwardly-curved dark
line crossing both wings. Tore wing: the usual short transverse
discocellular dark streak; apex and termen jet-black, the edging
very broad on the costal margin, decreasing in width to the
dorsum, the black area on the apex encircling a very short obliquely-
placed streak of the ground-colour. Hind wing: the usual
white patch in interspace 7; discal row of transverse black spots
and postdiscal transverse lunular black line; terminal margin
somewhat broad, coalescing with the subterminal black transverse
lunular line anteriorly, more or less distinct from it posteriorly.
Underside ochraceous ; some transverse dark subbasal marks; fore
and hind wings with an irregular transverse discal band, pale
ochraceous on the fore, white on the hind wing; on the fore wing
this band is broad on the costal margin, gradually narrows to the
dorsum, and is defined on either side by dark diffuse ochraceous
lines; on the hind wing it is attenuated below vein 6 to middle of
interspace 4. Fore wing: a dusky fuliginous shade on apex and
termen ; a preapical oblique short white streak; subterminal and
terminal dark ochraceous lunular bands, their margins clearly
defined. Hind wing: the usual discal series of small black spots,
followed by dark ochraceous subterminal and terminal bands as
on the fore wing. Antenne dark brown; head and abdomen
fulvous ; thorax with greenish pubescence ; beneath, paipi, thorax
and abdomen pale ochraceous.— 2. Upperside: basal halves of
both fore and hind wings ochraceous brown, the outer margin of
the colour crenulate; terminal halves pale yellow. Fore wing
with the usual discocellular transverse short dark streak and black
edging to the apex and termen as in the g. Hund wing: the
discal transverse series of black spots, postdiscal, subterminal
and terminal markings as in the ¢, but less clearly defined and
somewhat diffuse. Underside: ground-colour of basal and terminal
halves of wings as on the upperside, but much paler, the markings
similar to those in the ¢.
Exp. 3 Q 76-84 mm. (3:05-3'34"),
Hab. 1 have received two males from Victoria Point in the
extreme south of Tenasserim within our limits. Found from the
Malay Peninsula to Java.
427, Cirrochroa nicobarica, W.-M. § de N. J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 231;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 112; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p. 221, pl. 370; figs. I, La-le, og 2.
sg 9. Termen of fore slightly, of hind wing strongly scalloped,
more strongly in the @ than in the ¢ ; apex of fore wing in both
426 NYMPHALID&.
sexes slightly produced, broadly rounded.— 3. Upperside: a paler,
somewhat duller tawny yel-
low than in C. mithila, the
bases of the wings slightly
shaded with dusky oliva-
ceous. ore wing: a short
narrow dusky black band
along the discocellulars ; the
costal margin narrowly, the
apex and termen very broadly,
from about the upper third
of the costa in a curved line
af to near apex of vein 3, and
Fig. 78.— Cirrockroa nicobarica, 3. 2 thence in a straighter line
to the dorsal margin, opaque
black, enclosing in the lower two or three interspaces very obscure
lunules of the ground-colour. Hind wing: a straight slender discal
black line from middle of costa to near apex of vein 1; a trans-
verse series of large oval black spots in interspaces | to 3 and 6 to
73; avery much smaller black spot in interspace 4; postdiscal,
subterminal and terminal narrow dull black sinuous bands: a
short, transverse, narrow subcostal white bar borders on the inner
side the discal black spot in interspace 7: beyond the spot the
space between it and the postdiscal band and between the latter
and subterminal band is conspicuously whitish. Underside pale
ochraceous. Fore wing: discocellular narrow band and an oblique
dark discal line very obscure; the black on the apex and termen,
on the upperside, showing through as a dark shade, traversed
subterminally by a very obscure series of whitish lunules. Hind
wing: the markings as on the upperside, but the discal transverse
line, postdiscal and subterminal bands, white not black ; the sub-
terminal band very narrow, the postdiscal band very broad, the
latter formed of a series of cone-shaped marks very narrowly
bordered on the inner side with diffuse black; the terminal
margin narrowly ochraceous.—Female similar. Upperside: ground-
colour paler, the black on the apex and termen of the fore wing
narrower, more restricted ; the black markings on the hind wing
narrower. Underside: ground-colour much paler than in the d,
the basal area darker than the rest and sharply defined, its outer
margin angulated outwards on vein 2 of the fore wing ; markings
almost identical with those in the 3, but on the hind wing the
spot of the discal series in interspace 3 sometimes absent; the
cone-shaped white markings composing the postdiscal white band
more confluent and continuous. Antenne dusky black in the 4,
ochraceous in the 2; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous ; beneath,
the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.
Exp. 3 @ 48-70 mm. (1:9-2°75"),.
Hab. The Nicobars.
CIRROCHROA, AQT
428. Cirrochroa aoris, Doubleday, in Dblday., Westw. & Hew. Gen. Di.
Lep. i, 1848, p. 157, pl. 21, fig. 2 9 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 109; Moore Lep. ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 212, pl. 364, figs. 1, 1 a—
Lee AB
Cirrochiroa abnormis, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 19; de N. Butt.
Ind. ii, 1886, p. 110; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 214,
pl. 365, figs. 1, la, ¢. :
Cirrochroa jiraria, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 281.
Race olivacea.
Cirrochroa olivacea, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 110, pl. 24,
fig. 111 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 214, pl. 365,
fies. 2,2a-2¢, 5 Q.
Wet-season form.— ¢ . Upperside tawny, base of the wings shaded
with olivaceous. Fore wing: atrans-
verse, dusky, ohscure, short narrow
band along the discocellulars ; a trans-
verse dusky black sinuous discal line,
terminating in an oblique short black
streak at base of interspace 7 ; a trans-
verse series of very obscure diffuse dark
spots; apex broadly, termen narrowly
black; from ‘the former is emitted
downwards a subterminal slender zig-
zag black line. Hind wing: a trans-
verse dark discal sinuous line and
series of black spots in continuation of
those on the fore wing, the spots
much more clearly defined; a post-
7 discal transverse series of slender
Fig. 79. lunular dark markings, followed by an
Cirrochroa aoris, 3 . inner and an outer dark subterminal
line; the inner line lunular, the outer
straight. The discal transverse line and postdiscal series of lunules
each bordered by a prominent white subcostal spot. Underside
ochraceous. Fore and hind wings with a common pinkish-white
conspicuous transverse discal fascia, its inner margin highly
sinuous, its outer straight, followed by a transverse series of spots
as on the upperside; a common subterminal transverse lunular
narrow band and a straight narrow border to the termen, the
latter two of a darker ochraceous than the ground-colour. The
basal area of both fore and hind wings with some dark ochraceous
transverse sinuous short lines; the apex of the fore wing white ;
the subterminal lunular line on the hind wing bordered inwardly
and outwardly by obscure broad pinkish-white lunules. Antenne
brown ; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous brown; beneath, the
palpi white, the thorax and abdomen ochraceous.— 9. Upperside
pale brown; fore and hind wings crossed transversely by a very
broad white discal band, its inner and outer margins irregularly
zigzag, but sharply defined ; anteriorly the band widens on the
Colo
498 NYMPHALID”.
costal margin of the fore wing and is medially traversed through-
out its length by a narrower brown band bearing a transverse
superposed row of spots similar to that in the ¢ ; the medial
band and the spots well defined on the hind wing, somewhat
diffuse on the fore wing; beyond the discal band is a transverse
series of broad white lunular markings succeeded by a terminal
brown band inwardly defined by a darker line. Underside a pale
ochraceous drab; the discal band as in the ¢ but lilacine white,
inwardly bordered by a highly sinuous pale brown narrow band;
a transverse sinuous narrow subbasal pale brown band, and short
transverse similar bands defining the apices of the cell-areas in
both fore and hind wings; beyond the discal band the transverse
series of spots and the subterminal and terminal markings similar
to those in the ¢, but the latter very much paler. Antenne
ochraceous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, pale drab-
white beneath.
Dry-season form.— 3. Upperside ditters from that in the wet-
season form in the greater or less obsolescence of the transverse
black markings on both fore and hind wings. On the fore wing
the black apex and terminal inargin and black subterminal zigzag
line are the only markings clearly defined; on the hind wing the
discal and subterminal transverse lines are more or less broken
and ill-defined. Underside: ground-colour and markings similar
to but paler than in the wet-season form.— 2. Upperside tawny
golden yellow ; dark markings nearly as in the wet-season form,
but the discal band and outer transverse lunular markings not
white, of the same shade as the ground-colour of the wings.
Underside very pale ochraceous, the markings of the upperside
showing through by transparency ; the markings on the basal
area of “the wings as in the wet-season form.
Exp. 3 9 88-94 mm. (3°47-3°72").
Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Khasi and Naga Hills ;
Cachar.
CO. abnormis, Moore, said to be from Darjiling, and of which
the type, a male, is the only specimen on record, is, I think, a
casual aberration of C. doris. Like C. aoris, it has the fore wing
truncated at apex; it differs, however, on the upperside in the
very heavily-marked transverse discal and subterminal lines cross-
ing both fore and hind wings; the apex and termen of the fore
wing are dusky black, not jet-black, and on the hind wing the
discal spots are much smaller, the postdiscal series of lunules
absent, and the inner subterminal transverse line not lunular. On
the underside the type-specimen is dull dark ochraceous, and all
the markings are more or less obsolescent.
Race olivacea, de Nicéville.— 3. Upperside differs from the
typical form as follows:—Fore wing, apex and termen more
broadly black, the black on the latter extending to and coalescing
with the subterminal zigzag line except in interspace 1, where
CIRROCHROA.—ARGYNNIS., 499
the subterminal line is distinct. Hind wing much as in the
dry-season specimens of doris, with the discal and subterminal
markings also obsolescent. Underside similar to that in aoris,
but the inner margin of the pale discal band crossing both fore
and hind wings is nearly straight, not highly sinuous, and the
outer margin is very sharply defined by a dark line; the apex of
the fore wing is white, as in aoris, but the black on the apex and
ou the termen on the upperside shows through as a dark, almost
brownish terminal band.— 2. Upperside differs from the typicai
form conspicuously in the broad white transverse discal band
confined to the fore wing ; on the hind wing the space between
the transverse black line limiting the basal area and the postdiscal
series of slender lunular black markings is of the same shade as
the ground-colour of the wing, except that the discal black line is
anteriorly bordered on the outer side by a small white patch.
On the fore wing, the inner margin of the white discal band is
bordered by a broad black line, and the apex and termen, beyond
its outer margin, are broadly dusky black. Underside purplish
white ; the markings somewhat as in the <3, but the white discal
band on the upperside of the fore wing shows through by trans-
parency, and the discal band on the hind wing is pale blue; the
dark line defining the band on the hind wing crosses also the fore
wing and is prominent on both wings; the markings beyond the
discal band on the hind wing are suffused with pale blue.
Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°18-3°55"),
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim.
Genus ARGYNNIS.
Dryas, Lubner, Tentamen, 1806 (no desc.) ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iw,
1899--1900, p. 228.
Argynnis, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 283; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 128; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 287.
Acidalia, Miibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 31; Moore, Lep. Ind.
iv, 1899-1900, p. 250.
Rathora et Boloria, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, pp. 241 & 243.
Type, A. aglaia, Linn., from Europe.
Range. Palearctic, Indo-Malayan, and Nearctic Regions.
Within Indian limits, the Himalayas; Hills of Central and
Southern India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma. Found also in
China; Japan; Java to Australia.
3 9. Fore wing: costa widely arched ; apex rounded; termen
straight, in a few forms somewhat falcate, in others slightly
convex; tornus obtuse; dorsum straight; cell closed, a little
less than half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 from a point, upper
discocellular therefore wanting, middle and lower respectively
concave, inclined obliquely inwards; vein 3 from well before
lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free, from well before
upper apex of cell, or 10 not free, 11 free. Hind wing: costa
430 NYMPHALID 2.
bluntly angular at base, thence almost straight to apex; apex
rounded; termen broadly arched, more or less scalloped ; tornus
rounded ; cell slenderly closed; lower discocellular oblique ; veins
3 and 4 from lower apex of celi; vein 7 closer to 6 than to 8
at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing; club short,
broad, abrupt; palpi comparatively broad and thick, densely
hairy, third joint attenuate, acute at apex ; eyes naked.
In the ‘ Lepidoptera Indica,’ the rather extensive group of the
Fritillaries, as the forms of Arg gyunis are popularly called, are
arranged under a number of genera, but as the coloraticn of the
whole group is so distinctive, and the venation so little varied, for
the Indian forms at any rate this division does not seem necessary.
. this work Argynnis includes all the forms found within our
limits.
Key to the forms of Argynnis.
A. Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal.
a. Underside hind wing: basal two-thirds or
more dark green or shining metallic green,
continuous, not broken up into patches or
spots.
a’, Underside hind wing with silvery mark-
ings Close to base.
a°*, Underside hind wing: silvery mark-
ings arranged in detached spots.
a°*, Underside hind wing without a
transverse postdiscal series of ferru- ip. 432.
GINOMUSIS POL ree Mew seeNs eitah resiale A. aglaia, race vitatha,
b°. Underside hind wing with a trans-
verse postdiscal series of ferruginous
BOUS (tee ete cas eget eet ep lates ore te Ole A. jainadeva, p. 438.
. Underside hind wing: silvery mark-
ines arranged in transverse bands.
Oe Upperside hind wing: terminal
margin posteriorly not suffused
with blue.
a*, Underside hind wing: basal area
crossed by three ‘short een
euinehs jah cote etre ce . A. kamatla, p. 433.
6*. Underside hind wing : basal area
crossed by one short silvery
LOFTON aes AWM Ae a a pce a Sy Boe Sar A A. maia, p. 434,
4°, Upperside hind wing: terminal
margin posteriorly broadly suttused
hae blue.
*, Upperside ground-colour rich
fulvous ; blue suffusion on hind
wing wery broad 0.00) tea. ke A. childreni, p. 485.
4. U pperside eround ~colour pale
fulvous; blue suffusion on hind [p. 437.
WING MALYOW AVES Veal sista oe ees Race sakontala,
b’. Underside hind wing without silvery
markings close to base-......-...-20% A, rudra, p. 437.
- ARGYNNIS. 431
4. Underside hind wing: basal half brownish
olive-green broken up into patches or
large spots.
a’. &. Upperside hind wing: subterminal
line of lunules blue ou posterior half of
wing. ©. Upperside fore wing with an
oblique white conspicuous band ...... A. hyperbius, p. 438.
b'. 3. Upperside hind wing: subterminal
line of lunules tawny yellow throughout.
©. First form: upperside fore wing
with an oblique white conspicuous
band ; second form: upperside fore wing
without oblique white band; similar
COLOKAGIOM 10, fy sh = ceteris ae Bisa Race castets?, p. 440.
c. Underside hind wing without a trace of green.
a. Hind wing: tornus angulate ; underside [essea, p. 441.
silvery spots comparatively large...... A, lathonia, race
6’. Hind wing: tornus rounded; underside
silvery spots comparatively small .... A. gemmata, p. 442.
B. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7.
_ a. Underside hind wing more or less strongly
suffused with green.
a’. Underside hind wing: green not ex-
tending to terminal margin, latter
MALO Ny GENTACEOUS Li: Cele sa os 5's A. clara, p. 443.
b'. Underside hind wing: green extending
up to terminal margin, no ochraceous
CUS Ah aas Uelrlert Tse eytiety bakae oer Race manis, p. 444.
4. Underside hind wing with no trace of green.
a’. Underside hind wing: terminal series of
white or silvery spots elongate, oval.
a>. These spots very narrow, not placed on
a red terminal edging. Expanse 34-
CSOSA AMER HAG.) sistent eee aemians minnles A, altissima, p. 445.
b?. These spots shorter and broader, placed
on a red terminal edging. Expanse |p. 446.
SO— LONE prey an eles, yes re se Race mackinnoni,
6’. Underside hind wing: terminal series of
white or silvery spots quadrate.
G. eiind: wanorapexrounded:. 2% 1... . 4366 A. gerdont, p. 446.
6?. Hind wing apex angulated.
a®. Upperside: ground-colour fulvous
tawny, black markings compara-
tively large. Expanse 88-42 mm.. A. pales, p. 447.
6°. Upperside: ground -colour bright
fulvous, black markings compara- [p. 449
tively small. Expanse 49-51 mm.. Race generator,
c’. Underside hind wing: terminal series
of white or silvery spots conical or '
scutiform, pointed on the inner side..., A. hegemone, p. 449.
429. Argyunis aglaia, Linneus (Papilio), Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p- 465.
Race vitatha.
Argynnis vitatha, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p.568 ¢ ; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 1386 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 239, pl. 37 4,
figs. 2,24,26, § Q.
432 NYMPHALID 2,
Race vitatha, Moore.— $. Upperside rich tawny yellow with
the following black markings :—Fore wing: a medial, inwardly
curved, broad, Joop-jike mark and a short transverse sinuous pre-
apical broad line in cell, the latter not reaching the median vein ;
a line along the discocellulars and a broad short irregular line
almost coalescent with it beyond ; a zigzag discal series of spots
twice angulated as in most forms of the genus; transverse post-
discal and subterminal series of spots, with a short subcostal
patch in interspace 6 on the inner side of the former and a
terminal narrow band. The subterminal spots inwardly pointed,
hastate, the terminal band inwardly dentate. Hind wing: a
broad line along the lower discocellular, a discal sinuous narrow
outwardly angulated band, a series of five postdiscal spots ; sub-
terminal spots and terminal narrow bands as on the fore wing.
Underside fore wing: ground-colour ochraceous tawny, fading to
very pale yellow along the costal margin and on apex; black
markings as on the upperside but less clearly defined, more or
less obsolescent or turning to greenish on apex and along termen.
Hind wing pale ochraceous yellow, the basal two-thirds suffused
with pale green: the terminal margin also somewhat broadly
pale green ; the following silvery markings on the green area :
two transverse detached basal and three transverse detached
medial spots; the middle spot of the latter in apex of cell; a
disca], somewhat macular, transverse band angulated outwards in
interspace 4, and a transverse series of broad subterminal lunules ;
the silvery markings margined on one or both sides by slender
black lines. Antenne dark brown, annulated with white below
the club; head, thorax and abdomen brownish fulvous ; beneath,
palpi and thorax pale greyish, abdomen ochraceous white.—
@. Similar, with similar markings. Upperside: ground-colour
typically paler, the irroration of dusky-black scales at the bases of
the wings more extended, on the hind wing in some specimens
reaching the terminal margin at apex of veins 1 and 2. Fore and
hind wings: the terminal black band broader than in the 3, the
subterminal series of dentate spots coalescing with it along
the veins, the intervening prominent line of spots thus formed
much paler than the ground-colour, almost white, but the tint on
these is variable ; abdominal fold paler than in the ¢. Underside
as in the ¢, the markings slightly broader, the apical area marked
with green, the subterminal spots anteriorly conspicuously silvery.
Exp. 3 2 56-78 mm. (2°2-3°1").
Hab. N. Kashmir, Gurais, Skoro-la, 15,000 ft. ; Chitral.
This form so closely resembles 4. a glaia that in the ‘ Butterflies
of India’ de Nicéville considered it quite sufficient to give a
description of typical aglaia. Though very slightly differentiated,
Indian specimens can always be discriminated by the comparatively
smaller size of the black markings on the wings in the ¢, and in
the 2 by the generally darker colouring. In both sexes also the
subterminal series of spots on both fore and hind wings are
as a rule inwardly more acutely pointed. Chitral specimens of
ARGYNNIS. 433.
the 2 seem to be always darker, and in my own and in the
British Museum collections there are, from Chitral, a few very
melanoid specimens of the 92, unlike any I have seen from other
localities. In these the ground-colour and markings on the
upperside are as in the ordinary form, but very strongly suffused
with a dark purplish-black bloom that extends all over the wings :
on the fore wing the costal margin beyond the discal band bears a
white spot; the upper two spots of the postdiscal series have
a small white spot on either side, the subterminal series of
inwardly pointed spots on both fore and hind wings are margined
on the outer side by a series of white spots, and the cilia are
prominently white.
430. Argynnis jainadeva, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. i, 1864, p. 131 ;
td. Yarkand Miss., Lep. 1879, p.2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 135; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 238, pl. 374, figs. 1,
la-le, dQ
5 2. Closely resembles A. aglaca race vitatha, but the black
markings on the upperside are broader as a rule than in that
form. There is, however, considerable variation, probably seasonal
or extremely local, and many specimens are much paler than
typical forms, with the markings distinctly narrower and smaller.
On the upperside both sexes can generally be distinguished from
vitatha by the more rounded inner margins of the subterminal
series of spots on both fore and hind wings; on the underside
by the very prominent transverse series of silvery-centred dark
ferruginous spots bordering the discal row of silvery spots on the
hind wing. This is very distinctive, not a trace of such spots
occurs in vitatha.
Exp. S 2 60-68 mm. (2°35-2°68").
Hab. The Himalayas; Chitral to Kumaun above 9000 ft.
The Chitral forms seem to run larger and darker.
431. Argynnis kamala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 156 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 184; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 224, pl. 371, figs. 1,144,106, 6 Q.
3. Upperside golden yellow with black spots and markings as
below ; basal area of the wings darkened by an irroration of
olivaceous-brown scales. Fore wing: two short sinuous trans-
verse lines across middle of cell, with an inverted N-shaped mark
beyond; a somewhat zigzag series of large spots, angulated
outwards in interspace 4 and inwards in interspace 2, followed
by a short transverse subcostal streak in interspace 6, a trans-
verse, slightly sinuous postdiscal and a straighter subterminal
series of spots; a transverse narrow edging to the termen, the
last traversed by a very slender interrupted line of the yellow
eround-colour. Hind wing: base clothed with long soft yellow
hair extending over the cell and along vein 1, a transverse short
streak near apex of cell, another in the interspace below it ;
VOL. I. QR
434 NYMPHALIDA.
a sinuous discal line of transverse spots in interspaces 4 to 6,
followed by a postdiscal series of smaller spots, a subterminal
complete series of transverse spots and a narrow band on the
terminal margin, the last traversed by an interrupted line of
the yellow ground-colour as on the fore wing, only broader and
more distinct. Underside fore wing pale ochraceous yellow,
apex and postdiscal short subcostal streak in interspace 6 green,
the black markings as on the upperside, but the postdiscal trans-
verse series of spots reduced to two, the spots in the subterminal
series blurred, the upper two white, the terminal black edging
replaced by an inner and an outer very slender greenish line.
Hind wing metallic green with silvery transverse fascize and spots
as follows: a basal fascia from below precostal nervure to base of
interspace 1, a subbasal fascia from costa to lower apex of cell,
a series of small irregular discal spots, a postdiscal macular fascia
from costa to dorsum, continued obscurely up the dorsal margin
to base, and a subterminal similar fascia from costa to tornus,
these silvery fascize and spots margined on one or on both sides
by slender black lines; the space between the postdiscal and sub-
terminal fasciz traversed by an obscure series of transverse dark
spots outwardly bordered with yellow; the termen narrowly
greenish yellow with an inner and an outer darker green slender
transverse line parallel to the margin. Antenne dark brown ;
head, thorax and abdomen fulvous, the head and thorax with
a mixture of bright green pubescence; beneath, the palpi, thorax
and abdomen ochraceous. Sex-mark: veins 1 and 2 on upperside
of fore wing ridged and clothed with dark specialized scales.—
2. Upperside similar to that in the ¢, but the base and inter-
space la on the fore wing shaded with greenish brown, the
posterior three-fourths of the hind wing with a brighter green ;
the ground-colour of the rest of the fore wing and of the hind
wing anteriorly ochraceous; markings on both fore and hind
Wings similar to those in the g but much broader; on the fore
wing the spots of the discal series very large, continuous, formed
into a zigzag band, the anterior two spots of the subterminal
series white. Underside similar, the markings much broader.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°53-2°7'').
Hab. Western Himalayas ; Kashmir to Kumaun.
432. Argynnis maia, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 25,
figs. B, C, 2 ; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 227.
Papilio pandora, Denis § Schiff. Wien. Verz. 1776, p.176; de N.
(Argynnis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 133.
3. Upperside yellow suffused strongly with green over the base
and posteriorly on the fore wing and over the whole of the hind
wing; markings black. Fore wing: cell with two medial bands
and a broader subapical short sinuous transverse one, the last
impinging on a line along the inner side of the discocellulars ; a
ARGYNNIS, 435
much broader sinuous short band beyond apex of cell, joined
above to the discocellular line; a zigzag discal transverse band,
attenuate posteriorly ; an inner and an outer postdiscal transverse
series of spots, the anterior spots in the latter decreasing markedly
in size, and a slender transverse subterminal line continued along
the margin of the dorsum and broadened at the crossing of the
veins along the termen. Hind wing: an obscure, transverse, short
narrow bar near base of interspace 4; a zigzag, somewhat inter-
rupted, transverse discal band; an inner and an outer postdiscal
transverse series of spots, not extending beyond interspace 6; an
elongate streak above them in interspace 7, and a subterminal
transverse line broadening at the veins as on the fore wing, but
not continued along the dorsum. Underside fore wing: basal
half pale terracotta-red, costal margin broadly from base and the
apex pale ochraceous, the costal margin and the outer portion of the
apex suffused with green; the black markings as on the upperside
- but smaller and ill-defined ; the zigzag discal band macular, the
anterior spots of the two postdiscal series obsolete, the subterminal
line entirely absent. Hind wing pale metallic green, with the
following pale ochraceous transverse markings: a broad line
across interspace 6 near base, continued along on the outer side
of the discocellulars to the lower apex of cell; a discal broken
sinuous line from above tornus to vein 8; a postdiscal series of
five very small spots, and an obscure, slender, subterminal, broken,
sinuous line. Antenne brown ; head and thorax green, abdomen
brownish fulvescent ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen very
pale ochraceous tinged with pale green. Sex-mark: a raised line
of specialized scales from near base to middle, along veins 2 and 3
on the upperside of the fore wing.— 2 very similar. Upperside
heavily suffnsed with green, the black markings conspicuously
broader. Underside fore wing: the ground-colour on basal half
slightly darker, the black markings on the fore and the ochraceous-
white markings on the hind wing like those in the ¢, but much
broader; those on the latter wing tinged with silvery blue in
certain lights.
Exp. & Q 78-92 mm. (3:1-3°62").
Hab. S.E. Germany; S. Europe; Western Asia. A _ single
specimen from within our limits recorded as ‘“* probably taken near
Gilgit.”
433. Argynnis childreni, Gray, Zool. Misc. i, 1831, p. 33; id. Lep.
Ins. Nepal, 1846, p. 11, pl. 11, fig. ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p. 182; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 228, pl. 372,
figss a hb) oo.
Race sakontala.
Argynnis sakontala, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, pt. 2, 1844,
p. 439, pl. 12, 6 9; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p- 229, pl. 372, figs. 2, 2a, 3d &.
3g. Upperside rich fulvous, with the following jet-biack
22
436 NYMPHALID®.
markings :—Fore wing: cell with three transverse short bands,
the outermost the broadest, a spot at bases of interspaces 4 and 5
respectively, along the middle and lower discocellulars ; a discal
zigzag series of large spots, the upper three connate, forming a
short oblique band from the middle of the costa, the series
angulated outwards in interspace 4 and inwards in interspace 2 ;
a postdiscal transverse sinuous series of rounded spots, a sub-
terminal series of similar spots, and a transverse narrow ter-
minal band broadening at the
LER veins, traversed by a slender
interrupted line of the fulvous
eround-celour; cilia fulvous. Hind
wing: a slight transverse black
mark at apex of cell, a discal
series of six transverse spots from
costa to interspace 2, angulated
outwards in interspace 4, a post-
discal transverse series of five
rounded spots, a subterminal com-
plete series of similar spots, the
posterior three or four crescentic,
and a terminal narrow band;
the posterior portion of the ter-
minal area below vein 5 broadly
and for a short distance narrowly
Fig. 80. along the dorsum indigo-blue ;
Argynnis childreni,3. 2. the black on the terminal mar-
ein traversed by a very slender
series of lunules, light blue up to interspace 4, dusky fulvous
anteriorly ; cilia prominently white, interrupted by black at the
apices of the veins. Underside: fore wing a beautiful terracotta-
red ; black markings much as on the upperside; the costal margin
above the subcostal vein pale yellow ; the apex broadly to vein 4
pale green, the space between the upper portion of the discal
series of black spots and the inner margin of the green area
yellow; a preapical broad silvery loop superposed on the green
apical area across interspaces 5 to 7; the spots of the postdiscal
series above interspace 4 and of the subterminal series green, the
black edging to the terminal margin replaced by an inner and an
outer slender interrupted black line. Hind wing rich metallic
green, with transverse silvery black-margined broad fascize and
lines as follow: a fascia along vein la, a basal fascia from costa
to median vein, thence dividing and rejoiing Jower down,
enclosing a small oval patch of the ground-colour, continued along
vein 1, with short cross-streaks to vein 1 a, and lower to vein 2 ;
a subbasal fascia from costa crossing the cell continued along
vein 2; a slender line along the discocellulars crossing at the
lower apex of cell to vein 2, a triangular spot at base of inter-
space 3; a median short fascia from costa to vein 5; a discal
broader straight fascia from costa to above tornus, thence curving
ARG YNNIS. 437
upwards and continued more narrowly along the dorsal margin ;
a postdiscal, transverse, slightly-curved lunular line ; a narrow
continuous subterminal and a lunular terminal similar band, the
two divided and the latter outwardly margined by a slender
black line; finally, a velvety-black spot at tornus, with a diffuse
bluish spot aboveit. Antenne brown ; head, thorax and abdomen
rich fulvous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous
tinged slightly with green.—@Q similar. Upperside ground-
colour slightly paler, the spots as a whole more rounded, the
indigo-blue termina! patch on hind wing extending up to vein 5.
Underside similar to that of the ¢. Male sex-mark as in
A. kamala.
Exp. 3 2 90-95 mm. (3°57-3°95").
Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma ;
extending to Western and Central China.
Race sakontala, Kollar.—A slightly differentiated form from
the western drier region of the Himalayas. Differs from childrene
as follows:—d 2 smaller. Upperside ground-colour slightly
duller fulvous, in the 2 paler than in childrent 2 , the indigo-blue
terminal patch on the hind wing duller in both sexes, and not so
broad as in the typical form. Underside similar, but the markings
all narrower than in childrent. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen in both sexes, and the sex-mark in the ¢, as in childrenz,
but vein 1 also ridged with specialized scales.
Exp. & 2 82-84 mm. (3:25-3°32").
Hab. Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaun.
434. Argynnis rudra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. £. I. C. i, 1857, p. 157 ;
Anderson, Yunnan Evped. 1878, p. 924; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 152, pl. 18, fig. 75 ¢; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 226, pl. 371, figs. 2, 24,26, 3 Q.
3. Upperside rich ochraceous orange, with the following black
spots and markings:—Fore wing: a broad loop and a short
transverse band across cell, a broad line along the outer side of
the discocellulars, a zigzag discal band of large spots, a postdiscal
sinuous and a subterminal series of round spots, both anteriorly
curved inwards, the spots in the subterminal series decreasing in
size towards costal margin, the subcostal two spots elongate; finally,
a narrow marginal line on the termen bordered inwardly by a row
of spotson the veins. Hind wing: a transverse short streak along
lower discocellular, a discal series of six spots from costa to inter-
space 2, the spots in interspaces 3 and 4 shifted outwards out of
line; a postdiscal slightly curved series of larger spots in inter-
spaces 2 to 6; a complete subterminal series of spots, and the
terminal margin with its inner border of spotsas in the fore wing,
but broader. Underside: fore wing ochraceous, paler anteriorly,
the apex broadly suffused with pale green, the markings, except
the postdiscal and subterminal series of spots and terminal black
438 NYMPHALID.
edging as on the upperside; of the postdiscal series the spots in
interspaces 2 and 3 only present; of the subterminal series spots
in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 present ; the rest of the spots of both
series obsolescent, showing through only by transparency from
the upperside ; the black edging to the termen absent, indicated
only by an obscure slender dark line. Hind wing: basal area
bright green, crossed by a comparatively broad basal ferruginous
fascia from vein 1 to 8; followed by a short, very slender,
sinuous ferruginous line from vein 5 to 8, a pale yellowish patch
in interspace 6; a sinuous transverse silvery discal line, bordered
irregularly by dusky diffuse ferruginous markings; postdiscal and
subterminal transverse series of somewhat obscure green spots,
the latter series superposed on a lilacine-white background, and a
terminal broad edging of green with an outer dark line. Cilia, on
fore and hind wings brownish. Antenne brown above, ochraceous
red beneath ; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous tawny;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous tinged
with Bao, Sex-marks as in A. kamala, but placed on veins 1
and 2 of the fore wing.— 2. Upper and under sides as in the ¢,
the basal area of the wings on the upperside broadly suttused w ith
olivaceous brown.
Exp. & 2 68-76 mm. (2°69-3").
Hab. The hills of Assam and Upper Burma.
435. Argynnis hyperbius (Pl. V, fig. 36), Johanssen (Papilio), Amen.
Acad. vi, 1764, p. 408 9; Moore (Acidalia), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-
1900, p. 282, pl. 378, figs. 1, 1 a, 14, 6 2.
Papilio niphe, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xl, 1767, 1, pt. Lope meee
Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 60, pl. 31, ‘figs. 2, 2.a,2b, 3 ©, larva.
& pupa; de N. (Areynnis) Butt. Ind. ii. "1886, poke:
Acidalia taprobana, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p: 237.
Race castetsi (Pl. VI, fig. 42).
Areynnis niphe, var. castetsi, Oberthir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889,
p. 235.
Acidalia castetsi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 236, pl. 373,
fies. 2,2a, 3 2.
3. Upperside: fore wing rich orange-yellow, hind wing paler
yellow, with the following bl cell
with a basal short transverse streak, a medial broad oval loop.
its outer margin sinuous; a broad transverse streak beyond cell
not reaching the median nervure; a broad streak along the disco-
cellulars ; a zigzag discal series of large spots, angulated out-
wardly in interspace 4, inwardly in interspace 2, a minute spot
at base of interspace 1 ; a somewhat diffuse large postdiscal spot
below the costa in interspace 6; a postdiscal sinuous series of
round spots, those in interspaces 1 and 4 very small; an inner
complete subterminal sinuous series of round spots; an outer
subterminal line, widening on the veins, and a terminal slender
ARGYNNIS, 439
line. Hind wing: a basal, transverse, obscure narrow mark in
cell, another above it in interspace 7, a transverse lunule across
the middle of the cell; a smali spot outwardly bordering the
lower discocellular ; a discal series of transverse spots from inter-
spaces 1 to 7, sinuous posteriorly ; a postdiscal series of five
spots in interspaces 2 to 6; a subterminal series of somewhat
lunular spots; finally, a narrow band on termen traversed pos-
teriorly by a series of blue, anteriorly by a series of ochraceous
lunules. Underside fore wing pale terracotta-red, shading into
ochraceous towards the apex, the apex broadly suffused with that
colour ; markings as on the upperside, with the following excep-
tions :—subcostal spot in interspace 6, upper two spots of post-
discal series, upper four spots of the inner subterminal series, and
the anterior portions of the outer subterminal and of the terminal
line olivaceous brown; the upper two postdiscal spots centred
with white, with a white spot on each side; the upper four
spots of the subterminal series connate, forming a short curved
band. Hind wing variegated with ochraceous, olivaceous-brown
and silvery-white markings, the last for the most part narrowly
margined on the outer side by short black lines; the veins
prominently pale ochraceous; the medial silvery markings form a
well-marked sinuous discal series, followed by a curved postdiscal
series of five olivaceous round spots ; each spot and the olivaceous-
brown quadrate patch near base of cell with a minute white
central spot; a slender black subterminal line widening at the
veins, as on the fore wing, followed by an ochraceous narrow
lunular band and an outer slender black anticiliary line; the
subterminal black line margined on the inner side by a series of
slender white lunules, bordered inwardly by a series of broad
olivaceous-brown markings in the interspaces. Antenne brown
above, ochraceous red beneath ; bead, thorax and abdomen olivas-
cent tawny ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.
—®. Similar. Differs from the ¢ as follows :—Upperside:
apical half of fore wing from about the middle of the costa
obliquely to just above the tornus black, inwardly suffused with
purple, crossed by a broad white band from costa to the sub-
terminal series of black spots; four preapical white spots, the
upper three bordering on each side and above a very obscure
ocellus scarcely visible on the black background, an inner and an
outer subterminal transverse series of slender white lunules.
Underside : fore wing markings similar to those on the upperside,
but the apex of the wing beyond the white oblique band ochraceous
ereen. Hind wing as in the ¢, but the markings slightly
broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 6, the
abdomen paler beneath.
Exp. 3 Q 80-98 mm. (3°25-3:35").
Hab. The Himalayas, in the outer ranges from Campbellpur
in the Punjab to Sikhim ; Oudh; Agra; Manbhum in Bengal ;
Assam, the Khasi Hills; Upper Burma; extending to China and
Formosa; Sumatra; Java.
440 NYMPHALID#.
Larva. ‘“‘ Head and legs black; body black, this colour,
however, obscured by orange-tawny markings. A broad orange-
tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight horizontal simple black spines
on head; spines on pectoral segments black; on abdominal
segments pink tipped with black; on caudal segments pink faintly
black-tipped.”
Pupa. “Head and wing-cases pale Indian red; ten pale
metallic spots on back ; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black-
tipped.” (A. Graham, fide de Nicéville.) Mr. de Nicéville adds :
“The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there are |
a pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third
smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched
and keeled, on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of
spines, the third anterior pair the largest.” (Butt. Ind. 11, p. 131.)
Var. taprobana, Moore, is a slightly darker race from Ceyion,
with markings similar in both sexes to those of hyperbius.
Moore, however, states that taprobana is “ intermediate between
the S. Indian form (castetsi) and typical hyperbius.” <All speci-
mens from Ceylon that I have been able to examine do not differ
from Upper India, Assam, and Burmese specimens, except in the
very slightly darker ground-colour on the upperside.
Race castetsi, Oberthiir.—The females of this remarkable form
seem to be locally dimorphic. <¢. Closely’resembles the ¢ of
hyperbius, but differs as follows:—Upperside: ground-colour a
richer brighter shade of orange-yellow ; black markings similar
but distinctly smaller, of a deeper black ; subterminal transverse
series of slender lunules traversing the terminal black margin on
the hind wing of the same shade of orange-yellow as the ground-
colour, not blue on the posterior half of the wing. Underside:
the olivaceous brown at apex of fore and variegating the hind
wing more of a greenish golden tint. A sex-mark of specialized
raised scales along middle of vein 1 on the upperside of the fore
wing very prominent.
Q. Nigiri form: resembles the 2 of typical hyperbius.
Differs as follows :—Upperside : ground-colour pale golden
yellow; basal half of both fore and hind wings shaded with
metallic green in the fore wing; in some specimens this tint is
slightly olivaceous ; black markings and the white oblique band on
the apicai area of the fore wing as in hyperbius, but propor-
tionately smaller, the purplish-blue shading along inner margin
of the white band much less conspicuous, as is also the bluish tint
on the white preapical spots and subterminal markings on the
fore wing and on the posterior half of the subterminal line of
lunules on the hind wing. Underside as in hyperbius; but the
ground-colour on the fore wing a paler shade of terracotta-red ;
the olivaceous brown variegating the hind wing of a distinctly
ereener tint.
2. Typical as described from Trichinopoly. Similar to the ¢.
Differs as follows :—Upperside : ground-colour pale golden yellow ;
ARGYNNIS. 44]
basal half of the wings suffused with dark olivaceous green ;
black markings as in the ¢ but larger; on the fore wing the
spots of the subterminal series very large, coalescent or nearly
coalescent with one another and with the dentate spots on the
veins in the inner terminal line; the upper two spots also of the
postdiseal series very large and coalescent, the upper of the two
joining on above and below to the inner postdiscal lunate spot in
interspace 6, thus enclosiug a prominent lunule of the ground-
colour. Underside as in the ¢, but paler.
Exp. 3 2(Nilgirt form) 66-76 mm. (2°6-3°1"). 3 2 (Lypical)
70-74 mm. (2°75-2°92"').
Hab. Southern India.
436. Argynnis lathonia, Zinneus (Papilio), Faun. Suec. 1761, p. 282.
Race issea.
Argynnis issea, Doubleday, in Gray’s Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846,
Moore (Rathora), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 241, pl. 375,
iret) Wet § Qi:
Argynnis lathonia, Elwes (nec Linn.), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 404; de Ne
(nec Linn.) Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 187; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1889, p. 349.
Race issea, Doubleday.— 3. Upperside bright pale fulvous ;
base of both wings and upper dorsal area of hind wing suffused
with olivaceous brown. Fore and hind wings with black markings
as follow :—Fore wing: three transverse, short, slightly simuous
bands across cell; a transverse spot below, near base of inter-
space 1; a broad short band along the discocellulars, a zigzag
discal series of large black spots, the upper three connate, forming
a short oblique band from costa; a postdiscal transverse short
patch below costa in interspace 6, followed by two transverse rows
of spots, the spots in the inner row rounded, in the outer row
somewhat lunular, the upper spots connate; beyond these are
two parallel, slender, terminal transverse lines connected at the
veins by dentate dots. Hind wing: a short transverse mark in
cell, a broad line along the lower discocellular; a discal and a
postdiscal series of spots, the spots in the former smaller than
those in the latter; both series curved outwards at interspace 4,
then inwards and again outwards in interspace 1; a subterminal
series of lunular spots and two slender terminal lines as on the
fore wing. Underside a paler yellow. Fore wing: an inwardly
oblique short fascia from apex and the veins near the apex
ferruginous red; the black markings on the basal two-thirds of
the wing as on the upperside; the spot in interspace 6, the apical
three spots of the postdiscal series, and the apical four of the
subterminal series silvery. Hind wing with the following silvery
markings :—a precostal spot, two small spots at base of cell, an
elongate spot at base of interspace 1, two streaks on the
abdominal fold; a discal series of three comparatively very large
spots, the middle spot subacute at apex, extending from middle of
ois
Pp
figs. 1,
449 NYMPHALIDA.
cell to middle of interspace 4, two small spots below it in inter-
Spaces 2 and 3; an outer discal transverse band attenuated and
broken in the middle, broad anteriorly and posteriorly, followed
by a transverse curved series of small dark spots with silvery
centres, and a subterminal series of large cone-shaped spots with
an outer very slender terminal red line. The silvery markings
margined on one side or on both by very slender black lines, and
bordered with somewhat diffuse ferruginous red. Antenne
ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous, head and
thorax with some bright greenish pubescence ; beneath, palpi,
thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.— 2. Similar; the black
markings on the upperside broader, the anterior spots of the sub-
terminal series on the upperside of the fore wing coalescent with
the inner terminal transverse line; the basal olivaceous-brown
shading at the base of the wings on the upperside darker, more
extended. On the underside the markings are similar to but
larger than those in the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 54-65 mm. (2:12-2°57").
Hab. The Himalayas, from Chitral to Sikhim ; the Chin Hills,
Upper Burma; extending to W. China.
Differs constantly (as pointed out by Mr. Elwes) from the
European form, typical lathonia, in the posterior portion of the
outer discal transverse band on the underside of the hind wing.
This in lathonia is incomplete, the silvery marking not extending
beyond vein 2; in race isswa it invariably extends to vein 4.
437. Argynnis gemmata, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) vii, 1881, p. 32,
pl. 4, figs, 1, la, 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 138; Moore
(Boloria), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 249, pl. 377, figs. 1, la,
Vos ie
3. Upperside fulvous, varying from a yellowish to a rich reddish
tint ; base of fore wing up to the subbasal mark in the cell, hind
wing up to the discal series of spots, deep brownish black, on the
hind wing partially obscured by long recumbent fulvous hairs ;
the usual black spots and markings are present, but the sub-
terminal series on the fore wing is more rounded, not inwardly
acute ; on the hind wing lunular; the black terminal margin on
both fore and hind wings narrow, narrower on the fore than on the
hind wing; cilia long, fulvous. Underside fore wing bright
ochraceous in the reddish-tinted specimens, paler in the yellowish ;
the black markings as on the upperside, but not so clearly defined;
a transverse cinnabar-red short preapical fascia inclined inwards,
bordered on the inner side by one, on the outer side by four
elongate silvery spots; the anterior two or three spots of the
postdiscal series superposed on the red area and centred with
silvery white. Hind wing cinnabar-red, the dorsal margin set
narrowly with long fulvous recumbent hairs ; the bases of the cell,
and of interspaces 2, 5 and 6, the costal margin narrowly, a
posterior postdiscal band, and the cilia, rich ochraceous; the costal
ARGYNNIS, 443.
margin very narrowly at base, a spot at bases of interspaces 7
and 8, a spot below it in middle of cell, a short streak at base of
interspace 1, a spot in middle of interspace 7, three short streaks
in vertical order below it, an elongate mark beyond apex of cell,
a discal transverse cur ved series of inwardly pointed spots inter-
rupted in interspace 4, a postdiscal series of black silver-centred
small spots, and a conspicuous row of large triangular terminal
spots, rich silvery. Antenne dark ochraceous brown ; head, thorax
and abdomen brown, covered with fulvous hairs; beneath, palpi,
thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous.— ?. Differs from the 3 as
follows :—Upperside ground-colour darker. Fore wing: the dark
shading at base irrorated with grey scales, extending up to the
discal series of spots in interspaces | and 2, and up to the tornus
in interspace 1a; a small white subcostal spot on the inner side
of the postdiscal series of spots, and transverse series of small
_ white spots interposed between the subterminal and terminal black
markings; these spots rounded anteriorly, transverse posteriorly.
Hind wing with a similar series of transverse white spots.
Cilia white, alternated with black. Underside: the terminal
silvery-white spots on the fore wing larger and continued as a
rule down to interspace 1; on the hind wing the rich ochraceous
markings in the ¢ replaced by pale greenish yellow.
Eap. 3 2 38-52 mm. (1°5-2:02").
Hab. The Himalayas at high elevations from Kumaun to the
Chumbi Valley, east of Sikhim; Tibet.
438. Argynnis clara, Blanchard, in Jacquemont, Voy. dans Inde, iv,
1844, p. 20, Ins. pl. 2, figs. 2,3, ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 186; Moore (Boloria), Lep. Ind. iv, 1889-1900, p. 253, pl. 878
fios. 1, la-le, dQ.
Race manis (Pl. VII, fig. 47).
Areynnis clara manis, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xvi, 1903, p. 41.
Aroynnis claudia, Faweett, Absa. P, ZS. June 1904,op. 8; 7a.
ET ZAS NOS p2laG.rl: 9, fig. 3.
3. Upperside rich ochraceous; base of wings shaded with dusky
greyish brown, more broadly on the hind than on the fore wing,
the basal area of the hind wing also clothed with long recumbent
hairs. Fore and hind wings with the usual black Argynnis
markings and spots; the spots of the subterminal series hastate,
acutely pointed on the inner side, followed by an inner slender
black line and an outer anticiliary similar line with an interspace
between them of the ochraceous ground-colour; cilia white.
Underside ochraceous, paler than on the upperside. Fore wing :
apex touched with pale green; black markings as on the upper-
side, but not so clearly defined ; the anterior spots of the postdiscal
series more or less diffusely fuscous green, bordered on the inner
side by a short silvery streak with a silvery spot above and
below it; the anterior subterminal hastate black marks centred
444 NYMPHALID#.
with silvery white. Hind wing, up to a neatly-marked narrow
terminal band, suffused with pale green with the following bluish-
silvery markings, margined on one or both sides very slenderly
with black :—a minute spot at base of interspace 7, a transverse
slender fascia beyond, continued along the discocellulars, a short
transverse slender mark across middle of cell, three short streaks
following one another in interspace 1, a curved discai series of
almond-shaped spots, the anterior spots of the series bordered
with ochraceous, and a subterminal conspicuous series of triangular
spots. Between the discal and subterminal markings there is a
series of ochraceous dots, and the band of the terminal margin is
ochraceous, defined inwardly by a greenish line; dorsal margin
very narrowly silvery. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and
abdomen ochraceous; beneath, the palpi and thorax paler, dusky
ochraceous, abdomen fuscous white.— 2. Upperside ground-colour
darker than in the ¢, overlaid entirely by dark green, or the base
only of both fore and hind wings broadly green, the ground-colour
beyond suffused with dark greyish brown; the hind wing poste-
riorly, from base to tornus, clothed with long recumbent hairs ; in
both fore and hind wings the black markings as in the ¢, but the
fore wing generally with a pale broad yellow band across middle
of cell, and the anterior spots of the discal series on the outer side,
of the postdiscal series on both sides, bordered with pale markings.
Hind wing: the discal series of spots, either entirely or the
anterior spots only, fulvous, and the black spots of the postdiscal
series bordered outwardly by pale spots; the subterminal black
markings on both fore and hind wings triangular, with their centres
white, the terminal margins brown with a black anticiliary line ;
the cilia white alternated with brown. Underside: fore wing
ground-colour a darker ochraceous than in the g, apex more
broadly suffused with greenish, otherwise as in the g. Hind
wing as in the ¢, the green of a richer shade, the bluish-silvery
spots proportionately larger, more clearly margined with black
slender lines.
Hep. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2713—-2°3").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas.
Race manis, Fruhstorfer.-—-There appears to be a pale and a dark
form of this, the eastern representative of clara. The dark variety
has been figured under the name of claudia by Fawcett. This differs
from clara as follows :—Sexes much more alike. 6. Upperside
dark ochraceous yellow. Fore wing: the black discal and post-
discal spots narrower, not so neatly defined as in clara, the sub-
terminal hastate markings joined to the black along the termen,
thus giving to the wing an appearance of having a broad black
terminal border, traversed by a series of ochraceous spots. Hind
wing: the postdiscal series of spots incomplete, the spot in
interspace 4 wanting; the terminal margin as in the fore
wing. Underside fore wing: the terminal margin as well as the
apex suffused with greenish; hind wing: the suffusion of green
spreading to the terminal margin, not neatly delimited as in clara.
ARGYNNIS, 445
Fore and hind wings: the silvery spots much narrower, the
subterminal spots not triangular, elongate-—?. Very similar to
the ¢. Differs from clara 2 in the absence of any suffusion of
green on the upperside, the bases of the wings are shaded with
brown as in the ¢, and the disc of the wings is ochraceous not
greyish brown. On the underside it is similar to its own ¢.
The pale form may be seasonal, but no dated specimens are
available for the determination of this point. On the upper and
under sides the ground-colour is a much paler ochraceous; the
anterior postdiscal spots on the fore wing are, in some specimens,
more or less obsolescent on the upperside, and quite obsolete on
the underside. On the hind wing the green colour is much more
restricted, leaving a conspicuous broad, curved, postdiscal band of
the pale ochraceous ground-colour across the wing. Antenne
dark brown, ringed with white below the club, apex ochraceous;
head, thorax and abdomen dark brown with a thin covering of
ochraceous hairs, apex of abdomen bright ochraceous ; beneath,
palpi, thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous brown, apex of
abdomen bright ochraceous.
Exp. & 2 46-50 mm. (1°7-1:96").
Hab. Recorded only from the Chumbi Valley, east of Sikhim.
439. Argynnis altissima, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 403, pl. 25, fig. 8 3;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 189; Moore (Boloria), Lep. Ind. iv,
1899-1900, p. 250, pl. 377, figs. 2, 2a, 9.
Race mackinnoni.
Argynnis mackinnoni, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi,
1291, p. 346, pl. F, figs. 4,5, ¢ 9; Moore (Boloria), Lep. Ind.
iy, 1899-1900, p. 252, pl. 377, figs. 3,54, 3 2.
3. Upperside from pale fulvous yellow to rich fulvous tawny ;
base of wings dark brown, this colour on the hind wing extends down-
wards on the posterior half, which is clothed with long recumbent
hairs. Fore and hind wings with black markings disposed as in most
ot the Indian forms of Argynnis, but on both wings the spots of
the subterminal series are bordered on the outer side by a series of
small spots paler than the ground-colour of the wings; on the
fore wing these spots are confined to the anterior half of the wing,
on the hind wing they are continuous from costa to dorsum.
Underside fore wing: ground-colour paler; a dark red, inwardly
directed, short fascia from apex, inclined obliquely inwards and
margined slenderly with black, on the inner side this is bordered
by a conspicuons silvery-white spot, on the outer side by a series
of very slender short silvery streaks decreasing in length and
turning to yellowish posteriorly ; the black markings as on the
upperside, but less clearly defined ; the terminal black edging to
the wing obsolescent. Hind wing: ground-colour pale yellow ;
some cinnabar-red markings in interspace 7, in cell and along the
terminal margin, interposed between the following silvery-white
A46 NYMPHALIDA,
spots and lines: a line on the dorsal margin, undivided streaks
from base in interspaces 1 a and 1, a basal medial and apical spot
in cell, a basal and two medial spots in interspace 7, a spot at base
of costal margin, an inner and an outer series of obscure small
discal spots, interrupted in interspace 4 by a broad elongate spot
at the base in continuation of the apical cell-spot; a postdiscal
transverse series of black spots irrorated with silver scales; anda
terminal series of elongate narrow silvery spots ; the silvery-white
spots more or less margined on one or both sides by slender black
lines. Antenne black tipped with ochraceous; head, thorax and
abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi and thorax ochraceous,
abdomen whitish.— 2. Upperside: ground-colour and markings
similar, the former slightly paler ; the series of small whitish spots
interposed between the subterminal and terminal markings very
prominent, complete on both fore and hind wings. Underside
similar to that of the ¢, the markings on both fore and hind
wings slightly larger.
Kap. 3 2 34-36 mm. (1°33-1:42").
Hab. Sikhim, the Chumbi Valley, 10,000-15,000 ft.; Bhutan.
Race mackinnoni, de Nicéville, very closely resembles altissima but
differs as follows :— 5 9. Upperside: the series of small pale spots
interposed between the subterminal and terminal black markings
smaller and rounder, in the 2 almost white and very prominent.
Underside: the white subapical spots on fore wing smaller; the
cinnabar-red markings on the hind wing more extensive, distributed
as follows:—space between the silvery discal markings in inter-
spaces 5, 6 and 7 reddish in addition to the other red basal marks,
a curved band of red beyond apex of cell, and a terminal similar
band with terminal silvery-white spots placed thereon. These
spots comparatively shorter and more oval than in altissima.
Exp. 3 2 38-40 mm. (1°5-1°59").
Hab. Western Himalayas, the Gonass Pass, 15,000 ft.
440, Argynnis jerdoni, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. v, 1868, p.34; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 140; Moore (Boloria), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-
1900, p. 247, pl. 376, figs. 4,4a,46, $ .
Boloria chitralensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 249, pl. 376,
figs. 3, 3a, do.
g. Upperside rich fulvous; base of fore wing and along inter-
‘space la, also basal half of hind wing, brownish black, on the latter
wing this colour extends to and coalesces with the discal series of
spots. Fore wing with the black markings disposed as in all forms of
Argynnis, the spots comparatively large; the anterior spots of the
postdiscal series much smaller than the spots of the same series in
interspaces 1, 2 and 3; the subterminal series of spots very small,
triangular. Hind wing: the postdiscal series of spots well-defined.
Fore and hind wings: the termen with an anticiliary black line
widening inwards at the veins; the ground-colour between the
subterminal and terminal markings pale, forming a series of spots :
ARGYNNIS., 44°77
cilia alternately black and white. Underside fore wing ground-
eolour ochraceous, the costal margin, the apex and the termen
anteriorly pale yellow; the black spots as on the upperside, the
anterior spots of the postdiscal series centred with white; the spots
of the subterminal series small, somewhat hastate, the yellowish
terminal margin beyond crossed by the black veins. Hind wing:
eround-colour pale yellow; two irregular basal well-defined and
two postdiscal somewhat diffuse blotches cinnabar-red; of the
basal blotches the upper much the smaller; the red of the post-
discal blotches continued obscurely along the veins to the margin ;
also the following silvery-white markings: a streak in interspace 1
divided by a red and lower down by a yellowish spot, a costal spot
followed by a larger quadrate mark indented on both sides, an
elongate spot crossing from apex of cell into base of interspace 4 ;
a postdiscal curved series of round and a terminal series of quad-
rate spots, the former encircled with black, the latter separated
- by dark chestnut-brown transverse spots and bordered inwardly
by a series of short similarly-coloured lunules. Antenne dark
ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen dusky ochraceous.— ° differs from the ¢ as
follows :—Upperside ground-colour paler, much paler along the
apical third of the costa and at the apex of the fore wing; the
pale spots between the subterminal and termina! markings more
prominent than in the ¢.
Exp. 3 2 42-50 mm. (1°65-2").
Hab. Kashmir.
Var. chitralensis, Moore, is slightly smaller judging from the four
or five specimens I have had an opportunity of examining. In
three the blotchings of red on the underside of the hind wing are
more extensive and spread over the greater portion of the wing;
the yellow ground-colour limited to the middle of interspaces 3
and 4; also the silvery-white markings are comparatively smaller.
If these differences are constant, chitralensis may form a definite
local race of the Kashmir form.
Exp. 3 38-42 mm. (1°5-1°67").
Hab. Chitral.
441. Argynnis pales, Denis § Schiff. (Papilio) Wien. Verz. 1776
peeley i 4
Aygynnis sipora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 568, pl. 66, fig. 11 9 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1889, p. 139, pl. 18, fig. 72 ¢ 2; Moore
(Boloria), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 244, pl. 375, figs. 2, 2a,
DATES Oe =
Argynnis baralacha, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 242, pl. xi, fig. lean
?
Race generator.
Aygynnis generator, Staudinger (pales, var. generator), Stett. ent.
Zeit. 1886, p. 235; Moore (Boloria), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900,
p- 245, pl. 376, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
3 2. Costal margin of hind wing slightly straighter than in the
448 NYMPHALIDA.,
other forms of Argynis, apex distinctly but obtusely angulate,
not rounded.—d¢. Upperside fulvous tawny, base of fore and
base and posterior half of the hind wing
brownish black, this colour not extending to
the tornus. Fore wing with the usual black
markings, the black edge to the termen narrow-
ing posteriorly. Hind wing: an anterior zigzag
discal line composed of slender transverse spots,
angulated outwards in interspace 4, and
coalescing below with the basal dark brown
patch; postdiscal and subterminal transverse
Argynnis pales, $. 4. TOWS of spots, the latter triangular, followed
by a terminal black line; cilia pale fulvous,
alternated with brown. Underside fore wing reddish ochraceous ;
black markings generally obsolescent, far less clearly defined than
in most of the other forms of the genus; apex and termen yellow,
a short fascia from apex inclined obliquely inwards and the apices
of the veins anteriorly cinnabar-red. Hind wing: ground-colour
slightly paler than that of the fore wing; markings very variable ;
an irregular patch of dark cimnabar-red at base extending well into
the cell, its outer margin sinuous, bordered outwardly by curved
broad markings of silvery white ; a discal, very sinuous, slender,
similarly coloured band, bordered outwardly in interspaces 1 and 2
and in 6 and 7 by silvery-white lunules; postdiscal transverse
series of dark red spots followed by a terminal series of silvery-
white spots in the interspaces, set in a cinnabar-red back-
ground: the space between the silvery-white spots along the
outer margin of the red basal patch, and the terminal row of
silvery spots, suffused with paler cinnabar-red, the yellow ground-
colour prominent only in interspace | near its apex, and in inter-
space 3 between the discal narrow band and the terminal series
of silvery spots. Antenne ochraceous brown; club black, tipped
with ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen black with some dark
fulvous pubescence; beneath, palpi and thorax dark ochraceous,
abdomen whitish.— ©. Similar, the black markings broader.
Upperside: the subterminal series of spots coalescing along the
veins with the terminal black line on both fore and hind wing,
enclosing between them a series of conspicuous pale spots ; a large
ale subcostal spot also on the inner side of the postdiscal row of
black spots on the fore wing ; cilia conspicuously white, alternated
with black. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but on the fore
wing the yellow on apex and termen much broader; on the hind
wing the ground-colour pale yellow, concolorous with that on the
apex of the fore wing. Markings similar to those in the ¢, but
broader, the suffusion of pale cinnabar-red between the markings
darker and more restricted, allowing more of the ground-colour to
show through.
Exp. 3 2 38-42 mm. (1:5-1°65"). .
Hab. The Himalayas; recorded from Kashmir, Kulu and the
ARGYNNIS. 449
Chumbi Valley, east of Native Sikhim. Beyond our limits this
species is widely spread in the Palearctic Region, being found
from Lapland to Russia, also in Siberia, the Altai Monntains and
N. Mongolia. :
Spread over an immense range it is necessarily a variable form,
but specimens from both the Western and Eastern Himalayas can
be matched by others from Norway and Russia. Some of the
Sikhim specimens have the underside of the hind wing more
strongly suffused with the reddish colour than others, but similar
specimens from Norway are in the Elwes Collection, now in the
British Museum.
Race generator, Staudinger.—Closely resembles ales, but is
distinctly larger in both sexes, the ground-colour on the upper-
side paler aud brighter, the black markings much reduced in size.
Underside similar to that in pales but paler, the ground-colour on
the hind wing being very pale yellow, almost white in some
specimens, the silvery-white markings are much less conspicuous
and the reddish much paler. A series from the Hindu Kush
range and from the Tian Shan and Transalia Mountains show
little or no variation. Chitral specimens seem to run somewhat
smaller. |
Exp. & Q 49-51 mm. (1°93-2:01").
Hab. Within our limits the Hunza Valley; North Ladak ;
Chitral. Found in Turkestan and Afghanistan.
442, Argynnis hegemone, Staudinger, Alpheraky, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross.
xvi, 1881, p. 407, pl. 15, figs. 16 & 17; Moore (Boloria), Lep.
Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 246, pl. 376, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3. Upperside tawny, markings black. Fore wing: base dusky
brownish black ; cell with a minute spot, sometimes 2, at base; a
sinuous, short, medial transverse line, and another at apex along
the discocellulars ; a spot, sometimes a transverse line, below the
the cell in interspace 1; the usual biangulated series of discal
spots ; a black, transverse, short mark at base of interspace 7,
extending into 6, and a postdiscal series of round spots; the
terminal margin and apex narrowly black, the former traversed
by a series of small lunules of the ground-colour ; cilia white,
alternated with black. Hind wing: base and upper half of dorsal
margin very broadly dusky brownish black; cell with a minute
spot at base and a loop-like mark near apex; a zigzag discal series
of spots; a postdiscal curved transverse series of round black
dots; a series of triangular subterminal small spots and the
terminal margin narrowly black; the subterminal spots often
coalescing with the black margin along the veins. Underside:
fore wing ground-colour paler tawny, apex pale; black markings
as on the upperside, but the anterior two or three spots of the
postdiscal series centred obscurely with white; the narrow black
terminal margin reduced to a subterminal transverse series of very
VOL, I. 2G
450 NYMPHALID &.
slender lunules, followed by an intervening band of the ground-
colour, anteriorly more or Jess whitish, and a very slender anti-
ciliary black line. Hind wing: two or three transversely placed
white spots at base, a medial curved transverse series of very
irregularly shaped unequal-sized white spots, a postdiscal curved
series of small black white-centred spots, and a conspicuous
terminal band of much larger, somewhat scutiform, white spots ;
all the white spots silvery in certain lights, margined slenderly, on
one or on both sides, by black lines ; the interspaces between the
series of white markings ochraceous red, with some intervening
markings of pale yellow on the outer portions of the wing.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black;
beneath dusky ochraceous.— 9. Upperside similar: ground-colour
paler, markings similar but proportionately larger. Underside also
similar, the markings all proportionately broader, the white mark-
ings on the hind wing sometimes suffused with very pale blue.
fxp. 3 2 42-50 mm. (1°65-2”").
Hab. Turkestan ; within our limits this species has been taken
in North Ladak, the Hunza Valley, and Chitral.
Genus MELITAA.
Melitea, Fabr. Illg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 284; de N. Butt. Ind. 1,
1886, p. 28; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 6.
Mellicta, Bilberg, Enum. Ins. 1820, p. 77 (fide Scudder); Moore,
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19083, p. 2.
~ Type, WM. didyma, Esper, from Europe.
Range. Temperate zones of both hemispheres. Within our
limits in the Himalayas at high elevations.
3 2. Fore wing: costa slightly arched, nearly straight ; apex
rounded; termen convex, oblique; tornus rounded; dorsum.
straight ; cell closed, slightly less than half length of wing; disco-
cellulars oblique, upper very short, middle slightly concave, lower
long, bent angularly inwards in middle, with a short inwardly
directed spur; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex,
9 and 10 out of 7,11 free. Hind wing oval, costa and dorsum
almost straight, termen strongly rounded and curved; cell open in
the Indian, rarely closed in the European and American forms.
Antenne about half length of fore wing; club short, broad, abrupt,
spatulate; palpi erect, set thickly with hairs, third joint slender,
acute; eyes naked.
The forms in this genus are in an exceedingly plastic condi-
tion, varying enormously according to locality, so that it is often
impossible to say where one form begins and the other ends.
Adjoining localities often give forms distinguishable at a glance,
while in other cases widely separated localities like Italy and the
Chitral Valley have forms so similar, that it is difficult to separate
them without close scrutiny and examination.
MELIT A, 451
Key to the forms of Melitea.
A. Upperside: veins of fore and hind wings dis-
tinctly black.
3 2. Expanse under 40 mm.
a’, Upperside: subterminal black markings
on fore and hind wings slender, more or
less distinct from terminal black edging. M. sindura, p. 451.
b'. Upperside: subterminal black mar kings
on fore and hind wings broad, coalescing [p. 452.
with terminal black edging Ae Sees Race sekhimensis,
6. 3 Q. Expanse well over 40 mm........... Race balb:ta, p. 452,
B. ee: veins of fore and hind wings not
lack
a. Upperside fore wing ground-colour in ¢ 2
similar.
a’, Upperside fore wing ground-colour in
CrentawiytulvOuss o.oo Noe p ue aw teu M. didyma, race per-
b'. Upperside fore wine ground-colour in sea, p. 458.
3 2 much paler, a yellowish Dull ius Var. roberts, p. 454.
b. Upperside fore wing ground-colour in ¢ 2 [p. 454.
not similar; ¢ orange rufous, 2 dull white. Race chitralensis,
443. Melitza sindura, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 496, pl. 30, fig. 2; de
N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 25; Moore (Mellicta), Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 4, pl. 380, figs. 3, 3a, 3.
Melitzea amcenula, Felder, Reise Nov., Lzp. ii, 1867, p. 392.
Race sikhimensis (Pl. VII, fig. 51).
Melitzea sindura, var., Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1888, p. 336, pl. x,
figs. 5, 6 (recte 4, 5).
Mellicta 'sikhimensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 5, pl. 380,
figs. 4,4a, dQ.
Race balbita.
Melitzea balbita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 268, pl. 43, fig.5 ¢;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 26, pl. 18, fig. 71, ¢ 2; Moore (Mel-
licta), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 8, pl. 380, figs. 2, 2a2¢, 9 Q.
3. Upperside tawny ochraceous, with the following black mark-
ings :—Fore wing: an elongate spot near base of interspace 1, two
slender short lines across the cell, a broader line along the disco-
cellulars, three spots in vertical order below apex of cell, an upper
discal very oblique short bar, a postdiscal curved series of spots,
and a subterminal lunular narrow band extending along the veins
up toa black edging on the termen, thus including a series of
slender lunular spots of the ground-colour. Hind wing: some
slender transverse lines in cell, an obscure very incomplete post-
discal series of spots, and a more slender less distinct subterminal
line, series of lunular spots of the ground-colour and black terminal
edging as on the fore wing. Base of fore and base and dorsal
margin broadly of hind wing suffused with black; cilia white
alternated with black. Underside: fore wing paler tawny ochra-
ceous, the costa greenish ochraceous; no suffusion of dusky
black at base; the other markings as on the upperside, but not
clearly defined; the black edging to the termen of the upper-
262
452 NYMPHALID 2.
side replaced by greenish ochraceous, bordered inwardly by
a series of pale lunules defined by slender black lines, outwardly
by a slender anticiliary black line. Hind wing: ground-colour
very pale ochraceous, with the following dull silvery markings
margined by slender black lines: a subbasal band of three spots, a
spot at apex of cellular area, a postdiscal, curved, very irregular
series of spots and a subterminal transverse lunular narrow band ;
the silvery spots on the basal area of the wing bordered on either
side by dark tawny ochraceous. Antenne black, ringed with
white; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown with fulvous
pubescence ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky ochraceous.
— Qvery similar. Upperside ground-colour paler, the space between
the median transverse lines and the discocellulars and anteriorly
between the discal and postdiscal markings pale yellow. Under-
side similar to that in the ¢.
Exp. & 2 35-40 mm. (1°39-1°58").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kunawur to Sikhim ; Tibet, over 10,000
feet.
Race sikhimensis, Moore.—Very dark, possibly wet-season,
specimens from Chumbi in Native Sikhim have been so named
and figured by Moore in the ‘ Lepidoptera Indica.’ These differ
from typical stndura from the North-west Himalayas as follows :—
Upperside ground-colour fulvous; markings similar but very much
broader, the dusky black at base of fore and at base and along
dorsal margin of hind wing more extended. In many specimens
only an upper discal patch of the ground-colour is apparent on
the hind wing. Underside ground-colour and markings similar to
those in sindura, but on the hind wing the space between the
postdiscal and subterminal silvery markings rich ochraceous red.
Exp. 3 & as in the typical form.
Hab. Recorded only from the Chumbi Valley east of Native
Sikhim and South-eastern Tibet.
Race balbita, Moore.—Closely resembles typical sindura, but is
constantly larger, with the black markings on the upperside in
the ¢ smaller, less prominent. In the 2 on the upperside the
eround-colour is darker, the base of both wings and the hind wing
posteriorly more broadly irrorated with dusky black scales; the
black terminal edging to the wings broader, the subterminal
and terminal black markings coalescing. As a rule the row of
lunules of the ground-colour enclosed between these latter series of
markings is very prominent on the hind wing. Underside g Q
similar to the underside in typical sendura, but differs as follows :—
Fore wing: the subterminal series of lunules much larger, dis-
tinctly pale yellow. Hind wing: the markings proportionately
much larger, the basal, subbasal and postdiscal bands all ochraceous,
the last centred in each interspace with darker ochraceous-red spots
in both sexes, and very heavily margined with black in the 9°.
Exp. 3 2 44-50 mm. (1°73-1:89").
Hab. Seems confined to high elevations in Kashmir.
MELIT@A. 453,
A form of the race sikhimensis recorded from Tibet has been
separated by Col. Fawcett as WM. tibetana. It closely resembles
sikhimensis, but: differs on the upperside in the prominently pale
ochraceous colour of the base and apex of the cell of the fore wing,
and ina similarly coloured terminal row of lunular transverse
marks on both fore and hind wings. On the underside it is
generally paler than sikhimensis.
444, Melitea didyma, Esper (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. i, 1780, t. 61, fig. 1.
fiace persea.
Melitzea persea, Kollar, Denksch. Akad. Wren, math.-nat. Cl. i,
1850, p. 52; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 27 footnote; Moore,
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 7, pl. 879, figs. 1, La-lg, 3 Q.
Melitea robertsi, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 406, pl. 39, fig. 2; de WN.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 27 footnote ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p. 8, pl. 379, figs. 2,2 a-2¢, 5 Q.
Race chitralensis.
Meliteea chitralensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 9, pl. 380,
figs. 1, la-Tc, dQ.
Race persea, Kollar.— 3. Upperside tawny fulvous, with the
following markings :—Fore wing: costal margin narrowly black ;
cell with a minute black spot at base; a transverse larger black
spot; a short sinuous black line across the middle and another
along the inner side of the
discocellulars ; a similar line
just beyond apex of cell; three
coalescent black spots at base of
interspace 1 ; a transverse discal,
twice-angulated series of black
spots, the upper four coalescent ;
a subcostal similar spot beyond
followed by a sinuous subtermi-
nal lunular transverse series of
spots and a narrow terminal
black band. Hind wing: dorsal
margin from base broadly suffused with black, a short subbasal
transverse posterior black band not reaching beyond the cell; a
discal ill-defined transverse series of black spots; a well-defined
subterminal lunular series of spots and terminal black band as on
the fore wing. Underside: fore wing ground-colour ochraceous ;
black markings as on the upperside, but the subterminal series of
spots smaller; the apex of the wing yellowish, the terminal black
edging replaced by a series of small black spots and an anticiliary
slender black line. Hind wing ground-colour pale ochraceous
white ; a transverse short basal series of black spots; a broad
subbasal ochraceous-red sinuous hand, coalescent with a large spot
of the same colour in the middle of the cell; a discal transverse
sinuous line of small black spots, followed by a broad postdiscal
outwardly-angulated ochraceous-red band; a series of subterminal
race persea. +.
454 NYMPHALID A.
black spots and a slender anticiliary black interrupted line. The
subbasal and postdiscal ochraceous-red bands margined on both
inner and outer sides by series of short lunular spots, those on
the inner margin of the postdiscal band turned towards the base
of the wing, on the outer margin turned outwards; cilia of fore
and hind wings white alternated with black. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen black ; abdomen on the sides fulvous spotted
with black; palpi ochraceous; thorax and abdomen beneath
whitish, spotted with black.— 9. Upperside similar with similar
black markings, but apparently the subterminal series of spots on
both fore and hind wings are frequently obsolescent, and even
when present not so well-defined. Underside similar to that in
the 3, but the markings on the hind wing larger and the black
spots not well-defined, the subbasal and postdiscal ochraceous-red
bands more macular.
Exp. 3 9 36-48 mm. (1:42-1°9").
Hab. N.W. Frontier, Chaman; the Panjab, Campbellpur,
Attock. Beyond our limits found in Afghanistan, Persia north-
wards and westwards, until it merges into the typical form
didyma.
Var. robertsi, Butler, is a very pale, small form from an arid
country. Upperside pale yellowish buff, the black markings
similar to those in persea but smaller, less well-defined, some
generally more or less obsolescent. Underside: fore wing ground-
colour pale buff; hind wing white; markings as in persea, but on
the fore wing posteriorly more or less obsolescent. This variety
was originally described from Kandahar.
Race chitralensis, Moore, seems to have seasonal forms.
Specimens procured in April are somewhat similar to the darker
specimens of robertst from the Punjab, but are always distinguish-
able by the dullness of the ground-colour and the heavy black
markings on the upperside. On the underside the resemblance to
robertst is greater, the black markings on the fore wing slightly
more clearly defined. Specimens taken in July are, however,
larger and otherwise strikingly different in the 2; approaching
closer to the Southern European form of didyma than to either
typical persea or its var. robertst. Upperside, 3: deep rich orange-
rufous. Fore wing with the black markings as in persea but
proportionately larger, the subterminal series of lunules slender,
the terminal edging of black broader. Hind wing: the dark
suffusion at the base and on the hind wing posteriorly jet-black
not dusky black, the other markings similar ; the subterminal series
of tunules and the black terminal edging as on the fore wing.
Underside similar to that in typical persea. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen black, the thorax anteriorly and the apex of the
abdomen with fulvous-red pubescence ; beneath, the palpi fulvous,
thorax dusky black, abdomen marked with white, apex fulvous.—
©. Fore wing: ground-colour dull white irrorated more or less
with dusky black scales and with the following black markings :—
MELITA.—BYBLIA, 455
basal, cellular and discal markings as in persea, but much larger
and somewhat diffuse ; postdiscal and subterminal sinuous macular
black bands much closer to base of wing and extended along the
veins up to the very broad black terminal edging, giving a dull
blackish shade to the termial third of the wing with the appearance
of being traversed by two sinuous parallel rows of pale somewhat
lunular spots. Hind wing: anterior half orange-red; posterior
half dusky black, paling somewhat towards the dorsal margin ; some
black spots in cell and on lower portion of dise coalescing with the
dusky black on the posterior half of the wing; these spots con-
* tinued in the interspaces beyond and above the cell on the anterior
half ; a subterminal series of black lunules, the spots of the ground-
colour included between the above series and the broad black
terminal edging tinged with orange-red. Cilia of fore and hind
wings conspicuously white alternated with black. Underside as in
persea 9, but the markings larger. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the ¢.
Exp. $2 (April form) 38-46 mm. (1°5-1°81"); (July fori)
48-55 mm. (1°5—2°13"),.
Hab. Recorded from Chitral.
Genus BYBLIA.
Byblia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 28; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
i, 1881, p. 45; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 18; Moore, Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. 12.
Type, B. edithyza, Drury, from India.
Range. Africa; Continental India; Ceylon.
3 Q. Fore wing broadly triangular; costa slightly arched;
apex blunt ; termen straight; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight ;
cell closed, short, not half length of wing; upper discocellular
short, middle concave oblique, lower long, slightly curved inwards ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell; 10 and 11 free; vein 12
swollen at base. Hind wing pear-shaped; costa and dorsum
evenly and somewhat slightly arched ; apex and tornus rounded ;
termen slightly arched; cell very slenderly closed, short, not
nearly half length of wing; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of
cell, 6 and 7 from a point closely approximate. Antenne about
half length of fore wing; club short, broad, abrupt and flattened ;
palpi long, broad in front, third joint long, somewhat blunt at
apex ; eyes naked.
445. Byblia ilithyia (Pl. VII, fig. 48), Drewry (Papilio), Zl. Ex. Ent.
i, 1773, p. 29, pl. 17, figs. 1,25; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 45,
pl. 23, figs. 8, 3a, d ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 14, pl. 18,
fig. 68 g¢; Moore Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 18, pl. 381, figs. 1,
la-1h, larva & pupa, dQ.
Tlypanis simplex, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 146, pl. 24, fiz. 8 9;
de N. (Byblia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 115.
Wet-season form.— 3. Upperside deep rich orange. Fore wing:
costa broadly jet-black to within a short distance of the apex;
456 * NYMPHALIDA.
cell crossed by three narrow short black bands, the inner and the
outer not reaching the median vein ; a very irregular black discal
blotch from dorsum to vein 4, continued very narrowly along that
vein to meet an oblique irregular band from just beyond the middle
of the costa ; a postdiscal broad transverse black band from dorsum
to vein 4, with the portions of the veins beyond it defined in black.
The apex of the wing beyond the broad black edging to the costal
border has its upper margin and the terminal portions of the veins
defined in black ; finally anarrow terminal band. Hind wing: an
elongate black subcostal patch near base, continued posteriorly
across the cell by an inner and an outer series of small transverse
spots; a complete broad black postdiscal band with the por-
tions of the veins beyond it lined with black, and a narrow black
terminal band as on the fore wing. Cilia of fore and hind wings
white, alternated with brown. Underside paler duller orange.
Fore wing: black markings as on the upperside, but the cell and
upper discal markings obscurely margined on the inner side by
white; an oblique black line from costa to apex of postdiscal
transverse band, followed by an oblique preapical series of diffuse
white spots, the terminal black band as on the upperside but
traversed by a broken white line. Hind wing: a subbasal
and a discal broad, transverse white band, both bordered
inwardly by a series of black spots, and outwardly by a broad
black line; a somewhat narrower postdiscal transverse black band
traversed by a series of paired white spots, followed by a row
of cone-shaped markings of the ground-colour, the apices of
the cones turned inwards and broadly white; finally, a black
terminal band traversed by a series of white lunules. Antenne
black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark dusky fulvous red ; beneath,
palpi white, head, thorax and abdomen dark ochraceous, variegated
with some black and white lines and spots.— 2. Similar, with
similar markings, but on the rpperside the ground-colour is paler,
the black markings narrower. lore wing: the postdiscal black
band nearly complete, interrupted only in interspaces 1 and 4;
the terminal black band traversed by a broken white line. Hind
wing: no subcostal black patch, instead three series of transverse
spots; a postdiscal transverse broad black band bordered inwardly
by a series of slender black loops, between these and the post-
discal band a series of spots of the ground-colour; the terminal
black band traversed as on the fore wing by a whitish broken line.
Underside similar to that in the ¢, but the ground-colour paler.
On the fore wing the black markings comparatively narrower, less
well-defined ; on the hind wing the white on the bands and spots
replaced by pale yellow.
Dry-season form.— ¢ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet-
season form, black markings on the whole not so sharply defined.
Underside: ground-colour darker, on the hind wing a dark ochra-
ceous ; the transverse subbasal and discal bands in both sexes white.
Exp. & 2 50-56 mm. (1:98-2°22").
Hab. Central and Southern India; Ceylon.
LARINGA. 457
Genus LARINGA.
Eurytela, pt., Boisduval, Faun. Madag. 1833, p. 54; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 11.
Laringa, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 24.
Type, L. horsfieldii, Boisduval, from Java.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
S 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched; apex obtuse; termen
prominently angulated at interspace 5, slightly concave above,
the angle more deeply concave below; tornus obtuse; dorsum
sinuous ; cell closed, less than half length of wing; veins 6 and 7
approximate, consequently upper discocellular obsolete ; middle
very short, concave; lower much longer, transverse; veins 3 and
4 from lower apex of cell, 10 and 11 free, 12 swollen at base.
Hind wing very broadly pear-shaped ; costa very slightly arched ;
apex and tornus rounded; termen arched, sinuous; dorsum
slightly curved at base, then straight to tornus; cell short,
slenderly closed; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell; 6 and 7
closely approximate from upper apex of cell. Antenne about
half length of fore wing; club long, narrow and gradual; palpi
subporrect, broad in front, third joint acute at apex; eyes naked ;
posterior tibize and tarsi without rows of spines.
Key to the forms of Laringa.
ood.
a. Upperside deep ultramarine-blue, uniform,
without any paler transverse band across
TOS Mata, Meta neeas e S Ns tar ans ered ee, 3G L. castelnaut, p. 458.
b. Upperside indigo-blue or dull plumbeous
blue, with a paler blne transverse band
across wines.
a. Upperside fore wing without a sub-
terminal dark transverse band ; ground- | ZL. horsfieldi, race
colour plumbeous or glaucous ........ glaucescens, p. 459.
b'. Upperside fore wing with a subterminal
dark transverse band ; ground-colour L. horsfieldi, race
Gamkqimdigo=bluers..¢ it's. wai diets wees 5 andamanensis, p. 459.
a. Upperside: ground-colour dull pale ochra-
COOUS erasers anya ee cones MU ad on: Seater o ie L. castelnaui, p. 458.
b. Upperside : ground-colour bright-ochraceous
yellow.
a’, Upperside hind wing: discal transverse
band not conspicuous, of the same shade L. horsfieldi, race
as he STOMMC=COLOU TS aye, caer eeieys © seo glaucescens, p. 459.
b'. Upperside hind .wing: discal transverse | L. horsfieldi, race
band conspicuous, yellowish white .... | andamanensis, p. 460.
458 NYMPHALID&.
446. Laringa castelnaui, Felder (Eurytela), Wien. ent. Menats. iv,
1860, p. 401; Dist. (Eurytela) Rhop. Malay. 1885-86, p. 136,
pl. 15, fig. 10 ¢, & p. 441, pl. 43, fig. 10 2 ; de N. (Eurytela)
Butt. Ind. ul, 1886, p. 18 footnote ; Moore, Lep. ind. v, 130I—
19038, p. 26, pl. 385, figs. 1, la—-le, gO.
3. Upperside a beautiful deep ultramarine-blue. Fore and
hind wings: costa broadly, termen more narrowly dull black ; on
the fore wing this colour broadens towards the apex ; on the hind
wing the dorsal margin is also broadly dull black; a black slender
subterminal line crosses both wings. Underside: ground-colour
pale lilacine white, obscured and almost entirely covered by slender
transverse dark brown strive. Fore and hind wings crossed by
broad transverse subbasal, discal and postdiscal black lines, the
last bordered on the outer side by a broad diffuse blackish shading
and followed by a slender subterminal sinuous black line. Antenne
and head dull black, thorax and abdomen ultramarine-blue ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen fuscous.— 2. Upperside
very pale dull ochraceous. Fore and hind wings irrorated more
or less by minute, slender, transverse brown strie. ore wing
crossed by subbasal, discal, postdiscal and subterminal sinuous
broad brown lines; the basal half of the wing to the discal line
entirely suffused with brown, which extends between veins 3 and
6 up to the postdiscal transverse line, leaving above and below,
between the discal and postdiscal lines, conspicuous pale patches ;
terminal margin edged and shaded with brown. Hind wing: a
_subbasal brown, somewhat obscure transverse line ; a broad
discal diffuse brown transverse band, followed by a subterminal,
somewhat lunular, clearly-defined dark line; the discal band
traversed medially by a broad darker brown line. Underside:
eround-colour very pale ochreous white, irrorated with slender
transverse brown striz. Fore and hind wings crossed by sub-
basal, discal and postdiscal very narrow dark brown bands and a
subterminal slender dark zigzag line; the bands very irregular,
the postdiscal band and subterminal line often more or less obso-
lescent on the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
dark brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale
ochraceous.
Exp. 3 Q 51-58 mm. (2-2°3"),
Hab. The Malayan Subregion, extending into Tenasserim up to
the latitude of Moulmein.
447, Laringa horsfieldi, Botsduval (Eurytela), Faun. Ent. Mad. 1833,
p. o4.
Race glaucescens.
Iturytela glaucescens, de Micéville, Proc. A. S. B. 1895, p. 110;
Moore (Laringa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 36, pl. 385, figs. 2,
2a-2¢, SQ
LARINGA. 459
Race andamanensis (Pl. X, fie. 79).
Eurytela andamanensis, de Nicéville, Proc. A. S. B. 1895, p. 110;
Moore (Laringa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1905, p. 28, pl. 386, figs. iL
la-lf, SQ.
Race glaucescens, de Nicéville.— ¢. Upperside plumbeous or
glaucous. Fore and hind wings crossed by somewhat obscure and,
in portions, more or less obsolescent subbasal, discal, postdiscal and
subterminal sinuous dark brown lines, and a broad incomplete
violaceous band between the discal and postdiscal transverse lines ;
this band on the fore wing is broadly interrupted between inter-
spaces 3 and 5 by an inter vening extension of the ground-colour
joining the basal and terminal glaucous areas, and on the hind wing
it is extended diffusely inwards across the discal dark line towards
the base of the wing, the discal dark line crossing it more or less
obliquely. Underside: ground-colour pale lilacine white, irrorated
with minute slender brown striz. Fore and hind wings crossed
by subbasal, discal, postdiscal and subterminal lines, the last very
slender, sinuous and more or less obsolescent. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen pale lilacine white.— 2. Resembles the 2 of
LL. castelnaui, but differs as follows :—Upperside: ground-colour a
paler brighter ochraceous, the irroration of brown striz more
sparse and the striz more minute ; the shading on the basal half
ot the fore wing extended between veins 3 and 6 to the postdiscal
line as in L. castelnaui, but entirely of a pale tint of russet, not
brown. On the hind wing there is a broad discal band, but not
clearly defined, generally of the same shade of ochraceous as the
rest of the wing. Underside: ground-colour pale yellow, very
sparsely irrorated by minute transverse chestnut-brown strie.
Fore and hind wings crossed by slender subbasal, discal, post-
discal and subterminal chestnut-brown lines; the last, as in
L. castelnam 2, very smuous. Antenne pale brown ringed with
ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown ; beneath,
the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.
Exp. & 2 49-55 mm. (1:°95-2°19").
Hab. Upper and Lower Burma and Tenasserim.
Jtace andamanensis, de Nicéville—¢g@. Very similar to
L. glaucescens, but differs as follows:—¢. Upperside: ground-
colour deep indigo-blue, almost black between the subbasal and
discal dark lines on the fore wing and between veins 3 and 5 in
the extension of the dark colour to the postdiscal transverse line ;
the apex and a narrow sinuous subterminal band on the fore wing
black ; a discal broad band as in L. glaucescens but pale blue, not
violaceous. Hind wing with a very broad subterminal velvety
black band. Cilia conspicuously white. Underside purplish white,
densely irrorated with transverse black striew, and shaded with
black; the usual subbasal, discal, postdiscal and subterminal
slender sinuous transverse lines black. Antenne, head, thorax
460 NYMPHALID &.
and abdomen dark brownish black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen fuscous.— 2. Upperside differs from that of L. glau-
cescens 92 as follows :—ground-colour bright yellow ; colour of
basal half of fore wing and its extension between veins 3 and 5 to
the postdiscal transverse line dark ferruginous, a patch on the
apex, another on the middle of the termen of the fore wing, and
the terminal third of the hind wing also dark ferruginous red; the
subterminal black line on the latter wing bordered with obscure
reddish yellow; the costal margin broadly suffused with grey.
Underside a duller darker ochraceous yellow than in L. glaucescens,
more thickly irrorated with transverse minute dark striz ; the usual
subbasal, discal, postdiscal and subterminal transverse dark sinuous
lines, but the space between the discal and postdiscal lines of a
paler yellow than the ground-colour, forming a well-marked trans-
verse band across both wings; on the hind wing the minute
transverse dark strize on the outer side of the postdiscal line
coalesce and form a distinct series of diffuse dark spots in the
interspaces. Antenne brown, head and thorax brown, abdo-
men reddish brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous. |
Exp. 3 2 58-64 mm. (2°3-2°52").
Hab, South Andamans.
The above is the description of the form usually found in the
Andamans, but a certain number of specimens seem to represent
a dry-season form of this insect; these are paler, and in fact
resemble LZ. glaucescens much more than the usual form, which is
only very slightly distinct from typical horsfields. |
Genus ERGOLIS.
Ergolis, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1836, Expl. des Planches, p. 2,
pl. 4, fig. 4; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1881, p. 48; de N. Butt. Ind.
11, 1886, p. 7; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 15.
Type, E. ariadne, Johannsen, from India.
Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Regions. )
3 @. Fore wing: costa widely arched ; apex subacute (typi-
cally truncate); termen more or less sinuous; tornus rounded ;
dorsum slightly sinuous, long; cell slenderly closed, short, not
nearly half length of wing ; upper discocellular oblique, very short ;
middle concave above, then nearly horizontal; lower erect and
straight, between veins 4 and 5; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex
of cell; 10 and 11 free, 12 swollen at base, these latter three veins
short. Hind wing short, broad, pear-shaped ; costa and dorsum
very slightly arched, apex and tornus rounded ; termen strongly
curved, more or less scalloped; cell very short, slenderly closed ;
veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, 7 much closer to 6 than
to 8. Antenne about half length of fore wing; club long and
gradual, somewhat flattened ; palpi long, porrect, third joint long,
blunt at apex; eves naked. Males with sex-marks of specialized
scales.
ERGOLIS. 461
Key to the forms of Ergelis.
a. Fore wing: termen between interspace 5
and apex of vein 3 deeply concave ...... EF. arvadne, p. 461.
b. Fore wing: termen between interspace 5 and
apex of vein 3 not concave, sinuous.
a’. S$ : underside hind wing without a
central dark patch. Q: upperside )
browmishochtaceous’ 2.95. ¢...)... «aera E. merione, p. 462.
b'. S: underside hind wing with a central
dark patch. @Q: upperside dark ferru-
PRIMUS en iris a cn tees nent tes ee ae Race taprobana, p. 463,
448. Ergolis ariadne (Pl. X, fig. 78), Johanssen (Papilio), Amen.
Acad. vi, 1764, p. 407 ; Botsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. 1, 1836, pl. 4,
fig. 4, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 10; Davidson
&§ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 269, pl. C, larva &
pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 17, pl. 882, figs. 1,
la-lg, larva & pupa, 3 Q.
Ergolis minorata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 44, pl. 23, figs. 2,
24,3.
Ergolis indica, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 20.
3 2. Fore wing truncate at apex; termen angulated at inter-
space 5, and again at apex of vein 3, concave between ; tornus
obtusely angulate. Hind wing: termen more or less deeply
scalloped. <. Upperside ochraceous rufous ; a prominent white
small subcostal spot before apex of fore wing; two or three dark
brown marks in cell of both fore and hind wings, followed by
subbasal, discal, two postdiscal, subterminal and terminal slender
sinuous dark brown lines, crossing from costa of fore to vein 1 of
hind wing ; discocellular nervules of both wings defined by short
dark brown lines ; cilia white, alternated with brown. Underside:
sround-colour similar, but with a tint of brown. Fore and hind
wings: some dark chestnut-brown spots or loop-like marks at
base, followed by subbasal, discal and postdiscal broad chestnut-
brown sinuous bands, interrupted on the fore wing by the sex-
mark of specialized scales described below ; the postdiscal band on
the hind wing traversed by a series of transverse dark spots in
the interspaces. Lastly, both wings crossed by a subterminal
vigzag, and a terminal, irregularly sinuous, dark brown line.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous rufous. Sex-
mark: the subcostal vein and veins 6 and 7 on the upperside
of the hind wing prominently pale and shining and a large discal
patch of specialized, very dark shining scales on the underside of
. the fore wing extending to the base of the wing, upwards into the
cell and to vein 4.— @. Similar, slightly paler in colour, of course
without the special sex-marks.
Exp. 3 2 52-56 mm. (2°05-2°21").
Hab. Throughout continental India, but not, so far I know,
recorded from further west than Mussoorie in the Himalayas or
from the Punjab; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; ex-
tending to China and the Malayan Subregion.
462 NYMPHALID ®.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, slender ; two dorsal rows of sharp spines
with three or four fine branch spines springing from a point in
the middle of each; two rows of similar but shorter spines on
each side; one pair of long, strong and straight spines on the
head, irregularly set with small spines which cluster at the end;
colour variable, sometimes green with longitudinal dark brown
lines, or dark brown with an interrupted broad dorsal stripe of
pure white, not extending to either end.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Pupa. “Slender, wing-cases somewhat dilated, a dorsal pro-
tuberance and two small cephalic points; colour variable; rigidly
attached by the tail, so that if the surface is vertical, the pupa
stands out horizontally.” (Davidson & Aitken.)
Food-plants: Tragia cannabina and T. involucrata.
449, Ergolis merione, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. ii, 1777, p. 76,
pl. 144, tigs. G, H; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 8; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 20, pl. 383, figs. 1, La-1f, 3 Q.
Ergolis tapestrina, Moore, J. A. S, B. 1884, p. 19.
Race taprobana,
Ergolis taprobana, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Dv.
Lep. ii, 1851, p. 410, pl. 68, fig. 4; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 44, pl. 28, figs. 1, la, 16, § Q; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 9;
Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19038, p. 22, pl. 384, figs. 1, la-1f,d @.
Wet-season form.— 5. Upperside brownish ochraceous. Fore
and hind wings crossed by slender, somewhat obscure, very sinuous
or zigzag dark basal, two subbasal and two discal lines disposed in
pairs, followed by a single, sometimes double, postdiscal and a
single subterminal slender line. All these lines more or less
interrupted anteriorly on the hind wing, which has a smooth
unmarked uniform appearance from costa to subcostal vein and
vein 5. On the fore wing there is in addition a series of obscure
spots between the postdiscal and subterminal markings, and a
small white subcostal spot before the apex. Underside much as in
E. ariadne, but the transverse chestnut bands broader, more
diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brownish ochraceous.
Sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing as in &. ariadne;
no sex-mark on upperside of hind wing.—®@. Similar; but
on the upperside the transverse lines broader, more diffuse, with
a greater tendency to form bands; the postdiscal line always
double, forming a band traversed by a series of dark ochraceous
spots in the interspaces; these lines and bands continuous, not
interrupted anteriorly on the hind wing as they are in the ¢.
Underside, except for the sex-mark, as in the ¢.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside: ground-colour much paler,
the transverse lines more distinctly in pairs, forming bands, the
ground-colour between each pair more dusky brown. Underside
similar to that in the wet-season form, but the ground-colour
paler, the bands more diffuse.
Exp. 5 9 52-62 mm. (2:05—2°43").
ERGOLIS.— PSEUDERGOLIS. 463.
Hab. The northern half of continental India, Simla to Sikhim
in the Himalayas, and recorded from Rajputana and Bengal;
Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; Malayan Subregion. The Tenas-
serim specimens are darker and often without the white subcostal
spot in the fore wing, approximating thus to the Southern Indian
and Ceylon race.
Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, slender; segments armed with two dorsal
and two lateral rows of short branched-spines ; head with a pair
of long, straight, branched-spines. Colour green with dorsal longi-
tudinal dark brown lines.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “Similar to that of &. ariadne.” (Moore.)
Race taprobana, Westwood.—Differs as follows :-—
Wet-season-form.— 3 . Upperside: ground-colour dark ferruginous ;
white subcostal spot on fore wing rarely present; the transverse
lines black, more clearly defined; the anterior half of the hind
wing as in merione smooth, uniform, unmarked. Underside :
_ ground-colour darker than in merione, the markings on the anterior
half of the fore and in the centre of the hind wing obscured by a
superposed very dark chestnut shading; on the fore wing. this
dark shading does not extend to the base, apex or termen, on the
hind wing it does not extend quite to the costa. Sex-mark as in
merione.— 2 . Similar to the 2 of merione, but differs as follows :—
Upperside: ground-colour dark ferruginous as inthe ¢ of its own
race ; the transverse lines and markings very distinctly defined ;
the two postdiscal lines formed into more or less broad cordate
marks in the interspaces. Underside: ground-colour darker than
that in mertone 2, sometimes a sort of purplish brown; the
chestnut transverse bands well-defined and continuous on fore
and hind wings.
Dry-season form.— $ 2. Similar to the wet-season form but the
eround-colour paler.
Exp. & 249-56 mm. (1°93-2°2").
Hab. Southern India; Ceylon.
Genus PSEUDERGOLIS.
Pseudergolis, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. iii, 1867, p. 404; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 119; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 39.
Type, P. avesta, Felder, from the Celebes.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region ; China.
¢ ©. Fore wing: costa widely arched ; apex obtuse ; termen
sinuous, angulate at interspace 5, concave in the middle, more or
less scalloped; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight; cell slenderly
closed, short, not half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 from a
point, hence upper discocellular obsolete, middle discocellular
deeply concave, lower slightly concave; veins 3 and 4 stalked,
veins 10 and 11 free. Hind wing: broad, short, irregularly
ovate ; costa regularly arched, apex more or less rounded ; termen
arched, scalloped; tornus slightly produced, angulate ; dorsum
464 NYMPHALID#.
curved; cell slenderly closed, short, not half length of wing;
veins 3 and 4 from just beyond lower apex of cell, 6 and 7 very
close at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing; club
gradual, narrow, cylindrical; palpi subporrect, broad in front ;
third joint stout; eyes naked. Fore leg of ¢ slender; tibia and
tarsus subequal, hairy ; of 2 perfect, scaled.
Quite an aberrant form as to the structure cf the fore leg in
the 2, but otherwise one of the Nymphaline. Only a single
form is recorded from within our limits.
450. Pseudergolis wedah (Pl. VII, fig. 52), Kollar (Ariadne), Hiiyel’s
Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 4387; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886,
p- 120, pl. 23, fig. 109; Mackinnon, Jour. Bomb. N.H. Soc. xi,
1898, p. 371, pl. U, figs. 9 a-9 f, larva & pupa ; Moore, Lep. Ind.
v, 1901-1903, p. 41, pl. 389, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
3 2. Upperside golden brown. Fore and hind wings with the
following transverse black lines and series of spots :—Three slender
short lines across the discoidal cell and one beyond its apex;
a broad discal line on fore wing from just above vein 7 to vein 1,
on hind wing from costa to vein 1; postdiscal and subterminal
similar lines, both diffusely spreading towards the costal margin
on the fore wing, the subterminal line highly sinuous on the hind
wing; apex of fore wing dusky black; termen of both wings
narrowly edged with black; a series of small spots between
the postdiscal and subterminal lines; cilia conspicuously white,
alternated with black. Underside brown, slightly suffused with a
ereyish tint; transverse lines, bands, and the series of small spots
as on the upperside, but rich chestnut-brown, not black; on the
fore wing the spaces between the two short lines across the
middle of the cell, and between the two short lines at and beyond
apex of cell, a brighter brown than the ground-colour; on both
fore and hind wings, discal and postdiscal bands broader than on
the upperside and somewhat diffuse; subterminal line lunular
and bordered on both sides by obscure pale lilac, that broadens
near the apex of the fore wing into a small lilac patch ; termen
broadly edged with chestnut. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen golden brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
greyish brown.
Exp. 3 2 56-65 mm. (2°2-2°5").
Hab. The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; the
Hills of Burma and Tenasserim. Recorded from Western and
Central China.
Larva. “‘ Length one and three-eighths inches; bright dark
green; all the segments except the head minutely spotted with
white, these spots or tubercles arranged in transverse rows, each
segment having two rows; a dorsal protuberance on the fifth
segment; two sharp black spines on the eleventh segment, the
base of the spines pale greenish blue; two divergent horns on
the head, five-sixteenths of an inch long, yellowish green, with
PSEUDERGOLIS.—CALINAGA. 465
six black lines on each horn, tips of horns shining black ; the line
dividing the dorsal from the ventral aspect of the body creamy-
white.” (Mackinnon.)
Food-plant, Debregeasia bicolor, Wedd.
Pupa. Head with two short conical points; dorsum keeled
from a rounded anterior knob, anal end curved upwards ; thorax
broad, angular in the middle. Colour green, with brown cross
markings. (Described from plate in Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.)
Genus CALINAGA.
Calinaga, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 162; de N.
Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 142: Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p. 44.
Type, C. buddha, Moore, from the Western Himalayas.
Range. The Himalayas; Tibet; Manipur; Upper Burma;
Siam; China.
3S 2. Fore wing elongate; costa widely arched, apex produced
but broadly rounded; termen oblique, convex anteriorly, then
slightly concave, sinuous ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight ; cell
long, over half length of wing ; upper discoceliular minute, middle
concave, lower concave, oblique posteriorly; vein 3 from well
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 10 and 11 free. Hind
wing elongate, irregularly quadrate; costa very long, nearly
straight; apex rounded; termen straight from below apex to
vein 4, then distinctly but very obtusely angulated inwards to the
tornus, which is very broadly rounded; dorsum long, nearly
straight ; cell closed, a little longer than half length of wing,
discocellulars very oblique; vein 3 from just before lower apex
of cell, 4 from apex, 7 very much closer to 6 than to 8. Antenne
gradually clavate, imbricate, club fusiform; palpi slender, cylin-
drical, short; third joint oval; eyes densely hairy; fore leg of ¢
shortened, one-jomted ; of ? functionally perfect.
This genus is remarkably aberrant, and as the larva has not yet
been discovered it is difficult to classify. Jordan places it in a
subfamily (Calinagine) by itself. In general appearance and
habits, the two or three recorded forms in the genus resemble
Pareba, one of the two genera of the Acreine found within our
limits. -
Key to the forms of Calinaga.
a. Upperside: crimson pubescence covering
only the pronotum and mesonotum an-
teriorly.
a’. Underside hind wing: ground-colour
@ullochwaceousta aes hss oils oc ogres C’. buddha, p. 466.
b'. Underside hind wing: ground-colour
bro wits AW ceeeieeys de ble dip S ereht'> # dish Race gautama, p. 466.
VOL. I. 20
466 : NYMPHALID A.
5. Upperside: crimson pubescence covering the
whole of the thorax.
|} e . .
a. Upperside hind wing: tornal area not
ochraceousivellow:: (0 eeu istics sou Race brahma, p. 467.
6’. Upperside hind wing: tornal area bright ;
ochraceous vellow, (ors). 50.8 ce foe ue C. sudassana, p. 467.
451, Calinaga buddha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 163,
pl. da, fig. 5 g; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 143, pt.; Moore,
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 45, pl. 390, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ.
Race gautama.
Calinaga gautama, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 46, pl. 390,
figs. 2,2.a,¢-9: de N. Butt. Ind. i1, 1886, p. 143, pt., front plate
fig. 122 3.
Race brahma.
Calinaga brahma, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 309;
Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 47, pl. 391, figs. 1, la, g Q.
3 2. Upperside fuliginous black ; the veins prominently black.
Fore and hind wings with the following white markings, sometimes
slightly tinged with cream-colour :— Fore wing: basal half of celi;
a transverse spot at its apex; basal two-thirds of interspace 1
a small diffuse spot at bases of interspaces 4 and 5; a discal
transverse series of elongate spots from interspace 2 to costa,
becoming slender streaks in interspuces 9 and 10; and a postdiscal
series of more rounded spots, mimute in interspaces 7 and 8.
The elongate white mark in interspace 1 traversed by a slender
black streak. Hind wing with the following similar white
markings :—The dorsal margin broadly up to vein 1; the basal
half of interspace 1; nearly the whole of the discoidal cell; spots
at base of interspaces 4,5, 6 and 7; an upper discal transverse
series of four elongate spots, and a postdiscal similar series of
more rounded smaller spots. Underside: fore wing pale fuliginous .
black; white markings as on the upperside, but larger, more
diffuse. Hind wing: ground-colour ochraceous; white markings
as on the upperside, but interspaces 1a and 1 strongly tinged
with ochraceous; discal and postdiscal series of six, not four, spots
each ; veins chestnut-brown. Antenne, head, thorax posteriorly |
and abdomen black; pronotum and mesonotum anteriorly and
on the sides with crimson pubescence; beneath, antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen black.
Exp. & 2 88-100 mm. (3°47-3:95").
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Dalhousie, Kulu.
Race gautama, Moore.—The Eastern race differs from buddha
in the white markings being, as a rule, smaller and more restricted,
but prominently by the brown not ochraceous ground-colour on
the underside of the hind wing. ‘These differences seem constant.
Exp. & 2 slightly greater than in the Western form.
Hab. Sikhim.
CALINAGA. A67
Race brahma, Butler, is the still darker form found in the high
hills further east. It differs from buddha as follows :—Upperside:
fore and hind wings, the white markings very much smaller and
not pure white or cream-coloured, but irrorated slightly with
fuliginous scales. Thorax entirely clothed with crimson pubes-
cence. Underside: ground-colour of hind wing purplish or a sort
of sepia-brown.
Exp. & 2 94-110 mm. (3°67-4°35").
Hab. Recorded from the high hills between Manipur and
Assam.
452. Calinaga sudassana, Melvill, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 121, pl. 7,
figs. 1,2,¢; Watson, Mem. Manch. L. § P. Soc. 1889, pl. 4, figs. 2,
2a,d ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 48, pl. 391, figs. 2, 24,3.
3. Upperside resembles C’. buddha, but the ground-colour is
darker, the white markings more diffuse, those in the cell and
interspace 1 of the fore wing thickly irrorated with fuliginous
scales, the spots at bases of the interspaces beyond the apex of the
cell in both fore and hind wings are diffusely produced up to the
discal spots in those interspaces ; the
discal and postdiscal series of spots
are much asin C. buddha, but there
are on the fore wing indications also
of a terminal series of whitish spots.
On the hind wing the disposition of
the white markings is similar to that
in C. buddha, but the posterior half
of the dorsal margin and the tornus
are suffused with bright ochraceous
yellow. Underside fore wing: the
white markings and spots as on the
upperside, but more clearly defined
and tinged with blue, the apex of the
Fic. 83. wing very broadly and the terminal
Calinaga sudassana, d. >. margin dull ochraceous purple. Hind
wing entirely suffused with ochraceous
purple, the white markings of the upperside faintly indicated
except the upper discal series of four elongate spots and the
postdiscal series of six rounded spots, which are tolerably distinct ;
the ochraceous yellow on the tornal area showing through by
transparency. Antenne, head and abdomen black, thorax entirely
covered with crimson pubescence; beneath, the palpi, thorax
and abdomen dull black, the sides of the thorax with crimson
pubescence.
Exp. & 94-108 mm, (3°67-4-25").
Hab. Recorded from Siam, and the hills of Upper and Lower
Burma.
22
468 NYMPHALIDA,
Subfamily ACRAUIN A.
Egg. Said by Mr. Doherty to be similar to that of the Danaine.
Larva. Cylindrical, armed with branched spines, in the Indian
orms in a series of six longitudinal rows; generally conspicuously
coloured and of a disagreeable odour. 7
Pupa. *“‘Suspended perpendicularly ; long, slender, smooth ;
two lateral angles on the thorax ; head quadrate.” (Davidson &
Aitken.) Conspicuously coloured.
Imago. Wing elongate, somewhat sparsely covered with scales
(Indian forms) or more or less diaphanous (some African and
Malayan forms); terminal margins always entire, never dentate,
scalloped or caudate. Hind wing not channeled to receive the
abdomen. Venation in the two Indian genera variable within
certain limits, especially with regard to the origin of the branches
of the subcostal nervure in both fore and bind wings; vein 1 not
forked, none of the veins swollen at base. Antenne proportion-
ately rather short, with two grooves on the underside; in the
Indian forms more or less scaled dorsally but not on the ventral
surface. ‘‘ On the not-scaled ventral area of each joint there are
two deep impressions which become shallow towards the middle
carina, so that the two more impressed portions are rather widely
apart.” * Palpi cylindrical, more or less tumid and _ sparsely
covered with hairs; third joint short. Eyes never hairy. Fore
tarsi in ¢ with one to four joints, but always functionally imper-
fect; in 2 perfect.
This subfamily is chiefly African, and represented within our
limits by only two genera with one form in each genus. The
forms seem to be protected from insectivorous enemies in all stages.
In the imago the slightest pressure causes the exudation of a
yellow, disagreeable smelling, somewhat acrid fluid.
Key to the Genera of the Acreine.
a. Antenne with a gradually formed club; hind
wing, veins 6 and 7 stalked well beyond upper
APEMCOracell Neon. arases oh threes Genet one Enea PAREBA, p. 468.
b, Antennz with a short abrupt club; hind wing,
veins 6 and 7 not stalked, vein 7 given off before
upper apex iolueellig Healiue bloga leo iene. 26 TELCHINIA, p. 470.
Genus PAREBA.
Acrea (sect. 5. Pareba), Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hewitson,
Gen. Di. Lep. 1, 1848, p. 142; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888,
p- 318; Moore, Lep. Ind. vy, 1901-1908, p. 80.
Type, P. vesta, Fabr., from China.
Range. The Lower Himalayas; Assam; Burma; extending to
China and the Malayan Subregion.
* Jordan, Nov. Zool. v, 1898, p. 387.
PAREBA. 469
_ & @. Fore wing elongate ; costa straight, slightly arched along
its apical third; apex rounded; termen very oblique; tornus
rounded; dorsum straight; cell elongate, somewhat more than
half the length of the wing; upper discocellular obsolete or
very short, middle deeply concave, lower inclined very obliquely
outwards; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from
apex; origin of veins 6,10 and 11 variable, 6 sometimes from
upper apex of cell, sometimes a little below it, 10 always out of
7 but at varying distance from upper apex of cell, 11 free or
from upper apex of cell, 12 long, terminating on apical third of
the costal margin. Hind wing elongate: costa sharply straight ;
apex rounded ; termen strongly curved ; tornus rounded; dorsum
straight, slightly convex towards base; cell long; vein 3 from
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 6 and 7 stalked, more or
less well beyond upper apex of cell; 8 very long, straight, running
parallel to costal margin, terminating at apex. Antenne a little
less than half length of wing; club gradual, rounded at apex,
slightly flattened; palpi short, cylindrical, sparsely hairy ; eyes
naked.— 9. Last segment of abdomen, after impregnation, with a
corneous appendage or pouch somewhat like that of Parnassws.
453. Pareba vesta, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 14; M. §
de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 318; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p. 31, pl. 387, fies. 1, 1 a-1f, larva & pupa, ¢ @.
_ &. Upperside yellow. Fore wing: veins along the costal margin
broadly and apical half of those along the terminal margin narrowly
black ; a broad curved mark along the discocellulars, the apex
and terminal margin more or less broadly also black, the last
traversed bya series of spots of the ground-colour. Hind wing:
apical half of the veins from 1a to 8, subterminal zigzag and
Fig. 84.—Pareba vesta. 1.
terminal slender lines, black, the subterminal line coalescing with
the terminal along the veins. Underside: fore wing ground-colour
yellow, getting paler towards apex, the veins conspicuously darker,
the black discocellular mark showing through by transparency. Hind
wing: ground-colour a delicate pinkish white, the veins conspicu-
ously black ; a broad subterminal ochraceous lunular band margined
470 NYMPHALID A.
on both inner and outer sides by black tines, and a terminal,
slender black line continued along the dorsum. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen black, the thorax with a little ochraceous
yellow pubescence anteriorly ; thorax and abdomen beneath black
sparingly marked and spotted with very pale ochraceous.—
9. Upperside: ground-colour a paler duller ochraceous yellow
than in the ¢, with similar but broader black markings. Under-
side: ground-colour duller than in the g, the black markings
showing through by transparency.
Exp. 3 9 64-74 mm. (2°54-2°9").
Hab, The Himalayas, at 3000 or 4000 ft.; the hills of Assam ;
Burma, Tenasserim ; extending to China.
A variable insect both in the shades of ground-colour and in
the markings. The above description is of the palest form.
Other specimens have the ground-colour fulvous, with on the
upperside additional black marks, such as a band along the costa at
base of the fore wing, the apex and termen very broadly black, a
black transverse mark across the cell, another oblique mark from
costa beyond the apex of cell and black transverse marks on the
disc; on the hind wing the black subterminal and terminal lines
are sometimes very broad, and the ochraceous-red subterminal band
of the underside shows through by transparency. Some female
specimens have the ground-colour of the tore wing on the upper-
side fuliginous, a broad streak at base of cell, a quadrate spot at
its apex, a discal irregular series of elongate marks and a sub-
terminal series of spots pale ochraceous. Hind wing: ground-
colour pale ochraceous, with the usual subterminal and terminal
markings rendered blurred and diffuse by a shading of fuliginous
black over the terminal third of the wing.
Larva. “ Elongated; head unarmed; segments armed with a
subdorsal and a sublateral row of long, sharp-peinted, branched
spines and a lateral row of shorter naked spines. Head reddish
ochraceous, black-spotted, front with a white stripe; segments
dark purplish violet, with longitudinal rows of short transverse
white bars; spines ochreous with black tips; legs ochreous with
black bands.” (Moore.)
Pupa. “Suspended. Elongated narrow’; head with two short
frontal points; thorax ccnvex and uneven; abdominal segments
with a dorsal and two lateral rows of short tubercular points.
Colour white, tubercles and streaks on wing-cases ochreous.”
(Moore.) .
Genus TELCHINIA.
Telchinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 27; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.
1, 1881, p. 65; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 319; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 35.
Type, 7. viole, Fabr., from India.
Range. Throughout peninsular India in the regions of heavy
rainfall ; Ceylon.
Closely allied to and resembling Pareba, but differs as follows :—
Wings not quite so elongate; fore wing: termen more convex ;
TELCHINIA. 471
venation similar and as variable. Hind wing: vein 7 not stalked,
upper discocellular therefore present. Antenne with the club
short, broad and abrupt ; palpi cylindrical, gradually incrassate to
apex of second joint, third joint minute, very sparsely clothed; eyes
naked.
454, Telchinia viol, Fudr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 460; Moore,
Lep. Ceyl.i, 1881, p. 66, pl. 33, figs. 1, 1 a-16, 3 Q, larva & pupa;
M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 320, fig. ¢ ; Davidson § Aitken,
Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 268; Moore, Lep. Ind.v, 1901—
1903, p. 36, pl. 388, figs. 1, la—lg, larva & pupa, 5 Q.
3. Unperside tawny. Fore wing: a transverse black spot in
cell, and another irregular, oblique and broader at the disco-
cellulars ; a discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10,
and the apex and termen black. The upper four spots of the
discal series inclined obliqueiy outwards, the lower two obliquely
inwards: the black edging to apex and termen narrowing poste-
riorly, but with slender linear projections inwards in the interspaces.
Hind wing: a basal series of four or five black spots with a
similar spot beyond in middle of cell and a subcostal black spot
above it, followed by a discal series of obscure blackish spots and
a minute postdiscal black dot in interspaces 4 and 6 respectively ;
finally,a broad black terminal band medially
traversed by a series of small spots of
the ground-colour. Most of the macular
black markings are obscure, being only the
spots on the underside seen by the trans-
parency of the wing-membrane ; the inner
edge of the black terminal band crenu-
late. Underside: ground-colour ochraceous
yellow ora paler tawny yellow. Fore wing
paling to whitish on the apex, with the
Fig. 85. black markings as on the upperside but
Telchinia viole, §. 4. somewhat blurred and diffuse. Hind wing:
the black spots and black terminal band as
on the upperside, but the spots more clearly defined, none obscure ;
the series of spots traversing the black terminal margin very much
larger and white, not tawny; the base of the wing black, separated
from the basal transverse series of black spots by two or three
large whitish spots. Antenne black, head and thorax black spotted
with ochraceous and white ; abdomen anteriorly black, posteriorly
ochraceous yellow with narrow transverse black lines; beneath, the
palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax spotted with
ochraceous, the abdomen with a longitudinal line of black at base.-—
Q@. Similar. Upperside: ground-colour duller; the black spots
on fore and hind wings larger, the upper discal spots often coalescing
and forming an irregular oblique short band; the black edging to
apex and termen on the fore wing and the black terminal band
on the hind wing proportionately broader, the spots traversing
the latter larger and whitish. Underside: ground-colour much
paler and duller, markings as on the upperside and, as in the 6,
A472 NYMPHALID&.
the spots on the hind wing better defined than on the upperside.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢.
Exp. 3 Q 53-64 mm. (2°1-2°53").
Hab. Peninsular India, in regions of heavy rainfall ; Ceylon.
Larva. “ Cylindrical, slender, with six longitudinal rows ef fine
branched spines; colour reddish brown with an oily gloss, much
paler on the head, second and last segment; an unwholesome
looking insect, doubtless protected like the butterfly.” (Davidson &
Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘“ Perpendicularly hung, long, slender, smooth; two
lateral angles on the thorax; head quadrate; colour creamy white,
with broad longitudinal bars of purplish-black spotted with orange.”
(Davidson &§ Aitken.)
Food-plant, the wild Passion-flower (Modecca palinata).
Subfamily LIBYTH EIN A.
Eqq. *‘ Ampulliform, shaped like a soda-water bottle, twice as
high as wide, forming a short neck or stalk close to the apex,
radiate with strong anastomosing ribs.” (Doherty.)
Larva. In general appearance strongly resembling the larve of
some of the Prerzde ; cylindrical, smooth or with minute bristles,
head small.
Pupa. Suspended perpendicularly. Short, smooth, not angu-
lated ; head square, broad.
Imago. Wings short and broad, termen angular and emarginate
in fore wing. Venation similar to some of the Nymphaline ; vein 1
of fore wing with a slender fork at base; cell closed in both fore
and hind wings. Antenne short, thick, club gradual, scaling
restricted to the dorsal surface; palpi very long, thick, porrect,
the two closely approximate, forming a remarkable beak-like
projection in front of the head. Eyes naked; fore tarsi in g
abbreviated brush-like, of 2 functionally perfect.
Contains only a single genus.
Genus LIBYTHEA.
Libythea, Faor. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 284; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 67; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 800; Moore, Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 50.
Type, L. celtis, Fuessly, from S. Europe.
ftange. HKurope; Africa; India; Malay Archipelago; N. and
S. America. Mauritius.
3 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched; apex somewhat pro-
duced ; termen slightly concave below apex, angulated at apex of
vein 5; below emarginate to tornal angle; tornus rounded ;
dorsum straight; cell broad, not quite half length of wing,
slenderly closed; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower
concave, not oblique ; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell,
4 from apex,10 an l11lfree. Hind wing: costa sinuous; termen
LIBYTHEA.
473
slightly oblique and sinuous to apex of vein 6, then erect and
scalloped to tornus; tornus angulate; dorsum slightly curved ;
cell not quite half length of wing, slenderly closed ; vein 3 from a
little before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 5, 6 and 7 well
separated at base. Antenne short, not half length of fore wing ;
club well marked, short but gradual; palpi remarkably long, closely
appressed ; eyes naked.
Key to the forms of Libythea.
A. Upperside: no trace of violaceous; ground-
colour dark brown, markings orange-yellow
or white.
a. Upperside fore wing with a cellular
streak.
a’. Upperside fore wing with a small
orange-yellow spot in interspace ]
b'. Upperside fore wing with no spot in
interspace 1.
a’. Upperside fore wing: orange-yellow
spot beyond lower apex of cell
quadrate. .
a’. Upperside fore wing: orange-
yellow streak in cell not divided,
CONMPIMUOUS, Struc a 9. tes
6°. Upperside fore wing: orange-
yellow streak in cell divided
prenpica lyase ii eid 2s UES «
6°. Upperside fore wing: orange-yellow
spot beyond lower apex of cell
NGM Oy OW AN aren! cidinn fe. say of eyaks Seat
b. Upperside fore wing without a distinct
cellular streak ..... as eratnansiete 2) cic sates
B Upperside: bases of wings violaceous ;
eround-colour pale brown.
a. 3 2. Upperside fore wing with preapical
white spots; violaceous area at base of
BSAA SS SANT U Le ag) cart 2} tern sis] Wenig bay gfaree b>
b. gS. Upperside fore wing with no preapical
white spots except those seen by trans-
parency from underside. @ unknown .
L, celtis, p. 478.
Race lepita, p. 474.
Race lepitoides, p. 474.
L. myrrha, p. 475.
L. rohini, p. 476.
[alompra, p. 477.
L.. geoffroyz, race
L. hauxwellr, p. 478.
455. Libythea celtis, Fuessly (Papilio), Arch. Ins. 1782, pl. 8, figs. 1-3 ;
Lang, Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 152, pl. 52, fig. 2.
- Libythea lepita, Leslie § Evans (nec Moore), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.
xiv, 1903, p. 671.
Race lepita.
Libythea lepita, Moore, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 240; de N.
Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 803 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 56,
pl. 393, figs. 2,2a-2e, dQ.
Race lepitoides.
Libythea lepita, Hampson (nec Moore), J. A. S. .B. 1888, p. 355.
Libythea lepitoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 57, pl. 394,
figs. 1, l a-c, 3.
474 NYMPHALIDZ.
3 2. Upperside rich silky brown. Fore wing: cell filled with
a broad orange-yellow streak subapically deeply indented above ;
a small discal orange-yellow spot in interspace 1; a very much
larger, similarly coloured discal spot between veins 2 and 4, on the
inner side impinging on the cell between veins 3 and 4; a sub-
costal white preapical spot and a quadrate double spot in inter-
spaces 4 and 5, placed obliquely forward to the subcostal spot;
this spot whitish above, orange below. Hind wing uniform, with
an irregular curved, transverse, upper postdiscal orange patch
extending from just below vein 3 to interspace 6, the portion in
interspace 6 often detached. Underside ground-colour: fore wing
brown, apex pale purplish irrorated with minute dark transverse
striz and dots, orange markings as on the upperside but paler ;
hind wing uniform pale purplish irrorated with minute dark dots
and transverse strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the
tint of the underside of the hind wing.
Kap. 3 2 46-54 mm. (1°81-2°13").
Hab. Southern Europe; Asia Minor. Within our limits
recorded only from Chitral.
Race lepita, Moore.—Differs from celtis as follows:— 3 Q. Up-
perside ground-colour a slightly darker brown. Fore wing: orange-
yellow streak in cell much narrower for two-thirds of its length
from base, then abruptly expanded anteriorly so as to fill the apex
of the cell, the inner margin of the apical portion and the anterior
margin of the basal portion forming a clearly defined right angle ;
lower discal spot absent, upper larger discal spot somewhat
diamond-shaped ; subcostal spot and preapical spot placed ob-
liquely outwards from it more distinctly double, the lower portion
of the subapical spot orange-yellow, the upper portion and the
subcostal spot white. Hind wing: the upper postdiscal orange
patch narrower, forming a short band which is not curved but
placed obliquely transverse, reaching from vein 2 to vein 6, some-
times but rarely with a detached orange spot above it in interspace 6.
Underside : ground-colour variable, generally vinous-brown, paler
along the costal and dorsal margins of the fore wing; sometimes
dark brown on the fore wing, dark greyish on the hind wing, with
the costal margin broadly of the fore and the whole of the hind
wing irrorated with minute dark strie and spots. Orange and
white markings on the fore wing as on the upperside, but the
preapical double spot entirely white. The hind wing is more
variable ; in some specimens it is uniform without any markings,
in others it is shaded transversely light and dark, and in a few
specimens the wing is longitudinally divided by a dark-brown
diffuse band from base along the median vein to apex of vein 5.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in L. celtss.
Exp. & 2 50-58 mm. (1:97—-2:28").
Hab. The Himalayas, from below Simla to Sikhim; Assam ;
Upper Burma ; extending to China and Japan.
Face lepitoides, Moore.—Differs from lepita as follows :—
LIBYTHEA. 475
3 2. Hind wing: tornus narrowly produced, dentate or even,
subcaudate. Upperside: ground-colour darker brown. Fore wing:
the orange-yellow streak in cell divided from the spot in the apex
of the cell, the large discal spot smaller, the subcostal and subapical
spots more distinctly double, the latter pure white. Hind wing:
the transverse short band narrower and more horizontal ; a diffuse
quadrate pale spot in the middle of interspace 7, larger in the 2
than in the g¢. Underside fore wing: ground-colour dark brown,
the apex, the termen narrowly and slightly, and the dorsal margin
somewhat broadly touched with grey, irrorated with minute dark
dots and transverse striz; the orange-yellow and white markings
as on the upperside, the former broader and fuller, the cellular
streak not interrupted. Hind wing pale grey, shaded broadly at
base, on the disc and posteriorly, with brown, the pale grey
ground-colour prominently replacing the transverse orange streak
and pale subcostal spot of the upperside. In some specimens
there is a very dark brown shading from base of the wing along
the median vein. The entire surface of the wing is irrorated
with minute dots and transverse short strie. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen as in celtis.
Kup. 3 2 58-61 mm. (2°28-2°41"),
Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon.
456. Libythea myrrha, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819, p.171; de N.
| Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 302.
Libythea rama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 556; ed. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881,
p. 68, pl. 33, figs. 2,2a; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 302;
es Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 53, pl. 393, figs. 1, la,
Libythea myrrha, var. sanguinalis, Pruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zerts.
xliii, 1898, p. 169.
Libythea sanguinalis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 51, pl. 392,
figs. 1, la-lg, 3 Q.
A ‘variable insect in the extent and breadth of the orange-
yellow markings and in the mottling and ground-colour of the
underside. Typically ¢ 2 have the ground-
colour on the upperside dark brown, with
the following orange-yellew markings :—
Fore wing: a streak from base along the
median vein extending narrowly on each
side of it and continued beyond as a
comparatively large oval spot in base of
interspace 2; two preapical double spots
placed obliquely to the costa. Hind wing
ee a. uniform, with a slightly oblique narrow
Libythea myrrha, sg. +. medial band extending- from vein 1 to
vein 5. Underside fore wing: ground-
colour brown; orange-yellow markings as on the upperside, but
broader, more diffuse; apex and dorsal margin broadly shaded
with pale grev irrorated with minute dark spots and transverse
short strie. Hind wing greyish brown irrorated with minute
476 NYMPHALID#.
dark spots and short transverse striz, and shaded in the cell,
on the middle of the costal margin, and on the middle of the
termen with diffuse brown. Antenne, head, thorax and ab-
domen dark brown ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish
brown.
Exp. 3 Q 46-58 mm. (1°81-2°28").
Hab. The Himalayas, from Kulu to Sikhim; Western India,
recorded from Bombay; Southern India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma;
Tenasserim ; the Malayan Subregion ; China.
The larger varieties, with very broad orange markings on both
fore and hind wings, have been separated as sanguinalis. This is
chiefly a Himalayan and Hastern form. Var. rama, Moore, is the
smaller Southern and Ceylon form, with the orange markings much
narrower and restricted and the preapical double spots entirely
white, or white slightly suffused with yellow. Every gradation
between the two forms, however, can be found. Many specimens
are identical with typical forms from Java.
Larva. “* Colour dark green, sometimes with a brownish tinge,
with a thin dorsal light yellow line from segments 4 to 12 and a
narrow yellow supra-spiracular band from the head to the anal
end.” (de Nicéville.) '
Pupa. “The front of the pupa seen from above is absolutely
square, the head ending in a broad straight edge; .... thorax
somewhat convex and highly carinated along the dorsal line....;
wings slightly thickened at and behind the shoulder; .... colour
light green with the tops of all the carinations yellow, with
a black speck on the abdominal peak; the surface of the pupa
smooth, somewhat shiny.” (de Nicéville.)
‘* Food-plant, Celtis tetranda, Roxb. ( Urticacee).” (de Nicéville.)
457. Libythea rohini, Marshali, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 248 9; de N.
Butt, Ind. ii, 1886, p. 303, pl. 24, fig. 1149 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v.
1901-1903, p. 59, pl. 394, tigs. 3, 8a, Q.
Libythea libera, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 207,
pl. D, fig. 6; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 58, pl. 394,
figs. 2,2a, 3.
3 2. Upperside very dark glossy brown, bases of the wings
slightly paler. Fore wing with the following white spots: a
transverse spot filling the apex of the cell, a large discal sub-
quadrate spot, and three smaller spots in a curve preapically.
Hind wing: a white subcostal spot and a horizontal medial short
narrow white band, generally macular. Underside fore wing:
ground-colour brown, the costal margin, the apex, and the dorsal
margin more or less greyish white with minute transverse short
dark strive; a pale clavate cellular streak above the median vein,
not reaching the white transverse spot at apex of cell; all the
white spots as on the upperside, but larger and somewhat diffuse
at the edges; the lower two of the preapical spots generally
touching. Hind wing: ground-colour pale lilacine-white closely
irrorated with transverse dark strie ; the white spot on the costal
LIBYTHEA. ATT
margin and the medial white band as on the upperside, but the
latter not clearly defined, broader not macular; the posterior half
of wing at base, the dise below the medial band, the costal margin
near apex, and the posterior two-thirds of the terminal margin
shaded with dark brown.
Exp. & 9 56-60 mm. (2°19-2°38").
Hab. The hills of Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to
the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Var. libera, de Nicéville, is probably a race or a dimorph of
rohini; it differs chiefly in the “spot in the cell and the one
below it in the first median interspace (interspace 2) of the fore
wing not being ‘ pure white’ but outwardly defined with ochreous
the discal band ochreous instead of pure white.” It occurs with
rohint in Assam, but seems to be the common form in Burma.
The next two forms are possibly dimorphs or seasonal forms of
one insect, but, so far as I know, only the males of the smaller
form have been procured, and I have not access to a sufficient
series to more than hazard this conjecture.
458. Libythea geoffroyi, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix, 1823, p. 813.
Race alompra.
Libythea alompra, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 59, pl. 394,
figs. 4,4 a, 3S.
Libythea geoffroyi, de Nicéville (nec Godart), Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. v, 1890, p. 205, pl. D, fie. 5 g.
Race alompra, Moore.— 3. Upperside pale brown. Fore wing:
the cell, basal two-thirds of interspaces la, 1, 2 and 3, and
the extreme base of interspace 4 suffused with a beautiful pale
violescent blue; a curved series of three subquadrate preapical
white spots. Hind wing: cell sutfused with violescent blue
extending faintly into interspaces 4,5 and 6; a faintly-marked
dull orange band below the lower apex of cell. Underside pale
brown. Fore wing: apex grey, irrorated with minute dark spots;
cell with a broad dull orange streak from base, followed by a
violescent transverse spot in apex of cell; a large discal dull
violescent spot in interspace 2 spreading slightly into interspace 3,
the curved series of three preapical spots as on the upperside
but faintly dull violescent. Hind wing greyish brown, irrorated
with dark spots and transverse dark striz and shaded with darker
brown; the medial dull orange band replaced by a similar pale well-
marked band. Antenne, head and abdomen pale brown ; thorax
darker brown with a little greenish pubescence posteriorly ; beneath,
the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown.— 2. “ Upper-
side: fore wing with the violet area duller and confined to the
immediate base of the wing; a quadrate white spot at the end of
the discoidal cell; a tripartite subcostal spot; another elongated
spot from the third median to the upper discoidal nervule, placed
outwardly below it; a large quadrate discal spot, completely
478 NEMEOBID #.
filling the interspace between the first and third median nervules.
Hind wing with no violet gloss at the base, otherwise as in the
male. Underside: fore wing with the cell orange but outwardly
terminated by a large white spot; the other spots as on the
upperside. Hind wing as in the male, but all the markings more
obscure.” (de Nicéville.)
Exp. 6 Q 61 mm. (2°4").
Hab. Tenasserim.
459. Libythea hauxwelli, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p.61, pl. 394,
figs. 5,54, 3.
3. Upperside: fore wing a beautiful iridescent pale violet, the
costal margin, apex, and terminal margin pale brown, the dull
white discal and preapical spots of the underside showing faintly
through by transparency. Hind wing pale brown, the cell and
bases of interspaces 4, 5 and 6 pale iridescent violet ; beyond the
violet there is a very obscure series of pale discal marks, only
indicating the usual horizontal band. Underside as in L. alompra
but much paler; the spot in cell, the discal and preapical spots
dull white, obscure. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull
brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish brown.
Exp. 3 49 mm. (1°9").
Hab. 'enasserim.
Family NEMEOBID.
Egg. ‘“‘ Not so high as wide, smooth, granulate or prickly,
neither reticulate nor radiate, in the few genera examined by me.”
(Doherty.) ;
Larva. According to Sharp, “neither the larve nor the pupz
present any well-marked characteristic feature, but exhibit con-
siderable variety.” So far as the Indian forms of this family are
concerned, the larvee and pupz of only two of the forms have been
described and figured. The former is onisciform, broadest in the
middle, attenuated at each end, covered with short erect hairs.
Pupa. Short, either slightly or not angulated or fusiform, flattened
anteriorly; head bifid, or truncately rounded in front; recumbent,
attached to a leaf by the tail and a median girdle (teste Moore,
Davidson 5 Aitken).
Imago. Mostly of small size. Wings variable in shape. Fore
wing generally short and broad; cell broad, closed; veins 1-12
present, point of origin of vein 10 variable, from upper apex of
cell or free. Hind wing in some of the Indian forms produced at
the tornus, lobed, and in a few with a filamentous short tail as in
many of the Lycwnide. 1n some others dentate or tailed at apex
of vein 4, the termen more or less emarginate above the produced
portion ; cell closed ; veins 1 a-8 present, veins 6 and 7 very often
DODONA. A479
stalked, precostal nervure always present. Antenne generally
long, over half length of fore wing; club broad, abrupt, spatulate,
or long and gradual, but always distinct and grooved or hollow on
the ventral surface in the Indian forms; palpi short, generally
porrect, with the third joint comparatively long in one genus, short
or even minute in others; eyes hairy or naked. Fore legs of ¢
imperfect, brush-like, tarsus one-jointed, without claws ; fore legs
of © functionally perfect but smaller than the intermediate and
posterior pair.
The best known name Erycinidw, Swainson, 1827, for this
family cannot be used. as Lamarck employed the same term in
1804, for a family of the Mollusca; nor is Lemonide, Kirby 1871,
admissible, as the type of Hiibner’s genus Lemonias is closely altied
to Melitea. Moore adopts Grote’s name Rrodinide for the
family, but Avodina is American; and as the whole of the Indian
forms are classed under the subfamily Nemeobine, Bates, and
Grote in his paper separates the forms in this subfamily as
Nemeobide from the Riodinide, I have adopted the former name
for the family.
Key to the Genera of the Nemeobide.
A. Eyes hairy.
a. Hind wing: tornus produced and lobed...... Dovona, p. 479.
b. Hind wing: tornus not produced or lobed.
a’. Hind wing: termen angulate or produced
Bia ee Ol VEIN Aner iaine lhl 6-4 Safar 6 bi01 sees ey ABISARA, p. 489.
b'. Hind wing: termen not angulate or pro-
anced: OUNCE! \mlaies-di stele ss knme <a kame STIBOGES, p. 500.
B. Eyes naked.
a. Hind wing: vein 3 from before lower apex of
Sell AP IROM APOX oS) Seale hela wielans km et! s TAXILA, p. 495.
6. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of
Ce a auedcxsp ie ov ten ae TS eye aa ee ZEMEROS, p. 498,
Genus DODONA.
Dodona, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. 11, 1861, Erycinde, Sospita-Dodona ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 809; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,
p- 63.
Balonca, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1991-1903, p. 735.
Type, D. durga, Kollar, from the Western Himalayas.
Range. The hills of the Indo-Malayan Region.
g 2. Fore wing broad, short, triangular; costa very slightly
arched ; apex subacute; termen slightly convex; tornus angulate ;
dorsum straight; cell comparatively broad, about half length of
wing; veins 6 and 7 from upper apex of cell, therefore upper
discocellular obsolete, middle and lower subequal, concave; vein 3
from a little before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 8 and 9 out of
7, 10 from upper apex of cell, 11 free, 12 very short, terminating
opposite origin of 11. Hind wing: costa arched; apex broadly
rounded; termen below apex straight to vein 4, then slightly
480 NEMEOBIDA.
bent inwards and slightly concave to tornus; tornus produced
and lobed, in some forms with a slender tail in addition; dorsum
slightly arched, nearly straight; cell about half length of wing ;
discocellulars oblique ; vein 3 from just before iower apex of cell,
4 from apex ; costa at base angular. Antenne over half length
of fore wing ; club short, broad, abrupt and flattened, long, narrow
gradual in a few forms; palpi porrect, third joint acute at apex;
eyes hairy: fore leg of ¢ abbreviated, clothed with soft hairs;
tarsus one-jointed ; of 2 scaled, functionally perfect.
Key to the forms of Dodona.
A. Hind wing: tornal lobe without a fila-
mentous short tail.
a. Upperside hind wing: outer half with
three transverse series of spots; the
outer two transversely linear, more or less
continuous.
a’. Upperside fore wing: discocellulars
defined by a short yellow line ......
6’. Upperside fore wing: discocellulars not
dehnedsby ajyellow limes nearer
6. Upperside hind wing: outer half with four
somewhat obscure macular bands......
B. Hind wing: tornal lobe furnished with a
short filamentous tail.
a. Upperside markings more or less black or
ochreous brown and yellow, if white then
confined to the fore wing.
a’, Upperside fore wing: discal transverse
markings macular.
a>, These markings small, not er -very
obscurely continued on to the hind
wing ; ground-colour brown......
6°, These markings large, continued as an
unbroken broad band on the hind
wing; ground-colour black, suttused
with ochraceous at base..........
6’. Upperside fore wing: discal transverse
markings not macular, continuous,
forming a band.
a’, Underside ground-colour ochraceous
red, hind wing without distinct
transverse bands; 2 with a broad
white discal band on fore wing ....
b°. Underside ground-colour _ bright
ochraceous yellow; hind wing with
clearly defined jet-black transverse
pemrdish ts key ah a as ts bheh bed aac:
6. Upperside markings black and white.
a’. White transverse medial area on both
fore and hind wings occupying only
medial third or less of dorsal margin
of fore wing.
a’, White transverse medial area extend-
ing from costal margin of fore wing
to just above tornal area on hind wing
D. durga, p. 481.
D. dipea, p. 482.
D. dracon, p. 485.
D, eugenes, p. 484.
D. egeon, p. 484.
D. ourda, p. 485.
D. adontra, p. 486. -
D, deodata, p. 487.
DODONA. 481
6°. White transverse medial area extend-
ing from subcostal vein of fore wing
to vein 2 on hind wing’ 7..5...... D. longicaudata, p. 488.
b’. White transverse medial area on both
fore and hind wings occupying more
than medial half of dorsal margin of
fore wing.
a’. This white medial area not extending
to tornal angle of fore wing ...... D. binghami, p. 488.
b°. This white medial area extending
to tornal angle of fore wing ...... D. angela, p. 489.
460. Dodona durga, Kollar (Melita), Hiigel’s Kuschmir, iv, pt. 2,
1844, p. 441, pl. 13, figs. 3,4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 310 ;
Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 64, pl. 395, figs. 1, la-le,
Ouse
3. Upperside vandyke-brown, spotted and marked with ochra-
ceous and black as follows:—Fore wing: a transverse band
crossing the middle of the ceil, continued to vein 1; a similar
band at apex of cell continued below as a round spot in inter-
space 2 and a transverse spot in interspace 1; a macular similar
band beyond apex of cell; three upper
discal spots in interspaces 3, 6 and 8,
followed by a sinuous transverse inner
subterminal series of small spots and
an outer subterminal series of trans-
versely linear spots. Hind wing: a
small spot in interspace 7, two spots
beyond apex of cell continued towards
3 the tornus in a series of more obscure
Fig. 87. smaller spots, and an inner and an
Dodona durga, S. + outer transversely linear series of
spots, the inner and outer spots in
interspaces 5 and 6 with an intervening prominent black spot, a
similar black spot also in interspace 1 and another on the lobe of
the tornus. Underside: veins on the basal halves of wings pale
ochraceous white ; ground-colour ochraceous brown, with pale
ochraceous-white markings as follow :—Fore wing: a streak
along basal half of costal margin, a patch at base of cell centred
with a small triangle of the ground-colour, a broad oblique band
across middle of cell continued below towards the dorsum, similar
bands at apex and just beyond apex of cell, with a spot below them
near base of interspace 2, a transverse discal series of spots in
interspaces 1, 3, 6 and 8; a transverse uneven postdiscal series
and a ‘subterminal transverse linear row of spots, the last ex-
tending from interspaces 1 to 5; the lower spots of the postdiscal
and subterminal series bright ochraceous, with some obscure
blackish spots on the inner side of the former and at the tornus.
Hind wing: a narrow streak along the dorsal margin, another
across interspaces 1a and 1, with a forked similar streak along
VOL. I. 2
482 NEMEOBID!,
vein 1; none of these reaching the tornus; a patch at base of
wing enclosing a large spot of the ground-colour ; an oblique band
from costa crossing the middle of the cell, an interrupted similar
band crossing the apex of the cell, very slender along the disco-
cellulars; two upper discal short streaks in échelon; subterminal
black spots in interspaces 1a, 1, 4 and 5, the former two bordered
internally with ochraceous, the latter two encircled with white; a
transverse line of white between the lower two and upper two
black spots, and another short terminal similar line between vein 1
and vein 3; cilia of both wings white alternated with brown.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen whitish, the palpi tipped with black.—Female
similar, larger; ground-colour slightly paler; markings whiter
and broader.
Kap. 3 2 30-42 mm. (1°19-1-65").
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Nepal.
461. Dodona dipxa, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1866, Dodona, pl. 1, fig. 3
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 311, pl. 24, fig. 116 ¢; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 66, pl. 395, figs. 2,2a-2¢, 5 Q.
3 2. Upperside dark brown, with the following pale ochra-
ceous markings :—Fore wing : a narrow band across middle of cell
continued below in interspace 1, a slightly oblique, macular, short,
narrow band beyond apex of cell with a transverse spot below in
interspace 2 ; a transverse discal series of spots, two in interspace 1,
one each in interspaces 3, 6 and 8, followed by a postdiscal trans-
verse series of spots, of which the spots in interspaces 4 and 5 are
shifted inwards out of line, and a very obscure subterminal row of
transversely linear spots somewhat as in D, durga. Hind wing
also with the markings somewhat as in D. durga but pale dull
brown rather than ochraceous, the black spots at apex and on the
lobe as in D. durga. Underside ochraceous brown. Fore wing:
a spot at base of costal margin, basal, subbasal and discal oblique
transverse bands, the last macular and interrupted in interspace 3,
and a transverse subterminal sinuous series of spots. Between
the discal and subterminal markings is a short subcostal transverse
band and a transverse spot in interspace 3; succeeding the
subterminal series of spots is an obscure pale line. All the
markings are white, bordered on the inner side by dusky dark-
brown shadings, their terminations along the costal margin silvery.
Hind wing: an ochraceous-white streak along the dorsum not
reaching the tornus, similar, very slender streaks along veins la
and 1, a slightly broader silvery subbasal streak from costa across
middle of cell, a similar streak beyond at apex of cell very slender
almost interrupted along the discocellulars, a short upper discal
similar streak between veins 3 and 6, followed by a slender zigzag
black line margined with white from above the tornal lobe to
vein 3; two black subapical white-margined spots, a large black
DODONA. 483
reniform spot on the lobe and a subterminal dark reddish-brown
band with pale outer and inner margins. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the antenne annulated with
white, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dark grey.
Exp. 3 2 43-52 mm. (1°7-2:07").
Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam,
the Naga Hills.
462. Dodona dracon, de Micéville, J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 555, pl. 2,
fig. 14 $; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 67, pl. 395,
fie. 3 fg.
“ g. Upperside. Both wings glossy hair-brown. Fore wing
bears on the disc numerous pale ferruginous spots, those towards
the costa being whitish. Hind wing bears on the outer half four
somewhat obscure pale ferruginous bands; anal lobe is black,
bisected longitudinally by an ochreous line, which line is continued
along the submedian nervure almost to the base of the wing.
Underside. Both wings clear brownish-ochreous, with pure white
markings ; two subcostal decreasing white bands commencing
broadly on the fore wing at the costa, ending on the submedian
nervure (vein 1), commencing again on the hind wing at the costa,
near the anal angle approaching each other and becoming very
narrow, recurved to the abdominal margin. Fore wing with two
short parailel white lines at the end of the discoidal cell ; placed
anteriorly midway between these two lines is a trifid white spot
which reaches the costa, and posteriorly are two other spots also
placed midway between the cell-lines, the anterior one in the first
median interspace, the posterior one placed a little outwardly as
regards the spot anterior to it in the submedian interspace ; beyond
these two last-named spots are three other spots, the uppermost is
white and is in the second median interspace, the other two are
black and placed posterior to it; a trifid subapical spot from the
costa to the upper discoidal nervule, a submarginal series of small
white spots, and a fine white marginal line. Hind wing with a
short narrow white line on the middle of the disc from the second
subcostal to the second median nervule; two fine submarginal
white lines; the anal lobe black, bisected as above by an ochreous
line, the lobe anteriorly defined by a white line, anterior to this
again is a fine black zigzag line extending from the abdominal
margin to the second median nervule; the abdominal margin bears
three fine parallel white lines, the innermost on the extreme margin.
Cilia whitish. Thorax and abdomen above black, beneath whitish ;
antenne black.
“ Exp. S 15 inch” (88 mm.).
“‘ Hab. North Shan States.” (de Nicéville.)
Unknown to me. ‘ Described from a single example.”
Die,
484 NEMEOBID®.
463. Dodona eugenes, Bates, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix, 1867, p. 871;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 315; Mackinnon, Jour. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. xi, 1898, p. 378, pl. 8, fig. 12 a-d, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 68, pl. 396, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q, larva
& pupa. ;
3. Upperside: closely resembles D. dipea in the ground-colour
and markings, but on the hind wing the markings are broader
and more diffuse, and the lobe has ashort filamentous black white-
edged tail. Underside a brighter brown than in D. dipwa; the
markings very similar, but twice as broad.
Eep. & 2 38-49 mm. (1:5-1-98’).
Hab. The Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan; Assam, the
Khasi and Jaintea Hills.
Larva. More or less onisciform, “ pale emerald-green with two
dorsal blue lines,” somewhat sparingly covered with short hairs.
‘“‘ Feeds on grasses and hill-bamboo.”
Pupa pale green, with cross check of darker green lines. Head
bifid, flat in front and angulated below.
464. Dodona egeon, Doubleday (Taxila), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew.
Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 422, pl. 69, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 314; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 69, pl. 396,
figs. 2,2a-2e, dg Q.
3. Upperside. Fore wing black, the basal area to the middle of
the cell dark ochraceous red ; ashort, broad, oblique yellow subbasal
band from subcostal vein to vein 1; discal yellow spots beyond in
interspaces 1, 2, 4 and 5, the upper two and lower two spots
respectively separated by the veins only, the latter two spots
joined to the subbasal band by an elongate reddish-yellow spot in
interspace 1a; a postdiscal series of a yellow crescentic mark
surmounted by a yellow spot in interspaces 2 and 3, and three
upper postdiscal whitish smaller spots in interspaces 4, 5, 6 shifted
somewhat further towards the termen ; lastly, two preapical white
dots. Hind wing ochraceous yellow, the dorsal margin broadly
shaded with brown, a medial straight fascia and an upper shorter
discal fascia dark brown; a postdiscal macular, subterminal and
terminal more continuous dark brown bands, all three coalescing
at the apex ; tornal lobe and slender tail black. Underside chestnut-
red, with the following more or less silvery markings:—Fore
wing: a short streak at base of costal margin, transverse basal,
medial and discal broad bands, a postdiscal irregular series of
transverse spots and a very slender and delicate transverse series
of short subterminal lines; between the discal and postdiscal
markings there are two silvery subcostal and a transverse similar
spot in interspace 3; the other markings are silvery anteriorly, -
ochraceous posteriorly. Hind wing: a short transverse silvery
streak at base, a narrow similar streak along vein 1 not reaching
the tornus, a silvery streak along the dorsal margin turning
upwards and joining an interrupted discal silvery transverse fascia
from the costa, a broader straight transverse medial fascia between
DODONA. 485
the discal fascia and base of wing, a very broad elongate triangular
upper postdiscal silvery patch, followed by a series of transverse
slender black markings terminating at the apex in two black spots
set in a quadrate silvery patch ; lobe and slender tail jet-black, mar-
gined on the inner side by a white line and surmounted by a grey
tornal patch. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown ;
beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.— 2. Upperside
brownish black, much paler than in the ¢; markings similar but
very much larger and paler, especially the upper postdiscal spots
on the fore wing. Underside similar to that of the ¢; ground-
colour paler, silvery markings much broader.
Exp. 3 2 44-50 mm. (1°75-1:99"),
Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Bhutan; Assam, Khasi and
Naga Hills.
465. Dodona ouida, Moore, P. ZS. 1865, p. 771; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 311; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 70, pl. 397,
fies. 1, La-le, dQ.
3. Upperside ochraceous brown. fore wing with a yellow
oblique band from subcostal vein crossing cell to vein 1, followed
by a broader similar dark brown band, then a yellow oblique band,
broadest in the middle, extending from costal margin to above
tornus ; a dark brown oblique band broadest anteriorly from costal
margin to tornus ; an erect, somewhat irregular, subterminal yellow
band ; and the apex and termen dark brown, the apex with two
minute white dots. Hind wing: postdiscal and inner and outer
subterminal obscure incomplete yellow bands, all three bordered on
the inner side with blackish brown; the outer subterminal band
with two superposed black spots near apex; tornal lobe dark
chestnut-red, margined on the inner and outer sides by short
slender white lines. Underside dark ochraceous red, the yellow
bands as on the upperside, but not clearly defined, the inmost band
more or less whitish, the medial band terminating in a compara-
tively large white spot on the costa, the subterminal band very
obscure, terminating in two white spots on the costa, the minute
white preapical spots as on the upperside. Hind wing: ground-
colour darker than on the fore wing: obscure subbasal, discal,
inner and outer subterminal pale purplish macular fasciz; the
subbasal and discal fascize angulated upwards on vein 1 towards
the dorsum, the subterminal two fascie terminating on the margin
of a grey tornal patch placed above the lobe; this last black with
white linear margins on inner and outer sides ; the subbasal fascia
terminating on the costal margin in a white spot, the discal
fascia in a black spot outwardly margined by a prominent white
dot; the subapical two spots encircled with white. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown ; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and legs bright ochraceous red; abdomen whitish. —
Q. Upperside brown, the apical half of the fore wing of a darker
shade than the basal half. Fore wing with a broad oblique white
486 NEMEOBID 2.
band from middle of costa to near the tornus ; a subterminal pale
lunular line bent inwards towards the costa and terminating in
two white spots, and two subapical white dots. Hind wing: an
obscure pale sinuous short discal fascia, a subterminal similarly
pale broad band traversed by a narrow dark brown band ter-
minating in two subapical black spots, and a terminal very slender
dark line; tornal lobe rusty red, margined slenderly on inner and
outer sides by white. Underside: ground-colour similar to that of
the $ but more brown. Fore wing: the white oblique band and
preapical dots as on the upperside, very obscure subbasal and sub-
terminal transverse fascie, the latter terminating on the costal
margin in two white spots asinthe ¢. Hind wing with the obscure
pale purplish fascize and other markings as inthe g. Antenne dark
ochraceous, club black tipped with ochraceous; head, thorax and
abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen as in
the o. |
Exp. 3 2 46-48 mm. (1°8-1:9").
Hab. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Bhutan; the hills ot
Assam, Upper Burma and Western China.
466. Dodona adonira, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1866, Dodona, pl. J, figs. 1,
2,56; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p..812; Moore, Lep. Ind. v,
1901-1903, p. 72, pl. 397, figs. 2, 2a2e, 5 Q.
3 Q. Upperside dark brownish black. Fore wing with the
base suffused slightly with ochraceous ; subbasal, discal and post-
discal transverse orange bands, the subbasal straight, the other
two slightly curved, smuous and somewhat macular, the subbasal
and discal bands joined posteriorly in interspace 1a: 2 with or
without three or four transversely-placed upper subterminal
orange-yellow spots. Hind wing: a pale yellow fascia parallel to
the dorsal margin; oblique subbasal, discal, postdiscal and inner
and outer subterminal orange-yellow fasciz, all, except the post-
discal, converging from the costa and meeting above the tornal lobe;
the postdiscal fascia broad at costal margin, narrowing to a point
and terminating on vein 3; bilobed, the lobes margined outwardly
by a very slender continuous white line, beyond which the cilia are
black; the rest of the cilia on both fore and hind wings ochraceous
white in 9, black in g. Underside ochraceous, suffused with a
darker ochraceous on the tornal area of the hind wing. Fore and
hind wings transversely crossed by the following jet-black narrow
bands :—fore wing with basal, subbasal, inner and outer discal,
postdiscal, subterminal and terminal bands; the inner discal band
terminating on vein 1, the outer discal on vein 3; the postdiscal
interrupted posteriorly on vein 2; the postdiscal and subterminal
widened on the costa. Hind wing with a band along vein 1;
basal and subbasal bands in continuation of those on the fore
wing, the latter turning upwards above tornus and continued to
the base of the wing parallel to the dorsal margin; a discal band
from costa to vein 3, a very slender postdiscal band from costa to
DODONA. 47
dorsum, and closely approximate subterminal and termina! bands ;
the postdiscal slender band or line twice interrupted across the
tornal area; lobes black, narrowly edged with white on the outer
side. Antenne dark brown annulated with white ; head, thorax
and abdomen dark brown; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen
ochraceous white.
Exp. 3 Q 43-47 mm. (1°7-1°85").
flab. Nepal; Sikhim over 5000 ft.; Assam, the Khasi and
Naga Hills; Upper Burma.
467. Dodona deodata, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 151 ;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11,1886, p. 312; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 288, pl. 27,
fio. 8; Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19038, p. 74, pl. 398,
fest ras Ss.
3 2. Upperside: basal third of both fore and hind wings
fuliginous black, followed by a very broad white discal band, that
is broadest in the middle and extends from the costa of fore to just
above the tornal area of the hind wing; on the latter wing it
tapers posteriorly to a point with both inner and outer margins
straight; on the fore wing it broadens from costa to dorsum and
has its inner margin straight, its outer margin curved outwards.
Beyond this white medial area both wings are black from apex
broadly along the termen ; the fore wing with a curved row of
white spots and some preapical white dots; the hind wing with
an inner and an outer narrower subterminal series of short
white transverse lines in the interspaces ; tornal lobe and _fila-
mentous tail of hind wing fuliginous black, slenderly margined
with white; dorsum broadly sullied white, with two fuliginous
black stripes parallel to the margin and some curved black marks
above the tornal lobe. Underside white, with the following chest-
nut-red transverse bands and markings: a basal and subbasal even
band from costa of fore to just above tornal area of hind wing,
there angulated and continued upwards along the dorsal margin to
the base of the wing ; an inner and an outer postdiscal similar band,
coalescing below vein 4 on the fore wing and continued as a single
band to just above the tornal area of the hind wing; the upper
portion of this band on the hind wing and the lower portion of it
on the fore wing traversed medially by very slender white broken
lines ; posteriorly on the hind wing this band has two yellow spots
below it, with two black spots on its outer margin; finally, a
similar chestnut-red terminal band medially traversed on the fore
wing by a broken white line, irregular and incomplete on the hind
wing ; this band at the apex of the fore wing is widened inwardly
and bears two round white spots; lobe of hind wing and fila-
mentous tail black, with some bluish marks above on the tornal
area. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen dark
greyish brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
Exp. & 2 48-52 mm. (1:9-2°03").
Hab. Recorded only so far from Lower Burma.
488 NEMEOBID &.
Of the three forms next described, one, D. longicaudata, may be
a local race of D. deodata; the other two, possibly distinct, more
probably dry-season forms of D. deodata, but so few specimens
are available for examination that I have described the forms
separately.
468. Dodona longicaudata, de Nicéville, Proc. A. S. B. 1881, p. 121;
td. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 313, pl. 24, fig. 117 S$ ; Moore (Balonca),
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 75, pl. 898, figs. 2, 2a, 3.
3. Closely resembles D. deodata. Differs as follows :—Upper-
side: the medial white transverse band crossing fore and hind
wings not one-half the width it is in D. deodata, and shorter,
extending from the subcostal vein (not the costal margin) of
the fore wing to vein 3 on the hind wing; other white spots
and markings more or less obso-
lescent, especially on the hind
wing; on the fore wing the
curved row of white spots on
the black apical area much as
in D. deodata, but the spot in
interspace 3 small and a second
larger spot nearer the base; hind
wing: the filamentous tail on
the upperside of the lobe dis-
tinctly longer. Underside: the
white ground-colour more re-
S stricted, the chestnut-red bands
Fig. 88. broader. On the fore wing the
Dodona longicaudata, S. 3. terminal half beyond the discal
band chestnut-red, traversed by
an inner broken postdiscal series of more or less transversely
white linear markings, an outer transverse series of large white
spots, and a subterminal series of white markings as in D. deodata.
On the hind wing the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal bands are
coalescent, traversed by transverse broken white lines. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen as in D. deodata.— 2 unknown.
Exp. 3 50 mm. (nearly 2”).
Hab. Recorded only from the Khasi Hills in Assam. I have two
males of this form kindly given me by Col. EH. R. Johnson, I.M.S.
Mr. Moore records a specimen in Mr. Godman’s collection. The
types are in the Indian Museum at Calcutta.
469. Dodona binghami, Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 75,
pl. 398, fic. 4g.
3. Resembles D. deodata. Differs as follows:—Upperside:
basal fuliginous-black area reduced to two broad bands, with a
third band parallel to the dorsal margin of the hind wing;
terminal black area on the fore wing much restricted, bearing a
DODONA,.—-ABISARA. 489
curved transverse white ae in interspaces 1 @ and 1,a small
white spot in interspace 2, a larger white spot in interspace 3, a
short white transverse band from costa to base of interspace 4,
and a preapical white dot; terminal black area on the hind wing
traversed by a broad uneven white band and an outer subterminal
slender line. Underside very similar to that in D. deodata, the
chestnut-red band very much narrower and paler. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen as in D, deodata.
Exp. 3 +5 mm. (1°78").
Hab. Burma.
470. Dodona angela, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Ex. iii, 1901, v. 9, pl. Dical-
laneura 2, fig. 10; Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1903, p- 76,
pl. 398, fies, 3, 34a-38.c, 6 &.
3 2. Closely resembles D. deodata, and still more closely
D. binghani. Upperside black, much more restricted on the fore
wing, confined to a broad posteriorly narrowing terminal edging,
connected along the costa to a postdiscal broad Y-shaped black
mark extending from costa to vein 2, its lower portion faintly
fuliginous in ¢, somewhat blacker in the 9 ; the basal fuliginous
transverse bands narrow and very faintly marked ; on the hind wing
the black colour forms irregular postdiscal and terminal transverse
bands with a very broad intervening band of white. Underside:
ground-colour white, markings as on the upperside but more
clearly defined and chestnut-brown in colour; the markings on
the lobe and tornal area similar to but smaller than those in
D. deodata. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in D, deodata.
Exp. 3 2 46-51 mm. (1°8-2").
Hab. Recorded only, so far, from the hills north of Taungoo in
Lower Burma.
Genus ABISARA.
Abisara, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 397 ; Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 68; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 319; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 82.
Sospita, Hewitsen, Ev, Butt. 11, 1861, Erycinide.
Type, A. echerius, Stoll, from China.
Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Regions.
3 9. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa slightly arched ; apex
obtuse ; termen more or less convex ; tornus somewhat rounded ;
dorsum straight; cell short, not half length of wing, slenderly
closed ; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate from upper apex of
cell, upper discocellular therefore obsolete, middle and lower
subequal, concave; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from
apex, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing variable in shape, angulate,
broadly produced or narrowly tailed at apex of vein 4; in the
latter two cases the portion of the termen just above vein 4
concave or emarginate ; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ;
apex broadly rounded ; termen slightly scalloped ; tornus rounded ;
dorsum nearly straight; cell short, slenderly closed ; vein 3 from
490 NEMEOBID &.
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 and 7 stalked. Antenne
slender, slightly over half length of fore wing; club fusiform,
narrow ; palpi very short, porrect, third joint short ; eyes hairy.
Key to the forms of Abisara.
a. Hind wing terminal margin not concave or
emarginate above vein 4...............- A, fylla, p. 490.
b. Hind wing terminal margin concave or emar-
ginate above vein 4.
a’. Upperside: ground-colour dull hair-
brown.
a’, Fore wing: discal oblique white fascia
distinctly narrowing posteriorly, ex-
vended so: vein Mme rere teres A. neophron, p. 491.
b>. Fore wing: discal oblique white fascia
not or very slightly narrowed pos-
teriorly, not extended to vein]...... A, chela, p. 492.
b'. Upperside: ground-colour purplish or
maroon-brown.
a, Upperside fore wing without any white
markings, or if present restricted to
anterior portion of discal fascia ...... A, echerius, p. 492.
b°. Upperside fore wing with more or
less conspicuous white markings.
a°®. Upperside fore wing witha preapical .
Giffuse white patel... ... ss .45 Race kausambi, p. 494.
b°. Upperside fore wing with discal and |
postdiscal fascize white anteriorly.. Race bifasciuta, p. 494.
471, Abisara fylla, Doubleday (Taxila), List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2,
1847, p.2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 821; Moore (Sospita),
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 78, pl. 399, figs. 1, la-le, 6 9.
3. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing with a cream-
coloured even band from middle of costa to tornus, bent slightly
inwards at each end; a subterminal transverse, very obscure, pale
fascia ending anteriorly in a white dot and
two subapical white dots. Hind wing:
postdiscal and subterminal very obscure
pale transverse fascize; the latter with a
superposed series of seven oval black spots,
each with a white dot on the outer margin
and inwardly pale-edged ; the preapical
two and posterior two of these spots only
clearly defined, the others obsolescent, the
preapical two the larger. Underside duller
browa ; the markings as on the upperside ;
; the hind wing with indications of a sub-
Fie. 89, basal pale fascia in addition to the others.
Abisara fylla, §. ¥. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and
abdomen paler; antenne with a white dot at apex.— 9. Similar ;
the termen of the hind wing more distinctly but very broadly
ABISABA. 491
angulated outwards in the middle. Upperside: the ground-colour
paler duller brown, the oblique band on the fore wing pure white,
not cream-coloured; six (not seven) black spotsin the subterminal
series on the hind wing, the spots larger and more clearly defined
than in the g. Underside: ground-colour paler than on the
upperside : markings similar ; no trace of a subbasal band on the
‘hind wing, the middle two spots of the subterminal series more or
less obsolescent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen concolorous
with the ground-colour of the wings, a white spot at apex of the
antenne ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler, marked
with white.
Exp. 3 2 52-62 mm. (2°07-2°43”).
Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Sikhim ; the hills of Assam ;
Burma and Tenasserim.
472. Abisara neophron, Hewitson (Sospita), Ev. Butt. ii, 1861, Sos-
pita, pl. 1, fig. 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 321; Moore
(Sospita), Zep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 79, pl. 400, figs. 1,
la-ld, 5 Q.
3 9. Termen of hind wing with a long tail at apex of vein 4,
the portion above it prominently emarginate. Upperside brown
varying in tint, but generally paler in the Q than in the ¢.
Fore wing with a comparatively broad oblique
white band from middle of costa to near
apex of vein 1 above the tornal angle, nar-
rowed posteriorly ; beyond this an ill-defined
narrow, somewhat more erect, pale dusky-
white fascia from costa to dorsal margin,
curving slightly round the tornal termina-
tion of the inner broader band; an inner
and an outer slender abbreviated subter-
minal line extending in the 2 from vein 1
to vein 4, shorter in the 6. Hind wing:
a postdiscal sinuous, ill-defined, broad trans-
Abisara neophron,3. %- verse fascia, paler than the ground-colour,
bordered on the inner and outer sides by
very obscure lunular dull whitish lines, followed by two slender
pure white subterminal broken lines that in interspaces 4 and 5
are bordered inwardly by large jet-black spots ; these spots divided
by a conspicuous ferruginous line along vein 5; the cilia and apex
ot tail, and in some specimens the apex of wing and the costal
margin, narrowly snow-white. Underside similar, with similar
markings, but the ground-colour much paler, especially on the
basal halves of the wings, the markings more clearly defined and
broader; on the hind wing the white lines bordering the post-
discal broad fascia have a purplish tinge, and in interspace 1 there
are two inner obscure subterminal triangular black spots. Antenne
brown, ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen pale brown ;
beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen more or less whitish.
Exp. 3 2 50-58 mm. (1:97-2°29").
492 NEMEOBIDA.
Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutan; the Hills of Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula.
The next form so closely resembles neophron as to be easily
confounded with it. It is found over the same ground, but has so
far been recorded from a more restricted area.
473. Abisara chela, de Nicévilie, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 252, pl. 11,
fio. 7 3; wd. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 822; Moore (Sospita), Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 80, pl. 399, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, dQ.
3 2. Closely resembles A. neophron, but is smaller in both
sexes and differs as follows :—Upperside: fore wing, discal white
band comparatively broader and shorter, not extending to vein 1,
of more even widtb, not so conspicuously narrowed posteriorly ;
postdiscal white fascia more clearly defined and ending anteriorly
in a prominent subcostal white spot. Hind wing differs in the
subterminal broken white lines being bordered inwardly in inter-
spaces 1 to 3 by much darker brown spots than in A. neophron;
the conspicuous oval black spots near apices of interspaces 5 and 6
much as in A. neophron, but the outer of the two subterminal
short lines beyond them ochraceous, not white; tail at apex of
vein 4 as in A. neophron, but proportionately shorter. Underside
as in A. neophron, but the postdiscal fascia on the fore wing com-
paratively broader and more clearly defined; the postdiscal area
broadly lilacine.
Exp. 3 9 44-47 mm. (1°73-1°85"’).
Hab. Sikhim; the hills of Assam.
474. Abisara echerius, Stoll (Papilio), Cramer, Pap. Evot. v, 1790,
prod cnest pala aleD:
Abisara angulata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 883; de N. Butt. Ind.
ii, 1886, p. 823; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19038, p. 84, pi. 401,
figs. 2, Z2a-2e, 6 Q.
Abisara prunosa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 187; id. Lep. Ceyl. i,
1881, p. 69, pl. 33, figs. 8, 8a, 36, 6 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 825 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 85, pl. 402, figs. 1,
la-1h, larva & pupa, dQ.
Abisara suffusa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 244; de N. Butt. Ind. i,
1886, p. 325.
Abisara abnormis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 582, pl. 49, fig. 3 Jd ;
de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 824; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1201-1903,
p- 89, pl. 403, figs. 2,2 a-27, dQ.
Abisara traterna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 532; de N. Butt. Ind. ii,
1886, p. 325; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.v, 1890,
. 302,
: Race kausambi.
Abisara kausambi, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 397;
Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 189, pl. 18, fig. 11 2 ; de N.
Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 323, footnote; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-
1908, p. 83, pl. 401, figs. 1, la-le, g Q.
Race bitasciata.
Abisara bifasciata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 587, pl. 58, fig. 1 92;
ABISARA. 493
de N. Butt. Ind. ii. 1886, p. 323, pl. 24, fig. 118 g¢ ; Moore, Lep.
Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 88, pl. 403, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ Q
A very variable form. Termen of hind wing more or less
broadly angulate or produced at apex of interspace 3, but not
narrow or tailed asin A. neophron. Wet-season form.— 3. Upper-
side rich purple-brown or maroon-brown with a blue gloss. Fore
wing with discal and postdiscal transverse fasciee very obscure and
only slightly paler than the ground-colour. Hind wing uniform ;
two inwardly conical small black spots near apex of interspace 1,
and single similar but Jarger black spots near apices of interspaces
5 and 6; all these spots bordered slenderly and somewhat obscurely
on the outer side with white. Underside dull maroon-brown.
Fore wing with a broad, slightly curved discal, narrower post-
discal and subterminal transverse pale fascize; the discal fascia
broadening anteriorly. Hind wing: a slightly curved narrow
discal pale fascia ; the black spots as on the upperside, but bordered
on the inner and on the outer sides by an obscure pale luuular
line. Antenne black with scattered pale specks; head, thorax and
abdomen maroon-brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen
paler brown.— 92. Upperside hazel-brown, the terminal halves of
the wings paler. Fore wing : discal and postdiscal broad, obscure,
pale transverse fascie, followed by similarly obscure, somewhat
broken, inner and outer subterminal pale transverse lines. Hind
wing with a transverse series of obscure postdiscal pale lunular
spots; the black white-margined spots as in the ¢ but smaller,
the anterior two superposed on the pale spots; terminal margin
below vein 4+ with inner and outer, and above vein 4 with single
subterminal transversely linear markings. Underside: ground-
eolour similar but paler on the basal, very much paler on the terminal
halves of the wings; the markings as on the upperside, but the
fascie on the fore and hind wings broader, more diffuse ; the black
subterminal spots in interspaces 1, 5 and 6 of the hind wing
smaller. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but paler.
Dry-season form.— ¢ - Upperside dull maroon-brown not glossed
with purple; the transverse fascia on the
fore and the black markings on the hind
wing much as in the wet-season form, but
the former more obscure, more diffuse,
the latter smaller. Underside as in the
wet-season form but paler.—Q. Upper
and under sides similar to those of the wet-
season form but conspicuously paler, the
contrast between the dark basal and pale
terminal halves more prominent, the
Fig. 91. discal fascia on the underside of the fore
Abisura echerius, $. t- wing very broad, diffuse and pale, often
Dap-sensOni toa: nearly white. Antenne, head, thorax
and abdomen in both sexes as in the wet-season form but paler.
Exp. gb @ 41-52 mm. (1°62-2:03").
49-4 NEMEOBID#.
Hab. The Himalayas, Chumba to Kumaon, Nepal and Bhutan ;
Umballa; Fyzabad; Malda; Calcutta; Ganjam ; Southern India
from below Poona and Bombay; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim ;
China.
Larva. “ Flat, very broad in the middle, tapering to both ends,
clothed sparsely with short hairs ; head small, not enclosed in the
2nd segment; colour light green.” (Davidson § Aitken.)
Pupa. ‘“ Also clothed with hairs, and altogether so like the larva
that it is difficult to note exactly when the change takes place.
It is closely attached to a leaf by the tail and a girdle.” (Davidson
G Aitken.)
Var. angulata, Moore, and var. abnormis, Moore, have been
described from Burma and Tenasserim. ‘Typically, these differ
slightly from echercus as follows :—Upperside with no purple
gloss; the discal and postdiscal transverse bands more clearly
defined, the former sometimes white anteriorly on the upperside,
generally white or whitish on the underside and extending across
both fore and hind wings; underside of hind wing with an extra
subterminal black spot. The white markings and the extra black
spot are variable characters, and specimens intermediate between
typical echerius and typical angulata or abnormis are not
uncommon.
Race kausambi, Felder.— $. Upperside: differs from echerius
Stoll (= prunosa, Moore) as follows :—Ground-colour dark
maroon-brown, without any purple gloss ; fore wing, the discal
and postdiscal transverse pale bands merging anteriorly into a large
diffuse preapical pale or whitish patch; hind wing very dark, the
black subterminal spots as in echerius but smaller, less prominent.
Underside: ground-colour similar to that on the upperside, markings
more clearly defined ; the discal and postdiscal transverse bands
on the fore wing dull white, diffuse and merging into a preapical
white patch anteriorly as on the upperside, inner and outer sub-
terminal incomplete white lines from tornal angle to vein 6.
Hind wing: a discal angulated white diffuse line, followed by a
subterminal series of seven spots narrowly encircled with white,
the spots in interspaces 3 and 4 of the same tint as the ground-
colour, the rest black. Antenne maroon-brown spotted with
white ; head, thorax and abdomen maroon-brown ; beneath some-
what paler.— 2. Similar to the 3, but the ground-colour-brighter
and paler, the markings similar but very much broader both on the
upper and under sides.
Exp. 3 2 46-51 mm. (1°72-2:01").
Hab. Within our limits, recorded from Mergui; spread over
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
Race bifasciata, Moore.—Differs from echerius as follows :—
3. Upperside uniform dark maroon-brown, not so dark as in the
wet-season forms of echertus, the transverse pale bands on both
wings broad and diffuse. Underside: ground-colour and markings
ABISARA.—TAXILA. 495
as on the upperside, the latter more clearly defined; the transverse
pale bands on both wings very broad and slightly sinuous.—
2. Upperside: ground-colour paler than inthe ¢. Fore wing: a
broad discal outwardly angulated fascia, anteriorly white, poste-
riorly shaded with maroon; its inner margin anteriorly oblique
and sharply defined, posteriorly sinuous, diffuse; a postdiscal
_ similar but straighter and narrower fascia ; followed by less clearly
defined inner and outer subterminal whitish lines; the anterior
portions of the discal and postdiscal bands, more or less coalescing
along the veins, form a conspicuous white patch. Hind wing as
in the ¢, but the transverse pale bands more clearly defined.
Underside similar to the upperside, but all the markings broader
and more clearly defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in
both sexes as in echerius.
Exp. 3 2 52-56 mm. (2°04—2°2").
Hab, Tne Andamans.
Genus TAXILA.
Taxila, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, 1847,p. 2; de N. Butt.
Ind. 11, 1886, p. 316; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 90.
Type, 7. haquinus, Fabr., from the Malayan Subregion.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched, apex blunt ;
termen straight in g, somewhat convex in 9; dorsum straight ; cell
closed; veins 6 and 7 very closely approximate, upper discocellular
therefore obsolete, middle and lower subequal, concave; vein 3
from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free, the
latter often anastomosed with apex of 12. Hind wing pear-shaped ;
costa slightly arched; termen strongly curved, margin in ¢ almost
even, in 2 scalloped, angulate, dentate or produced at apex
of vein 4; apex and tornus rounded, dorsum curved; cell closed
very short, barely one-third the length of the wing; vein 3
from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 and 7 variable, some-
times stalked. Antenne long, over half length of fore wing; club
gradual, fusiform; palpi very short, somewhat compressed, third
joint very minute; eyes naked.
Key to the forms of Taxila.
a. Underside: hind wing with two prominent sub-
apical spots)as im Abssara 2.1) iin. ss o T. burnin, p. 495.
b. Underside: hind wing without such spots.
a’, Underside: fore wing with a prominent
plumbeous streak obliquely across cell...... T. thuisto, p. 497.
6’. Underside : fore wing without such streak .... 7. hagquinus, race
fasciata, p. 497.
475. Taxila burnii, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895,
p. 266, pl. N, fig. 9 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 93,
pl. 404, figs. 2, 2a, 2.
“0. Upperside: both wings light ferruginous, with all the
496 NEMEOBID &.
markings of the underside showing through, more or less by
transparency. Fore wing with an outer discal or submarginal
series of diffused or irrorated rounded whitish spots arranged in a
slightly outwardly curved line across the wing from the costa to
the first median nervule, more prominent anteriorly, obsolete
posteriorly ; a similar marginal linear series, each spot on both
sides (?) outwardly defined with black. Hind wing with the
marginal series of spots as in the fore wing, but the two anterior-
most spots divided by the discoidal nervule larger than the others.
Underside: both wings a little paler than above, rather more
ochreous in shade. Fore wing with the inner margin as far as the
submedian nervure whitish ; “the discocellular nervules narrowly
defined by a dark ferruginous line; an inner discal macular white
fascia, the anterior portion of which from the costa to the third
median nervule is formed of spots divided only by the crossing
veins and arranged in one straight line, followed by three spots
placed in échelon in the median and submedian interspaces, these
three spots forming an inwardly oblique straight line; an outer
discal curved series of white spots arranged regularly across the
wing from the third subcostal nervule to the median nervure; a
marginal narrow, almost continuous, series of white spots promi-
nently defined on both sides by a fine black line. Hind wing with —
an inner discal series of white spots, very similar to that on the
fore wing, but the anterior portion ending on the third median
nervule is wider; followed by an indistinct castaneous macular
fascia, which is continued somewhat indistinctly on to the disc of
the fore wing; two marginal apical large rounded black spots
divided by the discoidal nervule, each spot bears outwardly a
large white area, inwardly each spot bears a tew white scales; in
the median, submedian and internal interspaces are large conical-
outline silvery-white spots, the base of the cone is on the margin,
the apex is towards the base of the wing, the spot in the internal
interspace the smallest and oval in shape. Cilia of both wings
dusky, just touched inwardly with whitish. Antenne above black,
beneath prominently annulated with white, the base of the club
also white. Thorax and abdomen above concolorous with the
wings, beneath white. Legs with the femur white, the tibia and
tarsi ochreous.
“ Exp. 2 1:9 inches” (nearly 49 mm.).
Hab. Described from a single specimen taken at Loi-Maw,
5000 ft., Katha District, Upper Burma.
“1 burnii is an aberrant species and seems to form a link, as
far as the markings go, between the known species of the genus
Taxila and the typical group of the genus Abzsara (A. echerws,
Stolle res sya It posseses the two prominent apical black spots
on the underside of the hind wing which are characteristic of all
the species of Abisara, but are lacking in Taxila.” (de Micéville,
l. c.)
TAXILA. 497
476. Taxila thuisto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii, 1861, Taxila; pl. 1, figs, 5,
6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 317; Moore, Lep. Ind. v. 1901
1908, p. 92, pl. 404, fies. 3, 3a-Be, 39.
3. Upperside deep brownish black, the apex of fore and dorsal
margin of hind wing slightly paler. Underside dark ochraceous
red; apical area of fore wing slightly paler; dorsal margin of the
_ same broadly dusky. Fore wing with the following pale plumbeous,
sometimes cobalt-blue, markings edged more or less inwardly and
outwardly with dull black in the interspaces, the outer edgings
narrow and obscure: an oblique streak in cell; a sinuous inner
discal transverse narrow fascia; an outer discal transverse series
of spots not extending below vein 1; a postdiscal transverse curved
series of spots, the lower three broadly linear, the subcostal spot
elongate, narrow ; finally a subterminal series of transversely linear
spots. Hind wing with the following similar markings: a basal
and a subbasal transverse streak, the latter short, not reaching the
upper apex of the cell; a strongly curved discal series of transverse
spots; a postdiscal series of transverse linear spots, the inner
bordering of black spots to these very broad and conspicuous ;
lastly a subterminal series of transverse slender streaks in the
interspaces. Cilia of fore and hind wings dark brown. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; beneath, the
antenne, palpi, head, thorax and abdomen paler brown; the palpi
with a white lateral streak.— 9. Upperside more or less bright
ochraceous red ; the spots, especially the dark spots of the under-
side, showing through. Fore wing: a postdiscal curved transverse
series of white spots, those in interspaces 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 very
large and conspicuous, and a subterminal transverse series of much
smaller white spots inwardly bordered with black. Hind wing
more or less uniform, only the postdiscal and subterminal series
of transverse spots of the underside showing through ciearly.
Underside paler ochraceous red ; markings more or less as in the
3, but the spots a paler plumbeous blue, the postdiscal and sub-
terminal series on the fore wing white, the anterior spots of the
former large and conspicuous as on the upperside. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown ; beneath, the palpi,
thorax and abdomen paler; the palpi with a white lateral streak
as inthe ¢.
Exp. & 2 40-42 mm. (1:56-1-65’’). |
Hab. Tenasserim from the Karen Hills north of Taungoo south-
wards ; extending to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
477. Taxila haquinus, labr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 55.
Race fasciata.
Taxila_fasciata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 882, pl. 52, fiz. 1 g;
de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 318; Elwes, P. Z. 8. (haquinus,
var. fasciata) 1891, p.287; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 91,.
pl. 404, figs. 1, la-le, JQ.
Race fasciata, Moore.— $. Upperside dark reddish brown or
VOL. I. 2K
498 NEMEOBID 2.
plum-brown ; fore wing with the apical area paler and traversed
preapically by a very obscure and diffuse broad greyish fascia.
Hind wing uniform withont markings.
Underside brighter ochraceous red, the
preapical grey fascia on the fore wing
as on the upperside but much more
clearly defined, traversed by veins 6, 7
and &, and inwardly margined with
brownish; fore and hind wings with
numerons black spots, the outer row
margined with grey on the outer side.
the rest more or less with silvery blue,
terminal margins with a prominent sub-
eee ee terminal series of transversely linear
race jusciata a .» grey spots margined on both sides by
brown; a terminal slender dark line.
Antenne reddish brown; head, thorax, and abdomen brown
beneath very pale ochraceous brown.— ? . Similar. Upperside dull
ochraceous red, the preapical oblique bar on fore wing as in the
3, but much broader and more distinct ; the spots of the under-
side on both fore and hind wings showing faintly through by
transparency. Underside very bright ochraceous red; the white
preapical band on the fore wing as on the upperside; the spots on
both fore and hind wings as in the g¢, but smaller, of a rich
dark red, outwardly margined with silvery grey ; the subterminal
series of transversely linear spots as in the ¢, but further from
the margin; the terminal dark line more clearly defined.
Exp. 3 2 52-55 mm, (2°15-2:17").
Hab. Burma; Tenasserim.
A slightly differentiated form of the Malayan Tawxila haquinus,
Fabr. Differs from it chiefly in the less prominent spotting on
the underside and in the white, not grey, preapical patch on the
fore wing in the 9.
Genus ZEMEROS.
Zemeros, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1836, pl. 21, fig. 5; de N.
Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 307; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 96.
Type, Z. flegyas, Cramer, from India, China, &c.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular; costa slightly arched,
apex subacute; termen scalloped, convex, more strongly convex
in the 9 than in the d¢; tornus obtuse; dorsum straight; cell
slenderly closed, short, not half length of wing; veins 6 and 7
very closely approximate, upper discocellular therefore obsolete,
middle and lower subequal, concave ; veins 3 and 4 from lower
apex of cell, 19 and 11 free; 12 very short, terminating before
middle of costa. Hind wing broadly pear-shaped ; costa arched ;
apex broadly rounded; termen scalloped, uneven, angulated at
vein 4, and below that to tornus, slightly more produced outwards
ZEMEROS. 499
than the upper portion; tornus angulate; dorsum long, curved ;
cell very short, not half length of wing; middle and lower disco-
cellulars concave ; veins 6 and 7 from upper apex of cell, sometimes
shortly stalked. Antenne a little longer than half length of fore
wing; club fusiform, gradual; palpi very short, porrect, third
Joint minute ; eyes naked.
A single form is recorded from within our limits.
478. Zemeros flegyas, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Ev. iii, 1780, pl. 280,
figs. E, F, 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 308, pl. 24, fig. 115
$; Dudgeon Proc. A. S. Beng. 1890, p. 140; Moore, Lep. Ind.
vy, 1901-1903, p. 96, pl. 405, figs. 1,la-ly, 3 9.
Wet-season form.—d. Upperside dark vinaceous brown, the
veins ochraceous brown. Fore and hind wings crossed by four
series of minute white spots, the postdiscal series very often
obscure, each spot bordered inwardly by a more or less elongate black
spot ; a terminal very slender black line; cilia alternately black
and white. Underside bright ochraceous brown, the veins
conspicuously paler, the white black-bordered spots as on the
upperside but larger, more clearly defined and prominent.
Antenne brown ringed with white; club black, ochraceous at apex ;
head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the wings; beneath,
the palpi, thorax and abdomen slightly paler than the wings.
Dry-season form.— 3 . Upperside: ground-colour darker than in
the wet-season form ; the spots smaller, duller in colour. Onthe
fore wing the postdiscal series of spots often obsolescent except
the spots in interspaces 3, 6 and 8,
the latter two very large and
prominent; subterminal series of
spots also often obsolescent. The
veins on both fore and hind wings not
paler than the ground-colour. Under-
side: similar to the underside in the
wet-season form, but the ground-
colour a shade darker; the veins not
F; conspicuously paler ; the white spots
ig. 93. bean toate SOs ¢ gh
Ae ae as in the wet-season form, except the
LESS 1
Tiegeton oan postdiseal and subterminal series on
the fore wing, which are as on the
upperside, the anterior large white spots of the postdiscal series
being very prominent; the inner black bordering to the white spots
much smaller than in the wet-season form. Antenne, head,
thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form.— 9. Upper and
under sides very similar to those of the wet-season form, but the
ground-colour brighter and paler; markings also similar, but the
black bordering to the white spots less prominent.
Exp. 3 2 40-48 mm. (1°59-1°9").
Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Sikhim and Bhutan; Assam;
Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malay Peninsula and
China.
2 eg
500 NEMEOBID A.
Larva. “ Adult: length -75 of an inch. Ovate, extremely
flattened, inconspicuous. Colour pale green, head and anal
segment slightly lhghter; all the segments laterally rounded,
covered with a whitish down, especially at the sides; an indistinct
double longitudinal dorsal darker-green line throughout, enclosing
a minute orange spot on seventh and eleventh segments; middle
segments more than twice as broad as they are long; legs pale
green, set well beneath the animal and rather close together.
Full-grown at the end of March. Feeds on Masa montana.
Larva when about to change into the pupal state attaches itself
to a patch of silky web, by the last segment, to the underside of
a leaf of the food-plant, with the head towards the apex, and is
girt about the middle with another web.” (Dudgeon.)
Pupa. “ Length -55 to °70 of an inch. Fusiform, broadest in
the middle .... anterior end truncate-rounded, distinctly broader
than the posterior ; the whole pupa flattened and of very slight
depth even in the thickest part; the divisions between the
segments well-marked ; posterior segment bluntly rounded; head
also rounded and divided in the middle at the apex into two lobes
by a shallow notch........ colour bright yellowish green
throughout, marked above with rich emerald-green narrow lines
arranged in an arabesque-like pattern on the two outer-thirds ; a
series of round spots along the middle of the back on the abdomen
only, and a subdorsal line on either side interrupted at the
segmental constrictions. Under surface pale yellowish green
throughout, entirely unmarked ..... The whole surface of the
pupa smooth, without any hairs or shagreening whatever.”—
(Dudceon.)
Genus STIBOGES.
Stiboges, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 308; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886,
p- 315; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 100.
Type, S. nymphidia, Butler, from Penang.
Range. Indo-Malayan Region.
3 9. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa very slightly arched,
nearly straight ; apex more or less acute, slightly rounded ; termen
convex, strongly convex in the @ ; tornus rounded; dorsum
straight ; cell slenderly closed, about half length of wing; upper
discocellular obsolete, middle and lower concave; vein 3 trom
before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free; 12
closely approximate to subcostal, turning abruptly outwards and
terminating opposite upper apex of cell. Hind wing oval, costa
obliquely convex; apex and tornus rounded, termen strongly
arched ; dorsum nearly straight; cell half length of wing, slenderly
closed ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 3 and
7 stalked, 8 short. Antenne slightly longer than half length of
fore wing, articulations prominent; club long, flattened, gradual ;
palpi very short, porrect, third joint minute ; eyes naked.
A single form is recorded from within our limits.
STIBOGES. 501
479. Stiboges nymphidia, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 309, pl. 22, fig. 1
é; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p- 316, pl. 24, a 119 Q; Moore,
Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 101, pl. 405, figs. 2 eng 2.
3. Upperside pure white, base of wings narrowly, costal
margin of fore wing very broadly; with the
apical and terminal third of the fore wing and
terminal third of the hind wing black, the
inner margin of this colour irregularly
crenulate. Fore wing with subterminal and
terminal very incomplete transverse series of
white spots, the anterior two of the former
series being the largest. Hind wing with a
subterminal undulated pale line, in some
specimens white where it crosses the veins,
Fig. 94.—Stiboges and a terminal series of white lunules. Cilia
nymphidia, @. %. White alternated with black. Underside
similar, the markings generally more clearly
defined, the pale subterminal line on the hind wing replaced by a
line of obscure minute spots. Antenne black with white rings
at the articulations; head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath,
the palpi and abdomen white, the thorax black.— 2 . Similar; fore
wing with the black apical and terminal areas proportionately
narrower ; hind wing with a series of spots instead of the sub-
terminal pale line on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and
abdomen as in the ¢.
Exp. & 2 36-47 mm. (1°4-1°85"),
Hab. Bhutan ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma ; extending
to the Malay Perens, Sumatra, and eastwards to China.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
abiasa (Pantoporia), 314.
Abisara, 489.
abnormis (Abisara), 492.
abnormis (Cirrochroa),
427. :
Abrota, 250.
aceris (Neptis), 319.
Acidalia, 429.
Acontia, 247.
acontius (Adolias), 282.
acontius (Euthalia), 282.
Acreeine, 468.
Acrea, 468.
aculeata (Melanitis), 160.
adamsoni (Ccelites), 72.
adamsoni (Haridra),
213.
adamsoni (Mycalesis),
54.
adamsoni (Parathyma),
303.
adara (Neptis), 328.
adima (Adolias), 274.
adipala (Neptis), 330.
Adolias, 248, 249, 252,
255.
adolphei (Mycalesis), 61.
adonira (Dodona), 486.
/&mona, 196.
zerope (Clerome), 183.
zropus (Symphedra),
252.
affectata (Ypthima), 135.
agamarschana (Hestia),
Agapetes, 108.
aglaia (Argynnis), 431.
Aglais, 363.
aglea (Danais), 18.
agleoides (Danais), 20.
agna (Charaxes), 216.
agnicula (Grapta), 372.
agnicula (Vanessa), 372.
agrarius (Charaxes), 220.
Agrusia, 169.
alberta (Lethe), 92.
albotasciata (Elymnias),
178.
albofasciata (Kallima),
alcandra (Sympheedra),
287
aleathoé (Euplea), 36.
alcathoéoides (Euripus),
242,
alcippe (Atella), 413.
alcippoides (Atella), 413.
alcippoides (Limnas), 11.
alcippus (Papilio), 11.
aliris (Thauria), 195.
alkibie (Ypthima), 145.
almana (Junonia), 361.
alompra (Kallima), 397.
alompra (Libythea), 477.
altissima (Argynnis),
445.
Amathusia, 187.
amathusia (Atmona),
196.
Amathuxidia, 187.
amba (Neptis), 332.
ambica (Apatura), 230.
Amecera, 109.
amoenula (Melita), 451.
ampa (Melanitis), 160.
amythaon (Amathusia),
188.
Anadebis, 165.
ananta (Neptis), 340.
anarta (Liminitis), 291.
anaxias (Mycalesis), 54.
anaxioides (Mycalesis),
54.
andamana (Calysisme),
0.
andamana (Herona),
237.
andamana (Neptis), 324.
andamanensis (Euplcea),
35.
andamanensis (Eurytela),
459.
andamanensis (Laringa),
459.
andamanica (Cupha),
ie
andamanica (Cyrestis),
350.
andamanica (Dole-
schallia), 398.
andersoni (Huthalia),
272.
andersoni (Lethe), 100.
andersonii (Dyctis), 179.
Andrapana, 319.
angela (Dodona), 489.
angelica (Prothoé), 381.
angularis (Hrites), 154.
angulata (Abisara), 492.
angustata (Herona), 237.
anjana (Neptis), 539.
anjira (Cirrochroa), 423.
annada (Hrebia), 150.
anosia (Euthalia), 286.
anthe (Hipparchia), 115.
antiopa (Vanessa), 370.
anyte (Adolias), 261.
aoris (Cirrochroa), 427.
Apatura, 229, 386.
apicalis (Euthalia), 285.
apicalis (Pademma), 42.
apicalis (Parthenos), 288.
apicalis (Ypthima), 142.
appiades (Kuthalia), 274.
Apsithera, 348.
Araschnia, 374.
arcesilaus (Clerome),
183.
Arge, 108.
argentina (Hrites), 153.
Argynnis, 429.
ariadne (Ergolis), 461.
ariaspa (Ypthima), 145.
aristogiton (Charaxes),
213.
arja (Eulepis), 222.
arsinoé (Cynthia), 405.
asela (Cynthia), 409.
asela (Euplcea), 32.
asita (Athyma), 305.
asita (Pantoporia), 305.
aspasia (Danais), 20.
assama (Clerome), 184.
assamica (Rahinda), 847.
O04 |
asterastilis (Neptis), 334.
asterie (Papilio), 361.
asterope (Ypthima), 145.
asthala (Symbrenthia),
379.
astola (Neptis), 323.
asura (Athyma), 317.
aswa (Cyllo), 159.
atalanta (Vanessa), 363.
Atella, 412.
athamas (Hulepis), 220.
Athyma, 302, 314.
atkinsoni (Kallima), 395.
atkinsonia (Lethe), 97.
atlites (Junonia), 359.
attenuata (Lebadea),
299.
augusta (Pademma), 39.
Aulocera, 125.
aurelia (Rahinda), 347.
austeni (Thymipa), 137.
austenia (Auzakia), 301.
Auzakia, 300.
avanta (Ypthima), 140.
avesta (Pseudergolis),
463.
Badacara, 7.
Bahora, 7.
bajadeta (Cirrochroa),
424.
baladeva (Lethe), 99.
balarama (Adolias), 274.
balbita (Meliteea), 451.
baldiva (Nytha), 114.
baldus (Ypthima), 134.
Balonea, 479.
baralacha (Argynnis),
447.
Bassarona, 255.
beelinga (Hrites), 154.
bela (Melanitis), 159.
belisama (Prothoé), 382.
bellata (EKuthalia), 258.
bernardus (Charaxes),
216.
bethami
162.
bethami (Samanta), 64,
bhadra (Lethe), 101.
Bhagadatta, 300.
bhairava (Lethe), 89.
bbarata (Charaxes), 220.
bhavana (Apatura), 230.
bhima (Neope), 103.
biblis (Cethosia), 402.
(Melanitis),
bifasciata (Abisara), 492.
Bimbasara, 319.
binghami (Ceelites), 72.
binghami (Crastia), 34.
binghaii (Dodona), 488.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
binghami (Euthalia),
282
binghami (Penthema),
392.
binghamii (Huthalia),
285.
binotata (Stictopleea),
30.
bisaltide (Doleschallia),
393.
bisaltide andamanensis
(Doleschallia), 393.
bisaltide continentalis
(Doleschallia), 393.
bisaltide malabarica
(Doleschallia), 393.
biseriata (Euplcea), 26.
biseriata (Tronga), 26.
Blanaida, 72.
blasius (Mycalesis), 57.
boisduvali (Kallima),
395.
boisduvalli (Kallima),
395.
bolanica (Ypthima),
44,
bolina (Hypolimnas),
386.
Boloria, 429.
brabira (Symbrenthia),
378.
brahma (Calinga), 466.
brahminoides (Aulocera),
126.
brahminus
126.
bremeri (Eupleea), 26.
brevistigma (Maniola),
119.
brisanda (Lethe), 82.
Bruasa, 169.
buckleyi (Kallima), 395.
buddha (Calinaga), 466.
burmana (Neptis), 333.
burmeisteri (Pademma),
42.
burmensis (Mimadelias),
(Aulocera),
burnii (Taxila), 495.
busiris (Xanthoteenia),
185.
Byblia, 455.
cacharica (Neptis), 330.
cadelli (Hestia), 5.
cadesia (Hipparchia),
124.
Caduga, 7.
c-album (Vanessa), 372.
c-album, var. interposita
(Vanessa), 374.
c-album, var. tibetana
(Vanessa), 372.
calidasa (Liminitis), 291.
calidasa (Moduza), 291.
Calinaga, 465.
Callerebia, 146.
Calliploea, 22.
calydonia (Prothoé), 382.
Calysisme, 49.
cama (Pantoporia), 309.
camadeva (Stichoph-
thalma), 192.
comet ane (Eupleea),
25.
camiba (Apatura), 233.
camiba (Rohana), 233.
camilla (Liminitis), 293.
camorta (Euplea), 34.
canace (Vanessa), 371.
cardui (Vanessa), 365.
carpenteri (Isamia), 25.
cartica (Neptis), 333.
carticoides (Neptis), 333.
cashapa (Callerebia),
150.
cashmirensis (Pararge),
112.
cashmirensis (Vanessa),
367.
castelnaui (Euplea), 27.
castelnaui (Laringa),
458.
castetsi (Acidalia), 438.
castetsi (Argynnis), 438.
catharina (Ypthima), 142.
caudata (Elymnias), 173.
celinde (Discophora),
200.
celinde,var. andamanensis
(Discophora), 200.
celinde, var. continentalis
(Discophora), 200.
celtis (Libythea), 473.
cerealis (Ypthima), 140.
Cethosia, 399.
ceylanica (Danais), 18.
ceylonica (Atella), 413.
ceylonica (Ypthima),
143
chandica (Lethe), 94.
chandra (Sephisa), 246.
charaka (Mycalesis), 55.
Charaxes, 208.
charon (Neptis), 328.
cheena (Maniola), 120.
chela (Abisara), 492.
chelensis (Hlymnias),
180.
Chendrana, 314.
chenu (Satyrus), 141.
chenui (Ypthima), 141.
Chersonesia, 353.
chevana (Apatura), 232.
childreni (Argynnis),
435.
chionippe (Helcyra),
228.
Chionobas, 128.
Chitoria, 229.
chitralensis (Boloria),
446.
chitralensis (Melitza),
_ 458.
Chittira, 7.
Chortobius, 118.
chrishna (Neorina), 168.
chrysippus (Danais), 11.
Chucapa, 267.
chumbica (Aulocera),
127.
cibaritis (Euthalia), 278.
cinnamomeus (Huripus),
242.
circe (Cynthia), 406.
Cirrochroa, 419.
clara (Argynnis), 443,
clara manis (Argynnis),
443,
clarissa (Terinos), 411.
claudia (Argynnis), 443.
clerica (Athyma), 314.
Clerome, 182.
clinia (Neptis), 330.
enacalis (Rahinda), 346.
cocles (Cyrestis), 352.
cocles, var. andamanica
(Cyrestis), 352.
cocytus (Euthalia), 271.
Ceelites, 70.
cenonympha (Maniola),
cognata (Cirrochroa),
422.
cognata (Polygonia),
372.
_eolumella (Neptis), 326.
complexiva (Ypthima),
145.
Condochates, 302.
confusa (Lethe), 82.
consimilis (Euripus),
244.
consimilis, var. meridio-
nalis (Euripus), 244.
continentalis (Disco-
phora), 200.
corax (Charaxes), 215.
core (Euplcea), 32.
coreoides (Euplea), 29.
coresia (Stibochiana),
249.
coreta (Euplea), 29.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
corus (Euploea), 27.
‘ cotanda (Symbrenthia),
378.
cottonis (Elymnias), 178.
crassa (Euplcea), 42.
Crastia, 22, 31.
crisia (Ragadia), 155.
crisilda (Ragadia), 156.
crito (Ragadia), 156.
critolaus (Ragadia), 157.
crocea (Danais), 20.
erowleyi (Stictopleea),
Culapa, 49.
Cupha, 416.
cupreipennis (Crastia),
24
eyane (Cethosia), 400.
cyaneus (Parthenos), 290.
eyanipardus (Symphe-
dra), 253.
cycnus (Enispe), 199.
cydippe (Cethosia), 399.
Cyllogenes, 162.
Cynitia, 267.
Cynthia, 405.
Cyrestis, 348.
deedalia (Ypthima), 145.
dexdalion (Elymnias),
178.
daksha (Erebia), 152.
Dallaecha, 130.
damaris (Orinoma), 106.
Danaine, 2.
Danais, 7.
Danaus, 7.
danava (Auzakia), 300.
Danisepa, 22.
dara (Elymnias), 178.
daraxa (Liminitis), 295.
daretis (Lethe), 81.
darlisa (Penthema), 391.
davendra (Maniola), 119.
davisoni (Samanta), 64.
Debis, 72.
deliades (Debis), 87.
delmana (Euthalia), 285.
delphis (Eulepis), 224.
deodata (Dodona), 487.
derma (Dophia), 266.
desa (Charaxes), 213.
deva (Mimadelias), 178.
dharma (Pademma), 39.
Diadema, 386.
diademoides (Anadebis),
166.
Dichorragia, 248.
dichroa (Sephisa), 245.
didyma (Melitza), 450,
453.
505
diffusa (Nytha), 115.
digna (Karanasa), 125.
Dilipa, 235.
dinarbas (Debis), 82.
dindinga (Neptis), 346.
diocletiana (Kuplea),
Dionana, 72.
dione (Euplcea), 35.
diores (Thaumantis),
190.
dipzea (Dodona), 482.
dirtea (Sympheedra), 255.
discispilota (Euthalia),
276.
Discophora, 199.
disrupta (Neptis), 323.
distans (Lethe), 95.
distanti (Charaxes), 210.
Dodona, 479.
dohertyi (Araschnia),
375.
dohertyi (Ypthima), 137.
Doleschallia, 392.
dolon (Eulepis), 226.
dolopes (Debis), 92.
Dophla, 255.
dorelia (Neptis), 343.
dorippus (Danais), 12.
dorippus (Eupleea), 12.
doubledayi (Kallima),
397.
doubledayi(Neurosigma),
247.
dracon (Dodona), 483.
Dravera, 229.
drusia (Calysisme), 58.
drusia (Mycalesis), 60.
drusia (Papilio), 58.
Dryas, 429.
drypetis (Lethe), 79.
Ducapa, 419.
duda (Dophla), 260.
dudu (Liminitis), 296.
dunya (Dophla), 266.
dura (Lethe), 101.
durga (Dodona), 481.
durga (Dophla), 260.
durnfordi (Charaxes),
210.
durnfordi nicholi (Cha-
raxes), 210.
duryodana (Cyllo), 161.
dynsate (Lethe), 91,
dyrta (Lethe), 80.
echerius (Abisara), 489,
egea (Vanessa), 374.
egeon (Dodona), 484.
506
egeria {Pararge), 112.
egista (Issoria), 415.
elicius (Kuthalia), 286.
elisa (Euploa), 27.
elwesi (Zophoessa), 98.
Elymnias, 169.
emodes (Neptis), 323.
Enispe, 197.
epiminthia (Ccelites), 72.
Epinephele, 118.
Krebia, 146.
Ergolis, 460.
erichsoni (Hupleea), 42.
eriphyle (Euthalia), 285.
Erites, 152.
erota (Cynthia), 406.
erota, var. pallida (Cyn-
thia), 406.
erymanthis (Cupha), 417.
erymanthismaja(Cupha),
418.
erymanthis, var. nico-
barica (Messaras), 417.
esaca (EHlymnias), 179.
esperi (Kupleea), 33.
eudamippus (Eulepis),
27.
eugenes (Dodona), 484.
Eugonia, 363.
Eulaceura, 229.
Eulepis, 219.
eumeus (Clerome), 183.
EKupleea, 22, 27.
Euplceamima, 165.
Euripus, 242.
europa (Lethe), 77.
eurymene (Neptis), 324.
eurynome (Neptis), 323.
Eurytela, 457.
Euthalia, 267.
euthymius (Knispe),
198.
Euvanessa, 363.
eva (Adolias), 266.
evadne (Mycalesis), 49.
evelina (Dophla), 255,
265.
evelina (Euthalia), 265.
exprompta (Danais), 14.
fabius (Charaxes), 217.
fabius fabius (Charaxes),
218.
fabius sulphureus (Cha-
raxes), 218.
falcipennis (Erites), 155.
fasciata (Cirrochroa),
420.
fasciata (Taxila), 497.
Faunis, 183.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
faunula
184.
faunuloides
cyma), 184.
flavo-brunnea
chroa), 421.
flegyas (Zemeros), 499.
franciz (Euthalia), 279.
francki (Prothoé), 381.
fraterna (Abisara), 492.
fraterna (Atella), 413.
fraterna (Elymnias), 171.
fraterna (Neurosigma),
248.
fuliginosa (Neptis), 338.
fulva (Rhinopalpa), 384.
fumata (Danais), 21.
fylla (Abisara), 490.
(Melanocyma),
(Melano-
(Cirro-
galathea (Agapetes), 108.
gambrisius (Parthenos),
288.
gammiel
LOW
ganga (Abrota), 251.
Gareris, 49. .
garuda (Euthalia), 282.
gautama (Calinaga), 466.
gautama (Danais), 17.
gautamoides (Danais),
17.
gemmata (Argynnis), 442.
generator (Argynnis),
447.
genutia (Papilio), 10.
geoffroyi (Libythea), 477.
(Zophoessa),
glaucescens (EKurytela),
458.
glaucescens (Laringa),
458.
goalpara (Lethe), 100.
godarti (Eupleea), 33.
gokala (Melanitis), 160.
gononata (Neptis), 330.
goodrichi (Dophla), 258.
goolmurga (Epinephele),
122.
gopa (Mycalesis), 55.
grammica (Danais), 18.
grantii (Salpinx), 39.
grotei (Euplcea), 30.
gulnihal (Lethe), 89.
gupta (Dophla), 258.
gupta (Sympheedra), 258.
hadeni (Hestia), 6.
halimede (Agapetes),
108.
halitherses (Euripus),
242.
hallirothius (Huripus),
244.
hamasta (Hulepis), 220.
hamiltoni (Pademma),
39.
hampsoni (Neptis), 330.
Hanipha, 72.
haquinus (Taxila), 497.
Haramba, 267.
Haridra, 208,
harita (Neptis), 337.
haronica (Vanessa), 371.
harpax (Charaxes), 215.
harrisi (Eupleea), 30.
hauxwelli (Libythea),
478.
hegemone (Argynnis),
449.
hegesippus (Danais), 11.
Helcyra, 228.
heliodore (Neptis), 342.
hemana (Charaxes), 216.
hemina (Helcyra), 228.
here (Apatura), 231.
heri (Mycalesis), 66.
hermione (Nytha), 113.
Herona, 237.
hesione (Papilio), 69.
Hestia, 3.
Hestina, 239.
hierax (Charaxes), 215.
hierta (Junonia), 360.
hilda (Neorina), 168.
himachala (Anadebis),
166.
hindia (Charaxes), 216.
Hipparchia, 113.
hippocius (Symbrenthia),
3716
hipponax (Charaxes),
215.
hopei (Eupleea), 30.
hordonia (Rahinda), 344.
horsfieldi (Kallima), 397.
horsfieldi (Laringa), 458.
howqua (Stichoph-
thalma), 191, 193.
howra (Ypthima), 142.
huebneri (Karanasa),
124.
huebneri (Ypthima), 142.
higelii (Paphia), 395.
huttoni (Kallima), 395.
hyagriva (Erebia), 150.
hybrida (Callerebia),
151.
hybrida (Erebia), 151.
hydaspes (Liminitis),
298.
hyperbius (Argynnis),
438.
————
Hypolimnas, 386.
hypselis (Symbrenthia),
378.
hypsina (Cethosia), 402.
hyrania (Lethe), 81.
hysudra (Symbrenthia),
378,
iarba (Ypthima), 138.
idita (Athyma), 317.
ilia, var. serarum (Apa-
tura), 231.
ilithyia (Byblia), 455.
illustris (Salpinx), 39.
imna (Charaxes), 214.
imperialis (Pademma),
inachis (Kallima), 395.
inachus (Kallima), 395.
inara (Liminitis), 305.
indecora (Ypthima), 133.
indica (Discophora), 202.
indica (Doleschallia),
393.
indica (Ergolis), 461.
indica (Vanessa), 366.
indigofera (Pademma),
39
inica (Ypthima), 145.
insana (Lethe), 81.
intermedia (Callerebia),
150.
intermedia (Calysisme),
_ 59.
interposita (Maniola),
121.
interposita
374.
iphita (Junonia), 356.
ira (Bassarona), 258.
irawada (Euploea), 43.
iris (Apatura), 229.
Tsamia, 22.
ismene (Liminitis), 299.
ismene (Melanitis), 158.
issea (Argynnis), 441.
Issoria, 415.
iva (Dophla), 263.
(Vanessa),
jahnu (Euthalia), 276.
jainadeva (Argynnis),
433
jalaurida (Lethe), 98.
jalinder (Charaxes), 215.
jalysus (Eulepsis), 223.
jama (Huthalia), 284.
jJanetz (Cyllogenes),
163
jason (Charaxes), 208.
jasonia (Hestia), 9.
jasonia (Nectaria), 5.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
jerdoni (Argynnis), 446.
jina (Athyma), 319.
jiraria (Cirrochroa),
427.
jocularia (Ypthima), 142.
julii (Euthalia), 274.
julii (Nymula), 274.
jumba (Neptis), 327.
jumbah (Neptis), 327.
jumna (Abrota), 252.
Junonia, 355.
junonia (Mycalesis), 67.
jurtina (Maniola), 118.
justina (Papilio), 58.
Kabauda, 49.
kahruba (Charaxes),
212.
kalinda (HErebia), 149.
kalinga (Euploea), 45.
kalinga (Melanitis),
161.
kallaura (Neptis), 330.
Kallima, 394.
kamala (Argynnis), 433.
kamarupa (Neptis), 323.
kanarensis (Hestia), 4.
kanda (Euthalia), 286.
Kanetisa, 123.
Kaniska, 363.
kansa (Lethe), 92.
kanwa (Pantoporia),
307.
Karadira, 22.
Karanasa, 123.
kashmirica (Maniola),
120.
kasmira (Ypthima), 143.
kausambi (Abisara), 492.
Kerrata, 72.
kesava (Euthalia), 276.
khasiana (Euthalia), 274.
khasiana (Neope), 101.
khasiana (Neptis), 328.
khasiana (Symbrenthia),
76.
khasiana (Symphedra),
253.
khasianus (Charaxes),
215
khimalara (Charaxes),
212
Kironga, 302.
Kirontisa, 267.
klugii (Euplea), 39.
klugii (Limnas), 12.
knyvetti (Kallima), 398.
Kolasa, 130.
kollari (Euploea), 41.
kresna (Pantoporia),
308.
507
Kringana, 189.
kuhasa (Neptis), 343.
Labranga, 255.
ladakensis (Vanessa),
368
laudabilis (Huthalia),
265.
langi (Mycalesis), 65.
lanka (Cirrochroa), 421.
laomedia (Papilio), 359.
Laringa, 457.
larymna (Athyma), 316.
Lasiommata, 107, 109.
Lasippa, 319.
lathonia (Argynnis),
441.
latiaris (Lethe), 90.
latistigma (Maniola),
119.
laudabilis (Dophla), 265.
laurion (Lasiommata),
111.
lavinia (Junonia), 355.
layardi (Hupleea), 34.
Lebadea, 298.
leda (Melanitis), 157.
leda (Papilio), 158.
ledereri (Euplcea), 28.
leechii (Karanasa), 124.
lehana (Hipparchia),
4
lehana (Nytha), 114.
lemonias (Junonia), 357.
lena (AXmona), 197.
lepcha (Mycalesis), 64.
lepcha (Samanta), 64.
lepida (Discophora),
201
lepidea (Euthalia), 272,
Lepidoptera, 1.
lepita (Libythea), 473.
lepitoides (Libythea),
473.
Lethe, 72.
leucocyma (Elymnias),
175.
leucogonis (Salpinx), 39.
leuconota (Neptis), 330.
levana (Araschnia), 374.
Lexias, 252.
libera (Libythea), 476.
Libythea, 472.
Libytheine, 472.
ligea (Erebia), 146.
ligyes (Liminitis), 298.
limborgi (Eupleea), 35.
limborgii (Kallima).
395.
Limbusa, 255.
Liminitis, 293.
508
Limnas, 7.
limniace (Danais), 16.
linnei (Trepsichrois),
43
linteata (Hestia), 4.
lisarda (Penthema), 390.
Loesa, 49.
loha (Aulocera), 127.
Lohana, 130. ;
longicaudata (Dodona),
louisa (Stich ophthalma),
194.
lubentina
278.
lucina (Symbrenthia),
76.
(Euthalia),
lucipor (Thaumantis),
190.
lunawara
222s
luxeri (Zeuxidia), 186.
lycus (Ypthima), 140.
lyncea (Hestia), 3.
lynceus (Hestia), 4.
lyneus (Lethe), 96.
(Charaxes),
macclellandi (Pademma),
42.
mackinnoni
4405.
mackwoodi (Kallima),
397.
madura (Hrites), 152.
mera (Satyrus), 109.
meeroides (Lasiommata’,
111.
meerula (Satyrus), 111.
magadha (Neptis), 328.
magnifica (Eupleea), 35.
Mahaldia, 255.
mahendra (Neptis), 329.
mahesa (Athyma), 312.
Mahintha, 22.
mahratta (Cethosia),
403.
mahratta (Ypthima), 145.
maia (Argynnis), 434.
maitrya (Lethe), 87.
maiza (Epinephele), 122.
malabarica (Hestia), 4.
malelas (Elymnias), 175.
malsara (Mycalesis), 64.
malsarida (Mycalesis),
(Argynnis),
mamerta (Papilio), 58.
mananda (Neptis), 330.
manasa (Neptis), 336.
mandata (Mycalesis), 69.
mandosa (Mycalesis), 60.
mani (Erebia), 148.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
manii (Mycalesis), 53.
Maniola, 118.
manis (Argynnis), 443.
marathus (Herona), 237.
margarita (Hupleea), 44.
margaritze (Lethe), 83.
marmax (Charaxes), 211.
marshalli (Parantirrheea),
165,
marshalli (Ypthima),
134
martabana (Neptis), 326.
martha (Lebadea), 299.
masoni (Lethe), 84.
masoni (Salpinx), 42.
masoni (Zeuxidia), 186.
meda (Orsotricena), 69.
meetana (Neptis), 323.
megalia (Ypthima), 146.
mehida (Melanitis), 180.
mekara (Lethe), 95.
Melanargia, 108.
melanea (Danais), 14.
Melanitis, 157.
Melanocyma, 184.
melanoides (Parantica),
18.
melanoleuca (Danais),
19.
Melitza, 450.
Mellicta, 450.
Melynias, 169.
Menama, 22, 24.
menava (Satyrus), 111.
menetriesi (Euploea), 36,
merilia (Kuthalia), 282.
merione (Ergolis), 462.
mestra (Mycalesis), 63.
methora (Ypthima),
136.
miah (Neptis), 341,
microsticta (Stictoplea),
30
midamus (Eupleea), 45.
midamus (Papilio), 45.
midamus (Trepsichrois),
45.
Mimadelias, 169.
Mimathyma, 229.
Mimetra, 287.
mimus (Elymnias), 178.
minerva (Lethe), 90.
mineus (Calysisme), 58.
mineus (Myealesis), 58,
60.
minorata (Ergolis), 461.
mirus (Abrota), 251.
mirus (Papilio), 251.
tmisenus (Mycalesis), 66.
misippus (Hypolimnas),
388
mithila (Cirrocbroa)
423.
munasicles (Mycalesis),
modesta (Huploa), 24.
modesta (Karanasa), 124.
Moduza, 291,
meelleri (Lethe), 98.
monilis (Bassarona). 257.
montana (Eupleea), 29.
moorei (Rhaphicera),
108.
moori (Hulepis), 224.
morgiana (Dilipa), 236.
Morphine, 181.
motschulzkii (Ypthima),
40
muirheadi (Lethe), 103.
mulciber (EHupleea), 45.
mulciber (Papilio), 40.
Mycealesis, 49, 69.
myrrha (Libythea), 475.
myrrha, var. sanguinalis
(Libythea), 475.
Myrtilus, 49.
mystes (Mycalesis), 67.
Nadiria, 130.
naga (Lethe), 83.
nais (Huthalia), 287.
Najas, 293.
nama (Hestina), 239.
namouna (Apatura),
230.
nana (Neptis), 334.
nandina (Neptis), 330.
nar (Neptis), 332.
nara (Dophla), 261.
narasingha (Erebia), 148.
narayana (Dophla), 262.
narayana (Kuthalia),
. 2.
narayana (Neptis), 334.
nareda (Ypthima), 138.
narica (Maniola), 120.
Narmada, 22.
Narsenga, 229.
nashona (Neptis), 333.
nata (Neptis), 329.
necho (Discophora), 200.
Nectaria, 3.
neelgheriensis (Lethe),
nefte (Pantoporia), 304.
Nemeobide, 478.
Nemetis, 72.
neophron (Abisara), 491.
Neorina, 167.
neoza (Epinephele), 121.
nepenthes (Hulepis), 226.
Neptis, 319.
nesimachus(Dichorragia),
2
nesippus (Danais), 11.
Neurosigma, 247.
newara (Ypthima), 139.
nicea (Stibochiana), 250.
nicetas (Lethe), 86.
nicetella (Lethe), 86
nicevillei (Parhestina),
241.
nicevilli (Hupleea), 26.
nicholii (Charaxes), 210.
nicobarica (Calysisme),
nicobarica
401
nicobarica (Cirrochroa),
425.
nicobarica (Danais), 14.
nicobarica (Neptis), 324.
nicotia (Mycalesis), 55.
nietneri (Cethosia), 404.
nikzea (Ypthima), 187.
nilgiriensis (Danais), 20.
nilgiriensis (Lethe), 81.
nipalensis (Danais), 10.
niphanda (Symbrenthia),
379.
niphe (Papilio), 438.
niphe, var. castetsi (Ar-
gynnis), 438.
nirmala (Erebia), 150,
Nisanga, 49,
nivalis (Cyrestis), 351.
nivea (Cyrestis), 351.
nivifera (Athyma), 304.
nivifera (Pantoporia),
304.
nolana (Neptis), 341.
Nora, 267.
norna (Qineis), 128.
nothis (Celites), 71.
nourmahal (Stichoph-
thalma), 192.
novare (Huplea), 39.
nurinissa (Stichophthal-
ma), 192.
nycteus (Neptis), 336.
Nymphalide, I.
Nymphaline, 203.
Nymphalis, 208.
nymphidia (Stiboges),
501.
Nytha, 113.
(Cethosia),
obnubila (Elymunias), 173.
oculata (Sadarga), 59.
oculus (Myealesis), 62.
odana (Thaumantis), 189.
Gineis, 128.
cenone (Junonia), 360.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
olivacea
427.
olivacea (Tronga), 26.
opalina (Pantoporia),
312,
ophiana (Neptis), 526.
ophiana, var. nilgirica
(Neptis), 326. ;
Oreas, 125.
orientalis (Athyma), 312.
Orinoma, 106.
orithya (Junonia), 358.
orithyia (Junonia), 358.
orixa (Callerebia), 151.
orixa (Erebia), 151.
orseis (Mycalesis), 56.
Orsotricena, 69.
osteria (Apatura), 235.
otrea (Papilio), 58.
ouida (Dodona), 485.
(Cirrochroa),
Pachama, 49.
Pademma, 22.
padma (Aulocera), 127.
palearcticus (Cineis),
9)
pales (Argynnis), 447.
Pandassana, 319.
Pandima, 130.
pandora (Papilio), 434.
Pantoporia, 802.
Papilionina, 1.
paraka (Rahinda), 346.
Paralasa, 146.
paralekta (Kallima), 394.
Parantica, 7.
Parantirrheea, 164.
Pararge, 112.
Parasarpa, 293.
Pareba, 468.
Parhestina, 240.
parisatis (Apatura), 233.
parasitis (Nytlia), 117.
Pareeneis, 128.
Parthenos, 287.
parvata (Adolias), 274.
parvata (Apatura), 234.
Patala, 72.
patala (Dophla), 264.
patna (Elymnias), 177.
patnia (Mycalesis), 66.
patnoides (Melynias),
Wit
peali (Elymnias), 175.
pealii (Aimona), 196.
peguana (Rangbia), 89.
pembertoni (Pademma),
42.
penanga (Elymnias), 180.
Penoa, 22.
Penthema, 390.
509
peraka
355.
periander (Cyrestis), 353.
perius (Atbyma), 315.
persea (Melitzea), 453.
perseoides (Mycalesis),
59.
persephone (Nytha), 115.
perseus (Calysisme), 58.
perseus (Mycalesis), 57.
perseus, var. indistans
(Mycalesis), 60.
perseus, var. visala
(Myealesis), 60.
persimilis (Parhestina),
240.
persimilis(Ypthima), 156.
phalanta (Atella), 412.
phalantha (Atella), 412.
phemius (Huthalia), 280.
phidippus (Amathusia),
187
(Ohersonesia),
philarchus (Kallima),
397.
philomela (Ypthima),
133, 134.
pheebus (Eupleea), 27.
pimpla (Karanasa), 124.
placida (Cupha), 418.
plagiosa (Neptis), 544.
pleistonax (Charaxes),
215.
plexippus (Danais), 10.
poeyi (Eupleea), 35.
polibete (Doleschallia),
398.
polydecta (Mycalesis), 58.
polydecta (Papilio), 58.
Polygonia, 363.
polynice (Rhinopalpa),
384,
polyxena (Charaxes), 215.
polyxena hemana (Cha-
raxes), 216.
polyxena hierax (Cha-
raxes), 216.
portheus (Amathusia),
188.
Potamis, 229.
pravara (Athyma), 318.
Precis, 355.
procris (Moduza), 291.
prorsoides (Araschnia),
375.
Prothoé, 380.
prunosa (Abisara), 492.
psaphon (Charaxes), 214.
psaphon imna (Charaxes),
214.
pseudaliris
95.
(Thauria),
510
Pseudergolis, 463.
pseudovikasi (Neptis),
338.
pulaha (Lethe), 102.
pulahoides (Blanaida),
102.
pulahoides (Lethe), 102.
pulchella (Maniola), 121.
pulchra(Epinephele),121.
pulchra (Maniola), 121.
pumilis (Gineis), 129.
pura (Cynthia), 406.
Putlia, 72.
pyginea (Stictoploea), 30.
Pyrameis, 363.
quilta (Neptis), 332.
Radena, 7.
radha (Neptis), 339.
radza (Mycalesis), 53.
Ragadia, 155.
Rahinda, 343.
rahria (Chersonesia), 354.
rahria (Cyrestis), 354.
rabroides (Chersonesia),
354.
rama (Libythea), 475.
rama (Mycalesis), 61.
ramadeyva (Lethe), 99.
ramdeo(Thaumantis),190.
ramsayl (Danisepa), 58.
ramsayi (Eupleea), 38.
ramsayi (Kallima), 395.
ranga (Pantoporia), 312.
Rangasa, 255.
Rangbia, 72.
rangocnensis (Huthalia),
277.
Rathora, 429.
ravana (Cirrochroa), 424.
recta (Dophla), 257.
recta (Sympheedra), 257.
regalis (Pademma), 39.
regalis (Prothoé), 382.
regina (Stictoploea), 30.
relata (Cirrochroa), 422.
rhadamanthus (Eupleea),
38.
rhadamanthus (Papilio),
38
Rhaphicera, 107.
Rhinopalpa, 383.
risa (Chersonesia), 304.
rizana (Vanessa), 368.
robertsi (Melitza), 453.
robinsoni(Ypthima), 142.
roepstorfi (Euploea), 44.
roepstorffi (Parthenos),
288.
rogenhoferi (Huplea), 43.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Rohana, 229.
rohini (Libythea), 476.
rohria (Debis), 82.
rohria (Lethe), 80, 82.
rothneyi (Isamia), 41.
rotundata (Cirrochroa),
423.
rotundata (Erites), 154.
roxane (Epinephele), 119.
rudis (Samata), 64.
rudra (Argynnis), 437.
rufula (Pautoporia), 307.
runeka (Mycalesis), 69.
Sadarga, 49.
sahadeva (Dophla), 262.
saitis (Zipoetis), 105.
sakontala (Argynnis),
435.
sakra (Ypthima), 137.
Salatura, 7.
saloma (Cynthia), 409.
Salpinx, 22, 37.
Samanta, 49.
samatha (Charaxes), 220.
samba (Mycalesis), 57.
Samundra, 49.
sananda (Adolias), 276.
sanatana (Mycalesis), 55.
sanguinalis (Libythea),
475.
‘ sankara (Neptis), 332.
Saparona, 267.
saraswati (Aulocera),
128.
satricus (Rhaphicera),
107.
satropaces (Adolias), 271.
sattanga (Rahinda), 343.
satyavati (Lethe), 93.
Satyrinz, 47.
Satyrus, 109.
saueri (Klymnias), 176.
savara (Ypthima), 157.
scanda (Erebia), 151.
scanda (Lethe), 88.
schakra (Satyrus), 110.
schreiberi (Eulepis), 222.
- scylax (Zipeetis), 105.
seylla (Aulocera), 126.
sedeva (Adolias), 274.
segonax (Debis), 103.
selenophora(Pantoporia),
310.
Sephisa, 244.
septentrionis (Danais),
serbonis (Lethe), 93.
serendib (Haridra), 214.
shallada (Erebia), 149.
shandura (Nytha), 116.
siamensis (Eupleea), 33.
siderea (Lethe), 86.
sidonis (Lethe), 85.
sihala (Lethe), 91
sikhimensis (Mellicta),
451.
sikkimensis (Parceneis),
129
silana (Symbrenthia),
3719.
similis (Danais), 14.
similis (Ypthima), 135.
simplex (Hypanis), 455.
simulatrix (Kuploea), 25.
Sinchula, 72.
sindura (Melitza), 451.
singala (Ypthima), 140.
singhala (Elymnias), 174.
sinha (Issoria), 415.
sinhala (Euploea), 41.
sinis (Symbrenthia), 378.
sinorix (Lethe), 94.
sinuata (Neptis), 344.
sinuata (Rahinda), 344.
sipora (Argynnis), 447.
sita (Danais), 13.
sita (Neorina), 166.
siva (Adolias), 247, 248.
sivokana (Symbrenthia),
379.
sobrina (Ypthima), 135.
soma (Neptis), 330.
Sonepisa, 267.
sordida (Apatura), 232.
Sospita, 489.
sparta (Stichophthalma),
193
spiloptera (Discophora),
202.
splendens (Kupleea), 43.
Stabrobates, 319.
Stibochiana, 249.
Stiboges, 500.
Stichophthalma, 191.
Sticophthalma, 191.
Stictoploea, 22, 28.
striata (Ypthima), 140.
strophia (Liminitis), 303.
suaveolens (Mycalesis),
63
subdita (Kuplea), 34.
subdita (Mycalesis), 60.
subfasciata (Calysisme),
58.
subrata (Athyma), 308.
sudassana (Calinaga),467.
suffusa (Abisara), 492.
sulpitia (Pantoporia),
3038.
Sumalia, 293.
sura (Lethe), 100.
suradeva (Cyllogenes);
163
Suralaya, 49.
surkha (Mycalesis), 68.
surya (Cirrochroa), 424.
susruta (Neptis), 330.
swaha (Aulocera), 126.
swinhoei (Cirrochroa),
422.
swinhoei (Neptis), 324.
sylvia (Parthenos), 287.
Symbrenthia, 376.
Sympheedra, 252.
tabella (Ypthima), 133.
tabula (Cyrestis), 349.
Tacola, 314.
Tacorzea, 314.
tambra (Melanitis), 160.
tamuna (Lethe), 78.
Tansima, 72.
taooana (Adolias), 264.
taooana (Dophla), 264.
tapestrina (Ergolis), 462.
taprobana (Acidalia),
438.
taprobana (Danais), 21.
taprobana (Ergolis), 462.
Tasinga, 267.
Tatisia, 302.
tavoyana (Menama), 24.
Taxila, 495.
Telchinia, 470.
telehinia (Huthalia),
281:
Telinga, 49.
tenuistigma (Maniola),
119
Terinos, 411.
tessellata (Enispe), 198.
teuta (Dophla), 257.
teutoides (Dophla), 257.
teutoides (Sympheedra),
257.
thais (Cirrochroa), 421.
thamala (Neptis), 338.
Tharasia, 314.
Thaumantis, 189, 195.
Thauria, 189, 195.
thebava (Cethosia), 402.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
thelephassa (Nytha),
114.
Theope, 165.
thora (Ypthima), 140.
thuisto (Taxila), 497.
thycana (Elymnias), 178.
Thymipa, 130.
thyodamas (Cyrestis),
349.
thyodamas, var. anda-
manica (Cyrestis), 350.
thyoneus (Cyrestis), 348.
tiga (Neptis), 342.
timandra (Elymnias),
id.
tinctoria (Elymnias),
(ie
Tirumala, 7.
todara (Lethe), 79.
Trepsichrois, 22, 45.
tristigmata (Lethe), 96.
trivena (Liminitis), 297.
Tronga, 22.
tullia (Discophora), 202.
tullia, var. indica (Disco-
phora), 202.
tytia (Danais), 13.
ulupi (Apatura), 234.
undularis (EKlymnias),
171.
uniformis (Pademma),
42.
vaivarta (Lethe), 85.
Vanessa, 365.
varaha (Melanitis), 159.
varmona (Neptis), 323.
vasanta (Adolias), 282.
vasanta (Euthalia), 282.
vasudeva (EKlymnias),
18
vasuki (Yoma), 385.
vau-album (Vanessa),
369.
verma (Lethe), 84.
vermiculata (Huplcea),
vesta (Pareba), 469.
vestigiata (Huplcea), 39.
oll
_vikasi (Neptis), 338.
vindhya (Lethe), 92.
violx (Telchinia), 471.
viraja (Neptis), 342.
Virapa, 49.
virens (Parthenos), 289.
visala (Mycalesis), 60.
visrava (Lethe), 87.
vitatha (Argynnis), 451.
vulgaris (Danais), 14.
wardi (Kallima), 397.
wardii (Eulepis), 222.
watsoni (Ypthima), 139.
watti (Charaxes), 216.
wedah (Pseudergolis),
464.
westwoodi
168.
(Neorina),
xanthomelena (Vanessa),
Son fihaisorta 185.
xiphiones (Adolias), 274.
yama (Lethe), 103.
yamoides (Patala), 105.
yerburii (Neptis), 330.
Yoma, 385.
Ypthima, 130.
ypthimoides (Ypthima),
142.
zaida (Neptis), 336.
zal (Discophora), 202.
Zalapia, 205.
zanoa (Apatura), 230.
zayla (Liminitis), 294.
zella (Hestina), 240.
zella (Parhestina), 240.
Zemeros, 498.
zeroca (Pantoporia), 311.
Zethera, 165.
Zeuxidia, 186.
zichri (Euthalia), 281.
Zipeetis, 104.
zitenius (Melanitis), 161.
Zophoessa, 72.
zulema (Liminitis), 297.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
yee Risnee BI
m CFO DN
Sp On
PLATE
. Danais chrysippus, Linneus,
. Danais aspasia, Fabricius, 3
. Huplea harrisi, Felder, 3
. Huplea mulciber, Cramer, 3
I
. Danas hegesippus, Cramer, Gijon. ae ee
3 CuomouOO Odo Ino cad Oo
eo eee © © @ © © we © eo ow
o} Fe) a) a hee). a hie ie 1 @)) 0) (We) Cee mene)
» Hupleadioclevana, Mabricms, (G50. e se.) we
ee ee 6 e 6 © © © © © oe eo Oe
ioe Be
dal
20;
. 30.
. 38.
. 45.
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. I. PLATE I.
HORACE KNIGHT, ded. Hentschel Colou;type.
PAgeB, ls
7. Miycalesis san. ana, Moores =). 7... oe ee p. 55,
8. Mycalesis mineus, Linneus, 2 (Wet-seasonform) p. 58.
9. Mycalesis mineus, race polydecta, Cramer, 3
(Dry-season form)... 6..000) aoe) e eee Pun O68:
10, Mycalesis oculus, Marshall. 0... 2 eee p. 162.
I. Miycateses (patnia, Moores G02). a) eee p- ‘be.
12. Macatesisigunonia, Butler. 2). =< oe ee Dp: 6a.
13. Mycalesis'suricha, Marshall, o-. 2.3). ) ase p.. 63.
14. Lethe minenva, Pabriciis, 2) 5h. .0 ee eee p. Oo;
le: Lethe vindhya, Welder. igen. ee i. on eee p. 92:
iG. Lethe drypetis, Hewitsom, Sy 4.05 p. a;
7. Lethe sidoms, Hewitsons iO) so. 2 ol eee p.. 85.
18; Lethe goulpara, Moore, Go oh ee ee ee p- 100.
19: Lethe atkinsonia, Hiewitson, <G. .~. oo ee
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. I. Acree
HORACE KNIGHT, @e/. Hentschel Colourtype.
PGA oie
20. Rhaphicera satricus, Doubleday, g .......... p. 10
21. Gineis pumilus, Felder, race sikhimensis,
SUPUEIMO CT, (ane vaulter sey Ae p: 20:
22) Erebia kalindcs NCOneh Gea ey ee p- 149.
23. Ragadia crisiida, Hewitson, ¢.........+...- p. 156.
24, Melanitis 2uenius,. Elerbst, i... obek Tee p.lGk:
20. Llymmias caudate, (uilers 92 8.0 op einer pelis:
26. Elymnias cottonis, Hewitson, race obnubila,
IMPaclacill amit trgs tibiae ease nue its ere an ana nete p. Lf.
27. tilgnias wmeandna, \Viallace, sesso ee p. lige
28. Xanthotenia busiris, Westwood, S .......... p. 189.
BuTTerRFLIES. VoL. I. Puiate™ III.
HORACE KNIGHT, eedé. Hentschel Colourty pe.
PLATE Iv.
. Zeuxidia masoni, Moore, 6 ....
. Discophora tullia, Cramer, 3 ..
. Enispe euthymius, Doubleday, 3
. Thaumantis diores, Westwoed, 3
eecee ee * 8 © e ea
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. I. Prane IV:
HORACE KNIGHT, de/. Hentschel Colourtyte. —
36
37
38
ded Byes We
. Kuthalia lubentina, Cramer, o
. Symphedra dirtea, Fabr., race khasiana,
Swinhoe, cf hyiew ween we ees oe ae eee
. uthalia ynranei, Gray) tse @, 2 tel ee
. Argynms hyperbius, Johanssen, Q ..........
. Dophlarevelina Stoll, Wl Gewese ee nee
. Parthenos gambrisius, Fabr., 3
eoeceeeaeceeeeseo
IBUTABREL IES.
Horace Knieut, del,
VOL.
IF
Pinar
TTentschel Colourty pe.
PLATE VI.
Hig. 89. Vanessarindicas Mlechs ih iia eet een ee _ p. 366.
», 40. Vanessa canace*, Vohanssen, of -.2 1... 2 aye. psi
3 Gl. «Junonia hierta, Mabr. io hens cael Oe eae ae p- 360.
» 42. Argynnis hyperbius, Johanssen, race castetsi,
Obertintr, ores se toe Gia. clita cae meee p. 440.
5, 43. Lamanitis darava, Doubleday, S .. 42.2... 05. p- 295.
,, 44. Sephisa chandra, Moore, 6 ....+.....-. La pete
3, 40. Liminins zayla, Doubleday, ¢...0...-.. 4-4. p. 294.
1 20. ivoCmana mecca, GrayaG jecnei cee ene p. 250.
* In the text by an oversight the reference to the Plate is given to the race
haronica. The correct reference should be to canace, the figure representing
that form.
IBuaaierimnies, Wor. I Iiehsee WL,
Hlorack Kniaut, cel. Tlentschel Colourty pe.
PLATE VII.
. Argynnis clara, Blanchard, race manis, Fruh-
SLOPLON, Go) 2h a iae sien eis ne Mle ee ee p. 444
=. Byolialethyga. curve Ss) ieee anyone e) nee p. 455.
rApatunanambicd, IOLA AS eric clei un p. 230.
. Apatura parisatis, Westwood, 2 ............ p. 233.
. Melitea siendura, Moore, race sikhimensis, 3,
INTO ORO a Set jocahe enh ust.o Set opel: ae os tte Re p. 401.
-Eseudengoles wedal, MNollansG-) a tees ee p. 464
t Cethosia micobarica; Welder, G 22.5). soe p. 401.
| Apatura here, Felder, . 5.22022 7. 6 oh ee
BUTTERFLIES. VOL. 1. PLATE 7.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel, Colourtype.
o. 55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
PLATE VIIL.
Charaxes marmax, Westwood, ¢........ oie ace gies
Charaxes psaphon, Westwood, 5 ..........+- p. 214.
Charaxes durnfordi, Distant, race nichol, Grose-
SMGID Ne) 3 Wass oe oleae wialenrone punters: Seago p- 210.
Hulepis schrcibers, Godatt, Gy... 40. 2 ae p- 222.
Eulepis eudamippus, Doubleday, g -.......... p. 227.
Prothoé francki, Godart, race angelica, Butler, 2. p. 381.
EXOT MPI RIBAS) WON eg Te PLATE S.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel, Colourtype.
PLATE IX.
. Pantoporia opalina, Kollar, 3
. Pantoporia nefte, Cramer, race inara, Double-
dav See ates RN Ne eines
. Pantoporia cama, Moore, 2 ..
. Neptis eurynome, Westwood, 2
65.
Neptis mahendra, Moore,3 ..
. Neptis columella, Cramer, 3S
ese. el e219) 6) (a) ol (e) Le) celle) rele
BU 9) ey Je) 8) fe ee! ie. (8) 8.8) 78)
ee ee «© @ © © © & 8
. Neptis soma, Moore, race hampsoni, Moore, 3. .
. Neptis sankara, Kollar, ¢
. Neptis miah, Moore, ¢ ......
- WNeptis winaja, Noone, QO. Aan. + tae ec oe eee
. Rahinda hordonia, Stoll, ¢ ..
. Lahinda cnacalis, Hewitson, 3
ee ce eer ee ee wee we hw ee
eoceeese ee ee, a2 e 8
. 312.
. 305.
. 309.
. 323.
. 329.
. 326.
. 330.
. 332.
. 341.
. 342,
. 344,
. 346,
JETLEN IND, OE
ile
VOL.
BUTTERFLIES.
Hentschel Colourtype.
Horace Knight, del.
PLATE X.
~ bebadea martha. Malbr.. "O02 «ee A re |
. Doleschallia bisaltide, Cramer, race malabarica,
IP rahstortenyng tse es a Lei aie ee
. Khinopalpa polynice, Cramer; Gg... 2... -ee 3
. Kallima inachus, Boisduval, g ..............
. Ternnos Clarissa, Boisduvalane 9.245440 e ee
- Ergolis arvadne, Johanssen, SG .....-.......-
. Laringa horsfieldi, Boisduval, race andamanensis,
devwNiucéeville, 36 Wee a ale oe isle eee
. 299.
. 393.
. 334.
. 395.
. 411.
. 461.
. 459.
BUTTERFLIES.
Horace knight, del.
VOE:
PLATE 70.
Hentschel, Colourtype.
QOL556 I4B613 v.1 c.2 Ent.
VIELEN aN SE NE REE CLT ATELIER CNEL NE SCS REE EE STE aA TRE SEE ES
AUTHOR
Bingham, Charles Thomas
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